Sách hay về English Grammar

NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 1 GV SƯU TẦM VÀ HIỆU ðÍNH : PHƯONG KỶ ðÔNG – TP CẦN THƠ Count / Non-Count Nouns Count nouns have two forms: singular and plural. They can be used with numbers and quantifying expressions such as many, several, and few. One potato two potatoes several potatoes few potatoes When used as subjects in present tense sentences, count nouns require the –s form of the verb in the singular and the base form of the verb in the plural. The dog sleeps. The dogs sleep. The bear has large claws. Non-count nouns have only one form. When used as subjects in present tense sentences, non-count nouns require the –s form of the verb. Juice contains many vitamins. Honesty is the best policy. Some nouns can be either count or non-count. Job experience is essential. Milk contains calcium. Some experiences can be funny. Two milks, please. (informal) Both count and non-count nouns can be quantified. That is, they can be used with expressions which divide them into parts or groups which can be counted. For example, Two apples One cookie milk sugar Two bags of apples A box of cookies Two cartons of milk A cup of sugar Sometimes a non-count noun is used to indicate a “group” of items, whereas individual items within the group are countable. For example, Non-count Money Time Clothing Furniture Luggage Count dollars, bills, fives, cents, dimes, coins years, months, days, hours, minutes dresses, pants, shirts, socks, shoes tables, chairs, sofas, lamps suitcases, briefcases, bags, carry-ons NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 2 GV SƯU TẦM VÀ HIỆU ðÍNH : PHƯONG KỶ ðÔNG – TP CẦN THƠ Collective Nouns Some nouns can be used with either “singular” or plural “verbs,” depending on whether the speaker is referring to them as a one group or individually. Examples of collective nouns are: group family committee team management The committee has not made a decision yet. The committee have not made a decision yet. The team is posing for a photograph. The team are signing autographs. (It will submit one conclusion as a group.) They are still arguing among themselves.) (as a group) (as individuals) Be careful when using collective nouns with pronouns. The Jones family is having a reunion this Sunday. It meets every summer. The Jones family are going home on Monday. They all live in different states. Singular vs. Plural English nouns can be classified as count (singular and plural) and non-count. The singular form is used when considering the noun as a single item (count) or entity (non-count). brick dog airplane person foot water sugar truth education The plural form is used when considering more than one of the same item. Non-count nouns do not have a plural form. bricks dogs airplanes people feet Things to be aware of: Regular plurals Most plurals are formed by adding –s or –es to the singular noun: boys cars pens cats rocks tips kisses watches boxes pills pronounce /z/ chiefs pronounce /s/ dishes pronounce /Iz/ NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 3 GV SƯU TẦM VÀ HIỆU ðÍNH : PHƯONG KỶ ðÔNG – TP CẦN THƠ In some cases, there are special spelling rules that need to be considered when forming the plural. knives hobbies quizzes Irregular plurals Some nouns take on a different form in the plural: women teeth mice children people Non-count nouns Non-count nouns do not have a plural form; however, some nouns can be used in both the count and non-count sense: I have a lot of experience. I have a lot of experiences. Third-person singular –s Singular and non-count nouns (in the third person) require the –s form of the verb in the present tense. The girl loves painting. My dog likes to eat meat. Johnny lives next door to Jenny. Milk contains nutrients. Tommy has two hobbies. Jerry is from Colorado. Singular count nouns require an article (the, a, an) unless they are “proper” nouns Mr. Jones went to Arizona. they are preceded by a possessive My mother loves my father. they are preceded by this, that, each, every, either, neither, or one. Each man contributed one dollar. (Wrong: Apple is on table.—articles are required) The/An apple is on the table. (right) Plural nouns and singular non-count nouns do not require an article in the “generic” sense: NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 4 GV SƯU TẦM VÀ HIỆU ðÍNH : PHƯONG KỶ ðÔNG – TP CẦN THƠ Water is important for plants. However, they require articles (the, some) in most other cases. Please put some wine in the glasses. Plurals and Nationalities Why do we say but we say The Russians are here.* The Koreans are here. The Americans are here The Italians are here. The New Zealanders are here The Pakistanis are here. The Chinese are here.* The Japanese are here. The British are here. The Swiss are here. The French are here. The Portuguese are here. It’s mostly phonetic. That is, it depends on the final sound of the word. Words ending in -an, -ian, -er, -i require an –s in the plural Words ending in -ese, -ish, -iss, -ch do not change Languages (no article) Russian is easy. Korean is easy. Italian is easy. Chinese is easy. Japanese is easy. French is easy. Generalizations** Russians are friendly Koreans are friendly. New Zealanders are friendly. The Chinese are friendly. Chinese people are friendly. The Japanese are friendly. Japanese people are friendly. The French are friendly. Frenchmen are friendly. *If you are talking about a specific group (of Russians, etc.), the article the must be used. Most of the Italians (in this class) are female. Most of the Japanese (in the restaurant) are from Kyoto. **If you are talking generally, no article or preposition is needed. NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 5 GV SƯU TẦM VÀ HIỆU ðÍNH : PHƯONG KỶ ðÔNG – TP CẦN THƠ With `s` Most Americans speak English. Not: Most of Americans No `s` Most Vietnamese live in Asia. Not: Most of Vietnamese Noun and Verb Phrases Noun Phrases are groups of words that can function as subjects or objects in sentences. They may take on various forms: Water is important for survival. Mr. Jones spoke to Dr. James. The boy ate an apple. My friend works with her father. The young girl wore a long, white dress. Some of the kids ate all of the cake. The man with the gun frightened the people in the bank. The woman who lives there is my aunt. The dogs sleeping on the deck should be left alone. Whoever wrote this is in trouble. (Single words) (Proper names) (Nouns and articles) (Nouns and possessives) (Nouns and adjectives) (Nouns and quantifiers) (Nouns and prep. phrases) ... - tailieumienphi.vn