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Grammar – Vocabulary
GRAMMAR – VOCABULARY.......................................................................................................................................1 1. SENTENCES..............................................................................................................................................................4 1.1 Sentence patterns ...............................................................................................................................4 1.1.1 Subject.....................................................................................................................................4
1.1.2 Object......................................................................................................................................4 1.1.3 Complement ...........................................................................................................................5
1.2 Subordinate clause...............................................................................................................................5 1.2.1 Reduced clause ......................................................................................................................5
1.3 Reversion – Inversion – đảo ngữ: đảo động từ chính / đảo trợ động từ .............................................5 2. VERBS.......................................................................................................................................................................6 2.1 Tenses .................................................................................................................................................6 2.1.1 Past .........................................................................................................................................6
2.1.2 Present ...................................................................................................................................6 2.1.3 Future .....................................................................................................................................6
2.2 Verb patterns........................................................................................................................................7 2.2.1 Intransitive V ...........................................................................................................................7 2.2.2 Linking verbs: S + Linking V + C (noun / adj / adv)..................................................................7 2.2.3 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) ................................................................................................8 2.2.4 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + IO (sth)..................................................................................9 2.2.5 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Bare Inf. ®causative form .................................................10 2.2.6 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + V-ing (present participle) ®V2 đang tiếp tiễn....................10 2.2.7 Perception verbs: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf........................................................10 2.2.8 Transitive V: S + Vt + O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC (complement).......................................10 2.2.9 S + V + (not) + Gerund (V-ing) ®hòan thành công việc, đã qua, passive ............................12 2.2.10 S + expression + Gerund (V-ing).........................................................................................13 2.2.11 S + V + to + V......................................................................................................................14 2.2.12 S + V + to-inf / V-ing ............................................................................................................15 2.2.13 Series of V...........................................................................................................................16
2.3 Modal verbs – động từ hình thái ........................................................................................................17 2.4 Condition............................................................................................................................................18 2.4.1 Tense ...................................................................................................................................18
2.4.2 Conditional conjunction .........................................................................................................18 2.4.3 Unreal expression .................................................................................................................19 2.4.4 To Wish .................................................................................................................................19
2.5 Active - Passive voice .......................................................................................................................20 2.5.1 Active form.............................................................................................................................20 2.5.2 Passive form .........................................................................................................................20
2.6 Reported speech................................................................................................................................21 2.7 Verb + prepositions ...........................................................................................................................22 2.8 Verbal phrases ..................................................................................................................................23 2.8.1 Clichés ..................................................................................................................................25
3. NOUNS ....................................................................................................................................................................25 3.1 Nouns agree with V............................................................................................................................25 3.2 Countable and uncountable nouns.....................................................................................................26 3.2.1 countable nouns ....................................................................................................................26
3.2.2 Uncountable nouns ...............................................................................................................26 3.2.3 Countable nouns ...................................................................................................................27 3.2.4 Uncountable nouns ...............................................................................................................27
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3.2.5 Count and noncount noun meanings.....................................................................................27 3.2.6 Collective nouns + singular / plural Verbs..............................................................................28 3.2.7 Patterns ................................................................................................................................28 3.2.8 Noun phrase = Adv + Adj + Noun.........................................................................................28 3.2.9 Noun clauses ........................................................................................................................29 3.2.10 Article...................................................................................................................................29
3.3 N + Verb ............................................................................................................................................29 3.4 Preposition ........................................................................................................................................30 3.4.1 Pronouns ..............................................................................................................................30
3.4.2 Noun phrases........................................................................................................................30 3.4.3 N – Idioms..............................................................................................................................31
4. ADJECTIVES ..........................................................................................................................................................32 4.1 Position of adj. in clause ....................................................................................................................32 4.2 Possition of adj in phrase: OPSHACOM.............................................................................................32 4.3 Patterns .............................................................................................................................................32 4.3.1 Sentences .............................................................................................................................32
4.3.2 Adjective clause.....................................................................................................................33 4.4 Comparison........................................................................................................................................33
4.4.1 Equal comparision ................................................................................................................33 4.4.2 Comparative .........................................................................................................................34 4.4.3 Supperlative...........................................................................................................................34
4.5 Vocabulary ........................................................................................................................................34 4.5.1 Descriptive adj ......................................................................................................................34 4.5.2 Limiting adj.............................................................................................................................34 4.5.3 Irregular comparatives and supperatives ..............................................................................35
4.6 Preposition.........................................................................................................................................36 5. ADVERBS ...............................................................................................................................................................37 5.1 Definition ...........................................................................................................................................37 5.2 Adverbial phrases = MPT = Manner + Place + Time..........................................................................37 5.3 Building words....................................................................................................................................37 5.4 Vocabulary ........................................................................................................................................37 5.4.1 Frequency..............................................................................................................................37
5.4.2 Degree...................................................................................................................................38 5.4.3 Quality/manner – tính chất, cách thức ..................................................................................38 5.4.4 Place......................................................................................................................................38 5.4.5 Time - thời gian .....................................................................................................................39 5.4.6 Purpose – mục đích ..............................................................................................................39 5.4.7 Reason – nguyên nhân .........................................................................................................39 5.4.8 Concession – nhượng bộ ......................................................................................................39 5.4.9 Contrast – đối lập .................................................................................................................39 5.4.10 Vocabulary ..........................................................................................................................39
6. CONJUNCTIONS.....................................................................................................................................................40 6.1 Vocabulary.........................................................................................................................................40 6.1.1 Coordinating conjunction ......................................................................................................40
6.1.2 Subordinating conjunction ....................................................................................................40 7. PREPOSITIONS.......................................................................................................................................................42 7.1 Meaning..............................................................................................................................................42 7.2 Phrases..............................................................................................................................................43
LISTENING.................................................................................................................................................................47 TOEFL.........................................................................................................................................................................48 8. CONFUSED WORDS...............................................................................................................................................48
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9. NUMBERS...............................................................................................................................................................51 9.1 Ordinal numbers – số thứ tự ..............................................................................................................51 9.2 Cardinal number – số đếm ................................................................................................................51 9.3 Time, .................................................................................................................................................51 9.4 Age ....................................................................................................................................................52 9.5 Measurement – units .........................................................................................................................52 9.6 Comparative ......................................................................................................................................53 9.7 Maths .................................................................................................................................................53 10. EXPRESSIONS - PHRASES .................................................................................................................................53
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1. SENTENCES
Main clause + subordinate clause
1.1 Sentence patterns
Introductory modifier
N, Adj,
Adv,
Adv
Prep. + V-ing + O, V-ing + O,
V-ed + O, To – inf + O,
Adverbial clause,
S Adv V O Adv
+ definiting relative clause V O + , Appositive (N phrase), V O non-definite relative clause
(V-ing, V-ed…) ,
V O
V–ing V O + O
V–ed + V O
Main clause
Main clause
, V-ing + O and V + O
,…, and V + O
Adverbial
clause
®Adv modifies clause ®Adv modifies V
®active ®passive ®purpose
• SPECIAL
It / there + be + adj + to-inf/ that + clause. It / there + be + N + adj - clause.
It is likely that + clause That + clause + V + O
It is the first (sb) to – inf (Sb) + first + V-ed
It was 1973 that + clause
• It was I/she/he/we/they/you (=subject compplement) who … It is + to be + pp + by 2010 ®future invention
It was + to be + pp + by 1995 ®past invention Ex.
Astronomer now believe them. To influence farmers the most.
The very mistakes they make show that + clause.
The committee members resented the president’s not Oinforming them of meeting. S V adj N N O
The American dancer Maria Tellchief first became prominet in Europe.
1.1.1 Subject
Noun, N phrase, N clause, Pronoun, Gerund, Ex. That – clause + V + O
1.1.2 Object
DO = sth
Patern:
IO = sb
S + tV + IO (sb) + DO (sth)
S + tV + DO (sth) + prep. + IO (sb)
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1.1.3 Complement N, Adj.
Pattern: S + Linking V + complement ( modify S)
Complement : classification (norminal), description (adjectival), location time (adverbial).
1.2 Subordinate clause Noun clause
Adjective clause Adverbial clause
Reduced adj-clause; appositive.
1.2.1 Reduced clause
If, unless, whether,
although, though
Though
When, after, before, since, while
Once, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, as
While
V-ing ®Active V- ed ®Passive
adj
Main clause
(S+V+O)
Ex. Take the medicine as prescribed
The man took the medicine as having to.
After / if permitted, the student will be absent from class.
1.3 Reversion – Inversion – đảo ngữ: đảo động từ chính / đảo trợ động từ • Pattern: adv + aux/defective V + S – Strong form
• Weak form: emphasize
Ex. Money you shall have if you go and get me a magazine.
Negative word: not only, not until, not once, at no tim, by no mean, nowhere, never, seldom, rarely, scarely, hardly, no longer, barely, no sooner, nowhere, not, at no time, nore, neither, on no account, by no means, little, evenless, so, such
Ex. Never will I smoke again.
Ex. In no circumstances must a soldier leave his cambat position.
= A soldier must not leave his cambat position in any circumstances .
Only, so, such…: only after, only once, only them, only by chance , only today, only yesterday, only on rare occational, only with dificulty, only by luck
Ex. So beautiful is she that… = such a beautiful girl is she that… Only + subordinate clause, + main clause
Preposition phrase + V + S: in front of, in the corner of, in, outside… đảo động từ Ex. On the desk lies a spider
Here / there + V + S ®chủ từ giả đảo động từ Ex. Here comes my taxi!
Except: Here you are!
If clause: unreal in the past/present; real in the present
Ex. Had I met you 10 years ago, I wouldn’t have married her. Were I you, I would marry
Should she come, I’ll tell.
Did you study har, you might pass the exam. Comparision đảo động từ
Ex. Helium is not inflamable, and is therefore safer than hydrogen.
New York City’s Central Park is nearly twice as large as is the second smallest country, Monaco. {long subject}
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