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- TRife'THOC, SO 5 (288), THANG 5 - 2015
QUAN NIEM CUA NGLfdl VIET VE CAl DEP
QUA CA DAO
LE HirdNG''!
Quan niem cua ngitdi Viet vi cdi dep Id mgt hinh thi2c phdt trien rdt cao cua cO cdu gia tri
trong nin vdn hoa truyen thdng Viet Nam. No trd thdnh he gid tri thdm my dgc ddo trong vdn
hgc ddn gian vd Id nhdn tdquan trgng tgo nSn bdn sdc van hoa cua ddn tgc Viet Nam. Bdi viet
chi ra mgt sdquan niem ve cdi dep cua ngitdi Vi§t qua ca dao dUdc bieil Men d nhihig khia canh
sau: ThU nhdt, quan niim vi cdi dep cua thien nhien; thd hai, quan niem vi cdi dep cua con
ngitdi; thii ba, quan niim cdi dep gan vdi viec ly tttdng hoa ddi sdng; thd tU, cdi dep gdn lien vdi
sU hdi hoa; thU ndm, cdi dep gdn lien vdi cdi td't.
/ S \ a dao la mdt trong nhflng loai hinh ddng. Q u a n nidm cua ngfldi Viet ve cai
1 vdn hpe d a n gian ke't t i n h nhieu gia dep dfldc h i n h t h a n h trong ndn san
v J t r i van hda t h a m my phong phfl xua't t h u i n n d n g va sinh hoat mang
cua dan tdc tfl ngdn ddi nay, trong dd ed tfnh t a p the. Khdng k h i s a n xud't ndng
quan niem cfla ngudi Viet ve cai dep. nghiep va s i n h h o a t t a p thd Id mdi
Quan niem cfla ngudi Viet ve cai dep trudng nudi dUdng cac sang tac dan
cua tu nhien, cai dep eua con ngudi gian: Nhflng cau ca dao, tue ngfl, nhflng
trong eae q u a n h e cua ddi sd'ng da p h a n ldn dieu d a n ca, dieu hd, dieu vi... Cung
a n h chan thUc trf tue, t a m hdn n h a y vdi lao ddng va t r o n g lao ddng, nhflng
cam, tinh te cua ngfldi Viet. Quan niem sang tac n a y r a ddi, khdng ehi ddn
cai dep trong ca dao da 'trd t h d n h t h u i n de giai tri, md cdn cd muc dich
rapt he chuan t h a m my t i n h hoa eua thda m a n n h u eau t h a m my cua ngflcJi
dan tde. Chinh vi vay, ca dao la san h a t va bde Id q u a n n i e m cua hp ve cai
p h i m tinh t h a n va la n h u c l u t h a m my dep. Q u a n n i e m ve cai dep cua ngfldi
khdng the thie'u trong ddi sd'ng, lao Viet dfldc n a y sinh v a p h a t tridn "gdn
ddng, da'u t r a n h eua ngfldi Viet. Bdi lien vdi mpi h o a t dpng lao dpng va sinh
viet nay di vao tim hieu quan niem cua hoat cua n h a n d a n va t h a m gia vao
ngfldi Viet ve cai dep qua ca dao nhfl nhflng sinh b o a t dd vdi tfl each la mot
mdt h a n h trinh trd ve vdi epi ngudn, tdn thdnh phdn, mot nhdn to'edu thdnh eua
vinh nhflng gia tri t h a m my dam da sinh hoat dd"(l).
ban s l e dan tde trong ddi sd'ng hien nay.
Sfl r a ddi vd p h a t trien quan niem
cua ngfldi Viet ve cai dep qua ca dao (*)Tien sl, Phong Dao dfic - My hoc, Vien Triet hoc,
dfla t r e n mpt ed sd xa hpi nhd't dinh. Vien Han lam Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam.
(1) Dmh Gia Khanh (chu bien). Vdn hgc ddn gian
Thii nhdt, cai dep cd ngudn gd'c tfl lao Viet Nam. Nxb Giao due Viet Nam, 2010, tr.l4.
- LE HUCJNG
ThU hai, q u a n n i e m ve cai dep cfla sd'ng. T h i e n n h i e n t r o n g ca dao Id ca
ngfldi Viet dfldc h i n h t h a n h k h i n a n g rapt the' gidi vd cflng phong phu, da
Ifle t h a m my eua hp p h a t t r i e n d mpt dang, tfl hoa ed - eay la, de'n n u i - sdng,
mflc dp nhd't dinh. Ve va'n de ndy, rafla - n i n g , gid - may, de'n dd't eat, sdi
C.Mac cho r i n g , "ehi ed thdng q u a sfl da,... deu chfla e h a n sfl sdng; la mdt the
phong phu, da dUdc p h a t trien ve mat gidi sd'ng dgng tdn tgi ben canh cude
vat cha't, cua b a n chd't con ngudi, thi sU sd'ng cua con ngUdi. Trong gd'c r l sau
phong phfl cfla t i n h cam giac chfl q u a n xa, ngfldi d a n eoi sfl sinh t r u d n g vd v a n
eua eon ngfldi mdi p h a t trien"(2). Dieu dpng cua v a n v a t Id sfl sd'ng va b a n
dd cho tha'y, chi khi cam xuc t h a m my t h a n sU sd'ng dd la dep. Cai dep cua
khdng bi le thudc vao nhflng n h u c l u eua t h i e n n h i e n t r o n g ea dao la d eanh
thflc t i l n thd thien, thi khi do, q u a n vdt ed sinh khi, sdn t h u y hflu tinh,
niem ve cai dep mdi la mdt p h i n td't sdng n u i h a i hda. C a n h vat luan
yeu cua ddi sd'ng. chuydn, boat ddng, t r a n d l y sflc sd'ng
Y thfle t h a m my eua ngfldi Viet x a n h tUdi nhUng cung gdn bd, tUdng
trong ca dao dUdc h i n h t h a n h tfl trflde t h d n g vdi con ngUdi mdt each "hflu
k h i xa hpi xud't hien giai ca'p. Nhflng y tinh". C a n h dep d'y ben canh h i n h dang
thflc t h a m my dd ehi thUc sU p h a t t h e n u y e n chuyen va m a u s l e tfldi t a n cdn
t h a n h q u a n n i e m t h a m my va ngay la h i n h a n h efla a'm no, h a n h phue. Ve
cang dUde h o a n t h i e n k h i ed sfl p h a n dep x a n h tfldi cua c a n h ddng lfla hfla
cdng lao ddng va sfl xua't hien cua ehfl h e n rapt mfla gat no d'm, nghia la g i n
viet. C h i n h dieu kien lich sfl xa hdi do vdi eara giac ve sfl sung tfle, vdi cai cd
da tao dieu kien eho n h a n d a n Iao dpng ieh. Ve dep efla ddng sdng khdng chi
p h a t t h e n cac n a n g lflc t h a m my cua vdi h i n h d a n g ud'n cong m e m mai, md
minh. Bdng viec s a n g tac edc loai h i n h edn cd gia tri bdi d i p phfl sa cho mfla
n g h e t h u d t d a n gian, t r o n g do ed ea m d n g bdi t h u . Trong thara my eua
dao, n h a n d a n lao dpng cd t h e thda ngfldi Viet, cai dep va cai cd fch gdn
m a n n h u c l u n h a n thflc, cai tao thflc c h a t vdi n h a u . Do dd, ve dep t r a n d l y
t i l n va thd hien eae q u a n n i e m ve eai sfle sd'ng eua t h i e n n h i e n trong ea dao
dep cua minh. vfla m a n g gia t r i t h a m my, vfla m a n g
nhflng gia t r i thUc te bdi nhflng ldi ich
Q u a n niem cua ngfldi Viet ve cai dep
cua t h i e n n h i e n nudi dfldng sfl sinh tdn
q u a ca dao dflde bieu hien d nhflng khia
cua con ngfldi.
canh sau:
ThU nhdt, quan niem ve cdi dep cua Cai dep cua thien nhien trong ca dao
thien nhien. cdn dUde the hidn b cdi tinh cua con
R u n g dpng trUdc ve dep cua thien ngudi vdi thien nhien. Do dac trUng lao
n h i e n Id mdt p h a n t r o n g y thflc t h a m ddng va sinh hoat m a n g t i n h t h u a n
my cua ngfldi Vidt. Theo q u a n niem eua
ngfldi Viet, eai dep eua t h i e n nhien
(2) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Todn tap, t.42. Nxb
trong ca dao la edi dep trdn ddy sU Chinh tri Quo'c gia, Ha Noi, 2000, tr.lTS.
23
- QUAN NIEM CUA NGUDi VIET VE CAI DEP QUA CA DAO
ndng nen ngUdi Viet gdn chat vdi thien nhien thi eflng la hdp vdi dao sdng cua
nhien, la'y thien nhien lam le sd'ng eua eon ngfldi. Sfl hda hdp gifla eon ngfldi
minh va d dau hp eung tim tha'y cai vdi tfl nhien t a o n e n sfl can b l n g tinh
tinh cua con ngUdi vdi thien nhien xung t a i trong t a m the' eon ngfldi. Con ngudi
q u a n h rainh. Cai t i n h d day la cai tinh binh tinh, tfl t i n doi m a t vdi nhflng khd
cua eon ngudi vdi nfli sdng, trdng sao, khan, vd't va t r o n g cupc sd'ng, diing cam
may gid, dat dai, cay cd. Cai tinh dd lai vfldt qua nhflng k h i c nghiet cfla tfl
cang sau n a n g hdn khi ngUdi Viet g i n nhien. Q u a n n i e m cua ngudi Viet ve cai
thien nhien vdi edi ngudn: "Con ngUdi dep eua t h i e n n h i e n qua ca dao eho
CO cd", cd dngl NhU cdy co cgi, nhU sdng tha'y, ngay tfl xfla, ngfldi Viet da y thflc
cd ngudn"(3); g i n thidn nhien vdi tinh r a t sdm ve sfl g i n bd eua con ngudi ddi
cha nghia me: "Cong cha nhU nui Thdi vdi mdi trUdng sd'ng. Ngdy nay, mdi
San I Nghla me nhU nUdc trong ngudn quan he gifla con ngudi vdi thien nhidn
chdy ra"(4y, g i n thien nhidn vdi tinh dang la va'n de sd'ng cdn cua n h d n loai.
yeu lfla ddi: "Ngdy ngdy em ditng em Tfl quan niem eua ngfldi Viet ve cai dep
trdng I Trdng non, non ngdt, trdng sdng, cua thien nhien qua ea dao, giflp ta
sdng ddi I Trdng mdy, mdy keo ngang n h a n thfle s a u s l e hdn vd'n d l eon ngfldi
trdi I Trdng trdng, trdng khuyet, trdng va mdi trudng, n h i e m vu bao ve mdi
ngudi, ngUdi xa"{S). Chinh cai tinh vdi trudng trong t h e gidi hien nay.
thien nhien da ddn de'n tinh yeu gia Thi^ hai, quan niem vi cdi dep cua
dinh, tinh yeu que hfldng, dd't nflde. Cd eon ngUdi.
the ndi, ve dep cua thien nhien trong ea TrUde bet, ngfldi Viet q u a n niem cai
dao khdng chi Id t i n h yeu cua ngfldi dep cua con ngudi qua ca dao dUde the
Viet vdi nhflng eanh vat xung quanh hien d tinh thdn lao ddng. Dd Id thai dd
minh, su chiem ngudng nhflng canh dep eham chi, c l n cfl trong lao ddng: "Bdi
hang ngdy gan bd vdi minh ma edn la anh chdm viec canh nong I Cho nen mdi
tinh cam thieng lieng hUdng ve gia CO bd trong bich ngodi I Ngdy miia tUdi
dinh, que hUdng, Td qud'e. dgu ngd khoai I Ngdy ba thdng tdm mdi
Quan niem eua ngfldi Viet ve eai dep ngdi md an"(6). Su khd nhpc, lao ddng
dfldc hinh t h d n h tfl boat ddng lao dpng vd't va dUde den bfl, vdi ngfldi ndng ddn
tieh cfle va tfl n d n g lflc giao cam ciia dd chinh la cai dep t r o n g lao ddng, thfl
eon ngudi vdi thien nhien. Thien nhien lao ddng vd't va, khd nhpc nhUng t r a n
la le sdng cua ngfldi Viet, ddng thdi la day lac q u a n h y vpng. Chfnh sfl lac
cdsd cua cdi dep. Thien nhien la cai dep quan va h y vpng Id khdi ngudn cua cai
d i u tien, eai dep cd trflde. Ngudi ed dep dep. Niem vui dude m u a tao ddng lflc
thi ngudi eung chi la mdt bp phdn cfla
t u nhien: "NgUdi Id hoa ddt". Thien
(3) Vu Ngoc Phan. Tuc ngU ca dao. d&n ca Viet
nhien trong ca dao chfla dflng tfl tudng Nam. Nxb Thdi dai, 2010, tr.277.
vd sfl thdng nhd't gifla con ngfldi vd tfl (4) Vu Ngoc Phan. Sdd., tr.274.
(5) Vu Ng9c Phan. Sdd., tr.l87.
nhien. Nhflng h d n h ddng nao hdp vdi t u
(6) Vii Ngoc Phan. Sdd., tr.l56.
24
- LE HUbNG
thuc ddy con ngfldi l a m viee chdm chi, ly tfldng hda ddi song de ed niem tin vd
nd lflc sdm h d m de vu mfla nol tie'p bpi sfl lae quan, tfl do hp tim thd'y eai dep
thu. T i n h t h a n lae q u a n trong lao dpng cua b a n t h a n m i n h vd cai dep cua ddi
dem lai hflng thfl k h d n g ehi eho mpt ea sd'ng x u n g q u a n h hp.
n h a n rieng le m a m a n g lai sfl hflng thfl Khi ly tfldng hda lao dpng, ngfldi Viet
phd bie'n ed t i n h x a hpi. Khi rapt hien mdi ed the thda m a n n h u cau thfldng
tfldng tao n e n sfl hflng t h u ed t i n h chd't thflc vd sang tao cua minh, bdi thfle te',
xd hdi rdng ldn nhfl vdy, t h i nd chinh la ddi sd'ng cua hp khdng cd dfldc nhflng
cai dep. dieu kien nhfl vay. De'n vdi nghd thuat:
Vdi q u a n n i e m cua ngudi Viet trong "Con ngfldi gap gd chinh minh; tinh
ca dao, eai dep cdn dUdc thU thdch trong t h i n con ngfldi gap gd t i n h t h a n eon
lao ddng. Gifla cai dep chan thflc va cai ngUdi"(7). Dd la giay phflt con ngfldi
dep gia tao, ngfldi lao dpng chpn cai dep t a m quen di sU ngheo ddi, tflng qudn
eua sfl ehan thUc: 'Td't gd hdn td't nUde cfla cude sd'ng h a n g ngay. Dd la nhiing
sdn". Chi cd cai dep eua tfl nhien, eai k h o a n h k h i e de con ngfldi giao tie'p vdi
dep dflde thfl t h a c h t r o n g lao dpng mdi cai dep mot each vd tu. Khi ly tudng hda
cd gia tri chan thUc vd dfldc t r a n trpng. lao dpng, ngUdi d a n lao dpng dudng n h u
Nhfl vay, q u a n niem eua ngfldi Viet t h o a t khdi mpi xieng xich, mpi quy t i e ,
ve cai dep khae vdi q u a n niem duy my thoat khdi sfle m a n h nghiet ngd cua cac
cd t i n h bay bdng, lang m a n trong xa hdi quy luat, sfl nghiet nga cua hien thflc.
vdn m i n h vat cha't, eung khac vdi q u a n Hp da de cho the gidi cfla t i n h cam, ehp
nidm duy ly, dflng cai dep eua ly tri tri tudng tfldng bay bdng de sang tao va
trd'n ap cai dep efla b a n nang. Ngfldi thudng ngoan eai dep eua thien nhien,
Viet chudng cai dep tfl nhien, khdng bi cai dep cfla t i n h ydu ddi lfla.
gd bd, khdng gia tao, dd Id cai dep t r a n K h u y n h hfldng "ly tudng hda" ddi
trd sfle sd'ng xud't p h a t tfl ngudn sd'ng sd'ng cdn dUde bpc Id rd hdn nfla trong
m a n h me trong b a n cha't cua con ngfldi. nhflng udc md ve cude sd'ng gia dinh
Thli ba, quan niim cdi dep gdn vdi s u n g tfle, giau cd: "Vdc gi anh lay duac
viSc ly tudng hda ddi sd'ng. ndng I De anh mua ggch Bdt Trdng ve
Ngfldi Viet ly tfldng hda ddi sd'ng de xdy I Xdy dgc roi lgi xdy ngang I Xdy hd
ldm gi? Xua't p h a t tfl triet ly: Con ngfldi bdn nguyit cho ndng rita chdn"(8). Cupc
la mpt ca the cua tfl nhien, chiu sfl tac sd'ng md ngudi lao ddng md Ude la ta't ea
ddng theo quy l u a t cua vu t r u thi con nhiing gi md hp khdng cd trong ddi
ngfldi mdi cd t u do va tU do dd mdi ed thflc. Vi vay, nhflng md fldc v l eudc
t h e giflp hp tdn t a i dflde. Trong che dp sd'ng gidu sang, phfl quy nhfl bfl d i p
phong kidn, ddi sd'ng cua ngfldi Viet het cho mpi thie'u thdn, ngheo khd, bfl d i p
sflc cd cflc, hp bi bdc lot, lao ddng cfldng cho mpi sfl b a t eong vd vat va m a hp
bflc. Cai dep eua con ngfldi, cua ddi sd'ng
khdng t h e dflde tao r a tfl thfl lao dpng (7) Immanuel Kant. Pfie piidn ndng lUc phdn dodn
(Bm v a n Nam Sdn dich). Nxb Tri thiic, 2007, XLII.
cflc nhpc, bi cfldng bflc. Con ngfldi phai (8) Vii Ngoc Phan. Sdd, tr.l82.
25
- QUAN NIEM CUA NGUDi VIET VE CAI DEP QUA CA DAO
phai ehiu dflng. Nhiing hinh a n h ly dUdng k h d n g ed am. \ ^ vay, M n h anh
tudng ve eudc sd'ng trong ea dao Id mpt sdng nfli ben n h a u tUdng trflng cho ve
hinh thflc t h a m my hda thfle te ngheo dep hdi hda cua trdi, dd't, con ngUdi.
nan, nd p h a n a n h cupc d a u t r a n h giai Dd'i vdi con ngudi, ve dep hdi hda
ca'p cua t i n g ldp n h a n dan lao ddng ndi dUdc t h e hien b sit cdn dot gifla cac ye'u
ehung cho mdt eudc sd'ng tfl do, khdng to' bd p h a n ve m a t h i n h thfle. Trong ca
cdn bd't cdng vd dau khd. dao, ve dep h a i hda eua ngfldi phu nfl la
Cd the ndi, viee ly tfldng hda thara sfl ke't hdp gifla k h u d n m a t vdi dang
my trong lao dpng cua ngUdi Viet ed hinh. Ngudi p h u nfl cd k h u d n m a t dep
mdt y nghia q u a n trpng trong ddi sd'ng la sfl cpng hfldng eai dep eua cac bp
tinh t h a n vd trong sang tae nghe t h u a t . phan: Ddi m a t dep, "ddi m l t bd eau",
"Ne'u eon ngudi khdng bie't nhin vao "ddi m l t la ddm" di lien vdi "ddi chan
boat ddng cua minh t r e n quan diem raay la lieu", h a m r d n g den nhflc,
t h i m my, thi hp khdng the ndo chiu "mieng cUdi n h u t h e hoa ngau", "ian da
dung dUde edng vide Iao ddng vat va de'n t r l n g " , "mai tde den". Khudn m a t dep
kidt sfle, khdng the chiu dung dflde phai di lien vdi d a n g h i n h m a n h mai,
nhflng bd't cdng, ap bflc dd n a n g len vai " t h i t day lUng ong"...
hp trong xd hdi phong kie'n"(9). Do vay, Cai dep ve sU h a i hda edn dUdc the
bang vide ly tudng hda ddi sd'ng, ngudi hien d sU phfl hdp gifla hinh thitc vd ngi
lao ddng tao r a cam giac h a n h phuc cho dung. Ngudi p h u nfl dep ngodi gfldng
minh. Cude sd'ng cua hp cd sinh k h i mat, dang h i n h dep edn phai cd cai dep
hdn, hp cd y thflc ve sflc m a n h cua eua ldi a n tie'ng ndi. Trong ca dao cd r^t
minh, ve quyen cua minh, ve sfl t u do nhieu eau ca ngdi cai dep trong ldi an
Clia minh dd dflng len chd'ng lai sfl b^t tie'ng ndi eua eon ngudi: "Chim khon ndi
cdng vd dp bflc eua ehe' dp phong kie'n. tidng rdnh rang I NgUdi khdn ndi tidng
ThU tu, cdi dep gdn lien vdi sit hdi hoa. diu ddng di nghe"{10). Cho nen, ne'u da
Trong quan niem thara my cua ngfldi la ngudi dep t h i p h a i cd gipng ndi dep,
Viet, eai dep g i n lien vdi sfl hdi hda. Tfl dd la gipng ndi t h a n h tao, ngpt ngdo, va
trong sau t h i m y thflc con ngfldi, nhflng eao hdn cd mpt t a m hdn dep, mdt n h a n
gi hai hda thudng Id ed sd tao nen cam each dep.
giac dep, d l chiu. Trflde het, dd la ve Cai dep ve sU hdi hda edn dUde thd
dep hai hda trong thien nhien. C h l n g hien trong lao ddng, chi sU phdi hap
ban, trong ca dao, n u i sdng la mot trong nhip nhdng, dn y trong lao ddng: "Trin
nhiJng bieu tfldng cua ve dep hdi hda. ddng cgn, dUdi ddng sdu/ Chdng cdy vg
Ddl vdi ngfldi Viet, nfli - sdng Id nhflng cdy eon trdu di bita'\ll). Sfl hdi hda
sfl vat g i n bd chat che vdi ddi sd'ng con
ngfldi, nfli sdng la edt t u y cfla sfl sd'ng, (9) V.Guxep. My hgc Folkor (Hoang Ngoc Hig'n
dich). Nxb Da N i n g , 1999, tr.499.
nui khdng the thieu sdng, sdng c l n phai (10) Nguyin Tan Long, Phan Canh. Thi ca bink
cd nui, thie'u mot trong hai eai do, sfl dan VietNam, t . l . Nxb Hoi nha vSn, 1998, tr.380.
sdng khdng tdn tai nhfl am thie'u dUdng, (11) Vii Ngoc Phan. Tuc ngS vd dan ca Viet Nam.
Nxb Stt hoc, Ha Noi, 1961, tr.69.
26
- LE HUbNG
nay tao n e n mdt k h d n g k h i vui tfldi, dinh, ngfldi Viet khdng ldy ye'u td' tai
rapt t i n h t h i n h d n g say trong lao dpng. n d n g l a m can b a n m a eho ye'u to' hda
Sfl hdi hda cflng dfldc tao n e n tfl sU t h u d n la q u a n trpng can ban. Mudn tao
tUOng xihig lfla ddi: "Anh con son em khdng k h i hda t h u d n trong gia dinh, vd
cdng con son I Vde gi ta dugc ldm eon chdng thudng ldy n h a n n h i n lam d i u .
mdt rt/id"(12). Nhfl vay, h a i hda tao Ngfldi Viet ed cau: "Mpt cau n h i n la
t h d n h mpt dac trflng q u a n trpng ciia cai chin cau ianh". Di nhien, n h d n nhin
dep. Ddi vdi ngfldi Viet, ve dep cua sfl phai tfldng flng. C h a n g nhflng vd phai
hai hda dUdc bieu hien ra't sinh ddng. n h i n chdng m a chdng cung phai nhin
Q u a n niem cai dep g i n lidn vdi sfl hai vd. Dd la sfl hda t h u d n trong m a u
hda ed t i n b bid'n ddi linh hoat, do thUc t h u d n . O trudng hdp n a y ly- tri vUdt b a n
tidn t h a m my cua ngfldi Viet quy dinh. b a n ndng. Ca dao cd cau: "Chdng gidn
ThU ndm, cdi dep gdn lien vdi cdi tot. thi va hdt ldi I Cam sdi bdt l^a khdng
Trong n e n v a n hda cua ngfldi Viet, ddi ndo A/ie"(13). Y thflc n h i n nhin nay
sfl d a n h gia t h a m my mot h d n h vi h a y p h i n ldn phu thudc vao ngfldi dan bd,
mdt n h a n each trflde h e t dfldc n h i n bdi y thfle h e phong kie'n ra't coi trpng
n h a n thdng qua gia tri dao dfle. Gia tri ngudi dan dng, theo do md ap dat trong
dao dfle chidm mpt vi tri ndi bat trong gia dinh, ngUdi chdng ed vai trd quye't
sfl dieu tie't cac h d n h vi q u a n h e ngudi dinh mpi vide, edn ngUdi vd va con cai
va mpi q u a n he xa hpi. Cho nen, trong phai phuc tflng. ^^ vay, de gifl hda
ddi sd'ng t i n h t h i n thi y thflc t h a m my t h u a n trong gia dinh, ngUdi dan ba phai
cung bi ehi phoi m a n h me bdi gia tri cam ehiu mpi thiet thdi, phai n h d n n h i n
dao dfle. Vi vdy, cai dep ve h i n h thflc "nghe theo ldi chdng".
phai di lien vdi cai dep ve ndi dung. Cai Bao ve gia dinh b l n g phUdng thflc
dep vd h i n h thflc phai g i n lien vdi cae nhudng nhin cd tac dung k h a quan, tac
e h u l n mUc dao dfle td't va nhieu k h i eai d u n g nha't thdi, nhUng ehUa dfl. Trong
dep h i n h thflc p h a i n h u d n g chd cho eai gia dinh, ngfldi Viet ehu trpng sfl
dep t a m hdn: "Cai net d d n h chet cai n h u d n g nhin de t r a n h dd vd, ddng thdi,
dep" hoac "xd'u ngfldi dep net cdn hdn dung dgo vd ehdng de cdm hoa ldn
dep ngfldi". nhau. Day Id mdt bieu hien sinh ddng
Trong ca dao, eai dep efla cupc sd'ng eua cai dep trong cude song gia dinh
sinh boat gia dinh dfldc bieu hien d y ngUdi Viet.
thUc hoa thudn de xdy dUng vd bdo vi Dao vd ehdng Id ye'u to' cd't loi de
hgnh phuc gia dinh. n g a n chdn bao lUc gia dinh. Chdng ban,
Cai cd't ldi t r o n g gia dinh, theo q u a n trUde n a n d a n h vd cfla ngfldi ehdng,
niem eua ngfldi Viet, Id ye'u t d hda ngfldi dan ba da kheo leo cam hda ngfldi
thudn, hda t h u a n mdi tao ndn sfl nghiep:
' T h u d n vd, t h u d n chdng, t a t bien Ddng (12) Vii Ngoc Phan. Tuc ngU ca dao, ddn ca Viit
Nam. Sdd., tr.l69.
cflng can". Hda t h u a n la ngudn gde eua
(13) Nguyin Tan Long, Phan Canh. Thi ca bink
h a n h phuc gia dinh. Trong y thflc gia dan VietNam. Sdd., t.2, tr.284.
27
- QUAN NIEM CUA NGUtil VIET VE CAI DEP QUA CA DAO
ehdng blng each nhle nhd ho lflc vd trong gia dinh. Day la mdt ndt dep
chdng ddng cam edng khd: "Gia roi trong gia dinh ngudi Viet, khdng ehi
ddnh thiep sao ddnh,/Anh khdng nhd thdi xfla ma ca thdi nay, eang cln dfldc
thud rach ldnh ed nhaur(l4). Hoae coi trpng.
trong trfldng hdp ngfldi vd mic lam ldi, Nhfl vay, ddi vdi ngfldi Viet, tinh
ngudi ehdng thay vi danh dap vd anh ta ngbia vd ehdng hay edn gpi la dao vd
cung phai din do: "Khong ddnh bau di chdng la pham trfl mang y nghia dao
bdu ludng tudng/ Dang tay ddnh bdu, dfle - tham my. Dao vd chdng la bieu
them budn dg anh"(15). hien sinh dpng ve eai dep trong cudc
Trong gia dinh ngUdi Viet cdn dung sd'ng gia dinh efla ngfldi Viet. Nhd cd
tinh yeu thUdng vd chdng de sfla chfla dao vd chdng ma gia dinh ngUdi Viet
thdi hfl tat xd'u eua nhau. Chlng han, dUde eau ke't ben chat, mang gia tri
gap ngfldi ehdng mai rfldu che, cd bac, thieng lieng; ddng thdi vUdt qua mpi
ngfldi vd da dfla vao dao vd chdng de sdng gid, khd khan de duy tri, tiep ndi
khuyen can: "Anh ai! Anh d lgi nhd, / nhiing gia tri tdt dep tfl thd he nay sang
Thdi dUng cd bgc nUa md hU than/ the he khac.
Ham ehi nhiing cua phii vdn, / Ld ra Cd the ndi, quan nidra ve eai dep cua
edng nd nhiiu phdn xau xa"(16). Hoac ngfldi Viet bi quy dinh bdi dieu kidn
gap phai ngudi chdng bieng nhac, sinh boat vat cha't va quan he dao dUc.
khdng lo xay dflng sfl nghiep gia dinh, Quan niera vd cai dep cfla ngUdi Viet,
ngfldi vd khuyen: "Trieu dinh con ve ed ban, la sfl thdng nhd't gifla cai
ehuong thi thU, / Khuyen anh den sdch thuc te - cai my - cai td't. Chinh sfl gin
sdm trUa hgc hdnh / May nhd phgn co bd gifla cac gia tri dd da trd thanh ddng
cdng danh / Md anh phu quy, dy minh Ifle tinh than, tao ndn sflc sd'ng manh
ve vang"(17). liet, niem tin eua nhan dan vao sdc
Nhflng ldi cam hda tren day ed mdt manh eua minh trong lao dpng vd cuoc
sfle manh phi thfldng thflc tinh nhflng sd'ng. Quan niem ve cai dep ciia ngUcii
ngfldi chdng be tha, truy lae bie't trd ve Viet trong ca dao la mot hinh thflc phat
vdi trach nhiem eua minh trong gia trien eua ed ed'u gia tri trdng nen van
dinh. Ne'u khdng cd sfl cam hda do thi hda truyen thd'ng Viet Nam. Nd trfi
ngfldi chdng cdng sa vao tpi ldi vd ciing thanh hd gia tri tham ray dpe dao trong
chlng bao gid cd nhiing ldi an nan tha vdn hpc dan gian va la nhan td' quan
thiet: Dim thanh, nguyit xe, sao td/ trpng tao nen ban sic van hda cua dan
Anh nguyen thi tu bi, d nhd vdi em"(18). tdc Viet Nam. Q
0 day, ehflng ta thay ea mdt nghe
thudt flng xfl, flng bien khdn kheo,
(14) Nguyin Tlui Long, Phan Canh. Sdd, t.2, tr.285.
mem mdng vd quye't het trong gia dinh (15) Nguyin Tah Long, Phan Canh. Sdd, t.2, tr.287.
cua ngfldi Viet ma phan nhieu thude ve (16)Nguyln Tan Long, Phan Canh. Sdd, t.2, tr.293.
(17) Nguyin Tan Long, Phan Canh. Sdd, t.2, tr.293.
ngfldi dan ba de gifl dflde hda thuan (18) Nguyen Tail Long, Phan Canh. Sdd, t.2, tr.294.
28
nguon tai.lieu . vn