Sách Collin Cobuild English Grammar

COLLINS COBUILD COLLINS Birmingham University International Language Database ENGLISH GRAMMAR COLLINS PUBLISHERS THE UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM COLLINS London and Glasgow Collins ELT 8 Grafton Street London W1X 3LA COBUILD is a trademark of William Collins Sons & Co Ltd ©William Collins Sons & Co Ltd 1990 First published 1990 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Alt rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the Publisher. ISBN 0 00 370257 X Paperback ISBN 0 00 375025 6 Cased Printed and bound in Great Britain by Richard Clay Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk NOTE Entered words that we have reason to believe constitute trademarks have been designated as such. However, neither the presence nor absence of such designation should be lrAfyed as affecting the legal status of any trademark. Contents Contents..........................................................................................................................................................1 Editorial team 7 Introduction 8 Note on Examples 13 Guide to the Use of the Grammar 14 Glossary of grammatical terms 16 Cobuild Grammar Chart 24 Contents of Chapter 1..................................................................................................................................25 1 Referring to people and things.................................................................................................................31 Introduction to the noun group 31 Identifying people and things: nouns 33 Things which can be counted: count nouns 34 Things not usually counted: uncount nouns 36 When there is only one of something: singular nouns 39 Referring to more than one thing: plural nouns 40 Referring to groups: collective nouns 42 Referring to people and things by name: proper nouns 43 1 Nouns which are rarely used alone 45 Sharing the same quality: adjectives as headwords 46 Nouns referring to males or females 47 Referring to activities and processes: `­ing` nouns 48 Specifying more exactly: compound nouns 49 Referring to people and things without naming them: pronouns 52 Referring to people and things: personal pronouns 52 Mentioning possession: possessive pronouns 55 Referring back to the subject: reflexive pronouns 56 Referring to a particular person or thing: demonstrative pronouns 57 Referring to people and things in a general way: indefinite pronouns 58 Showing that two people do the same thing: reciprocal pronouns 60 Joining clauses together: relative pronouns 61 Asking questions: interrogative pronouns 62 Other pronouns 62 Identifying what you are talking about: determiners 63 The specific way: using `the` 64 The specific way: using `this`, `that`, `these`, and `those` 68 The specific way: using possessive determiners 69 The general way 71 The general way: using `a` and `an` 72 The general way: other determiners 74 Contents of Chapter 2..................................................................................................................................78 2 Giving information about people and things...........................................................................................84 Introduction 84 Describing things: adjectives 84 Information focusing: adjective structures 86 Identifying qualities: qualitative adjectives 86 Identifying the class that something belongs to: classifying adjectives 87 Identifying colours: colour adjectives 89 Showing strong feelings: emphasizing adjectives 89 Making the reference more precise: postdeterminers 90 Special classes of adjectives 91 Position of adjectives in noun groups 93 Special forms: `­ing` adjectives 95 Special forms: `­ed` adjectives 97 Compound adjectives 100 Comparing things: comparatives 102 Comparing things: superlatives 104 Other ways of comparing things: saying that things are similar 106 Indicating different amounts of a quality: submodifiers 108 Indicating the degree of difference: submodifiers in comparison 112 Modifying using nouns: noun modifiers 115 Indicating possession or association: possessive structures 116 Indicating close connection: apostrophe s (`s) 117 Other structures with apostrophe s (`s) 117 Talking about quantities and amounts 118 Talking about amounts of things: quantifiers 118 2 Talking about amounts of things: partitives 122 Referring to an exact number of things: numbers 125 Referring to the number of things: cardinal numbers 126 Referring to things in a sequence: ordinal numbers 129 Referring to an exact part of something: fractions 130 Talking about measurements 132 Talking about age 134 Approximate amounts and measurements 135 Expanding the noun group: qualifiers 137 Nouns with prepositional phrases 137 Nouns with adjectives 140 Nouns with non­finite clauses 141 Contents of Chapter 3................................................................................................................................143 3 Making a message...................................................................................................................................149 Indicating how many participants are involved: transitivity 149 Talking about events which involve only the subject: intransitive verbs 150 Involving someone or something other than the subject: transitive verbs 153 Verbs where the object refers back to the subject: reflexive verbs 156 Verbs with little meaning: delexical verbs 157 Verbs which can be used in both intransitive and transitive clauses 161 Verbs which can take an object or a prepositional phrase 163 Changing your focus by changing the subject: ergative verbs 164 Verbs which involve people doing the same thing to each other: reciprocal verbs 166 Verbs which can have two objects: ditransitive verbs 167 Extending or changing the meaning of a verb: phrasal verbs 169 Verbs which consist of two words: compound verbs 177 Describing and identifying things: complementation 179 Describing things: adjectives as complements of link verbs 179 Saying that one thing is another thing: noun groups as complements of link verbs 180 Commenting: `to`­infinitive clauses after complements 182 Describing as well as talking about an action: other verbs with complements 183 Describing the object of a verb: object complements 184 Describing something in other ways: adjuncts instead of complements 186 Indicating what role something has or how it is perceived: the preposition `as` 187 Talking about closely linked actions: using two verbs together in phase 188 Talking about two actions done by the same person: phase verbs together 189 Talking about two actions done by different people: phase verbs separated by an object 191 Contents of Chapter 4................................................................................................................................194 4 Varying the message...............................................................................................................................200 Statements, questions, orders, and suggestions 200 Making statements: the declarative mood 202 Asking questions: the interrogative mood 202 `Yes/no`­questions 202 `Wh`­questions 204 Telling someone to do something: the imperative mood 207 Other uses of moods 208 Negation 210 Forming negative statements 210 3 Forming negative statements: negative affixes 215 Forming negative statements: broad negatives 216 Emphasizing the negative aspect of a statement 218 Using modals 218 The main uses of modals 219 Special features of modals 220 Referring to time 221 Indicating possibility 222 Indicating ability 223 Indicating likelihood 223 Indicating permission 226 Indicating unacceptability 227 Interacting with other people 227 Giving instructions and making requests 228 Making an offer or an invitation 229 Making suggestions 230 Stating an intention 231 Indicating unwillingness or refusal 232 Expressing a wish 232 Indicating importance 233 Introducing what you are going to say 234 Expressions used instead of modals 235 Semi­modals 238 Contents of Chapter 5................................................................................................................................240 5 Expressing time.......................................................................................................................................246 Introduction 246 The present 247 The present in general: the simple present 247 Accent on the present: the present continuous 248 Emphasizing time in the present: using adjuncts 249 The past 249 Stating a definite time in the past: the simple past 250 Accent on the past: the past continuous 250 The past in relation to the present: the present perfect 250 Events before a particular time in the past: the past perfect 251 Emphasizing time in the past: using adjuncts 251 The future 253 Indicating the future using `will` 253 Other ways of indicating the future 254 Adjuncts with future tenses 254 Other uses of tenses 255 Vivid narrative 255 Firm plans for the future 255 Forward planning from a time in the past 255 Timing by adjuncts 256 Emphasizing the unexpected: continuing, stopping, or not happening 258 Time expressions and prepositional phrases 259 Specific times 259 4 Non­specific times 263 Subordinate time clauses 265 Extended uses of time expressions 265 Frequency and duration 265 Adjuncts of frequency 266 Adjuncts of duration 269 Indicating the whole of a period 271 Indicating the start or end of a period 272 Duration expressions as modifiers 273 Contents of Chapter 6................................................................................................................................273 6 Expressing manner and place................................................................................................................280 Introduction to adjuncts 280 Position of adjuncts 281 Giving information about manner: adverbs 283 Adverb forms and meanings related to adjectives 284 Comparative and superlative adverbs 286 Adverbs of manner 287 Adverbs of degree 289 Giving information about place: prepositions 291 Position of prepositional phrases 292 Indicating position 293 Indicating direction 295 Prepositional phrases as qualifiers 297 Other ways of giving information about place 297 Destinations and directions 299 Noun groups referring to place: place names 301 Other uses of prepositional phrases 302 Prepositions used with verbs 303 Prepositional phrases after nouns and adjectives 304 Extended meanings of prepositions 304 Contents of Chapter 7................................................................................................................................305 7 Reporting what people say or think.......................................................................................................311 Indicating that you are reporting: reporting verbs 312 Reporting someone`s actual words: quote structures 313 Reporting in your own words: report structures 315 Reporting statements and thoughts 316 Reporting questions 317 Reporting orders, requests, advice, and intentions 319 Time reference in report structures 321 Making your reference appropriate 323 Using reporting verbs for politeness 324 Avoiding mention of the person speaking or thinking 324 Referring to the speaker and hearer 326 Other ways of indicating what is said 328 Other ways of using reported clauses 329 Contents of Chapter 8................................................................................................................................332 8 Combining messages..............................................................................................................................338 Adverbial clauses 339 5 ... - tailieumienphi.vn