REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL - The cost of coercion

The cost of coercion REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL The cost of coercion Global Report under the follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work INTERNATIONAL LABOUR CONFERENCE 98th Session 2009 Report I(B) INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GENEVA This Report may also be consulted on the ILO web site (www.ilo.org/declaration). ISBN 978-92-2-120628-6 ISSN 0074-6681 First published 2009 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by email: pubvente@ilo.org. Visit our web site: www.ilo.org/publns. Photocomposed in Switzerland WEI Printed in Switzerland SRO Contents List of abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 1. The concept of forced labour: Emerging issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Forced labour: The ILO definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 The concept and definition of human trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Forced labour, modern slavery and vulnerability to exploitation: Conceptual and policy challenges 7 Chapter 2. Forced labour: Capturing the trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Improving the knowledge base: Data collection and analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Pilot survey in the Republic of Moldova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Regional perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Europe and Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Thematic concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Contract labour and recruitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Seafarers and fishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Domestic workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 The economics of forced labour: Measuring the costs of coercion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Chapter 3. National action against forced labour: The role of governments . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Approaches to law and policy-making on forced labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Prosecutions and law enforcement against forced labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 National policies, plans of action and coordination mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Regional initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Challenges for labour administration and labour inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Lessons of experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 v ... - tailieumienphi.vn