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- NGHỆ THUẬT LÃNH ĐẠO
MSMH: NS301DV01
- Purpose
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
● Define leadership and leadership effectiveness
● Explain why people need leadership
● Discuss the major obstacles to effective
leadership
● Compare and contrast leadership and
management
● List the roles and functions of leaders and
managers
● Summarize the debate over the role and impact
- Content
● Effective leadership
● Obstacles to effective leadership
● Leadership and management
● Roles and functions of a leader
● Changes in organizations and expectations of
leaders
- Chapter 1:
Definition and
Significance of
Leadership
- Chapter 1
1.1- Effective
Leadership
- What is leadership?
● Leadership is a group of phenomenon. There can be no
leaders without followers. As such, leadership always
involves interpersonal influence or persuasion.
● Leadership is goal directed and plays an active role in
groups and organizations. Leaders use influence to guide
others through a certain course of action or toward the
achievement of certain goals.
- What is leadership?
● The presence of leaders assume some forms of
hierarchy within a group.
○ Formal hierarchy, with leader at the top
○ Informal and flexible hierarchy.
- Who is a leader?
● A leader is a person who influences individuals
and groups within an organization, helps them in
establishing goals, and guide them toward
achievement of those goals, thereby allowing
them to be effective.
- What is effectiveness?
● Fred Friedler’s Contingency Model: Leadership
effectiveness = Performance.
○ Leaders are effective when their group perform well.
● Robert House’s Path-Goals Theory: Leadership
effectiveness = Followers satisfaction.
○ Leaders are effective when their followers are satisfied.
● Transformational and Visional
Leadership Models: Effectiveness is
the successful implementation of
large scale change in an organization.
- What is effectiveness?
● Community point of view:
○ “Effectiveness is helping people communicate more,
collaborate more, and innovate more” (Mieszkowski,
1998)
○ “Cooperation, aligning people’ self-interest, and getting
buy-in from the people who are affected by the leader’s
decisions” (Baker, 2006)
○ “Helping the community, and bring self-sufficient”
(Salter, 2000a)
● Sales point of view: Satisfied customer.
Effectiveness can only be achieved by providing
“attentive, sincere, memorable service”
(McGregor, 2004a: 83)
- What is effectiveness?
1. The definitions of leadership effectiveness are as
diverse as the definitions of organizational
effectiveness. The choice of a certain definition
depends mostly
● on the point of view of the person trying to determine
effectiveness, and
● on the constituents who are being considered.
- What is effectiveness?
2. Fred Luthans (1989): defines leadership
effectiveness by distinguishing between effective
and successful managers.
Effective Managers Successful
Managers
Those with satisfied Those who are
and productive promoted quickly
employees
Spend their time Focus not on
communicating with employees. Instead,
subordinates, they concentrate on
managing conflicts, networking activities
- What is effectiveness?
3. Any definition of leadership effectiveness should
consider all different roles and functions that a
leader performs.
● In fact, organizations often fall back on simplistic
measures, regardless of how satisfied the company’s
employees are.
● Stockholders and financials consider a CEO to be effective
if company stock prices keep increasing.
● Politicians are effective if the polls indicate their popularity
is high and if they are reelected.
● A football coach is effective when the team is winning.
● Students’ scores on standardized tests determine a school
principal’s effectiveness.
- What is effectiveness?
● The common thread in all these examples of
effectiveness is the focus on outcome.
○ To judge their effectiveness, we look at the results of
what leaders accomplish.
○ Process issues, such as employees’ satisfaction, are
important but are rarely the primary indicator of
effectiveness.
- What is effectiveness?
The definition of leadership effectiveness, therefore,
should contain 3 elements:
● Goals achievement: meeting financial goals,
producing quality products or services,
addressing the needs of customers…
● Smooth internal process: group cohesion,
followers’ satisfaction, and efficient operations.
● External adaptability: group’s ability to change
and evolve successfully
- When is a leader effective?
● Leaders are effective when their followers
achieve their goals, can function well together,
and can adapt to changing demands from
external forces.
- Why do we need leaders?
● To keep group orderly and focused. The existence of groups
require some form of organization and hierarchy. Leaders are
needed to pull the individuals together, organize and
coordinate their efforts.
● To accomplish tasks. Groups allow us to accomplish tasks
that individuals alone could not undertake or complete. Leaders
are needed to facilitate that accomplishment, to provide goals
and directions, and coordinate activities.
● To make sense of the world. Groups and their leaders
provide individuals with a perceptual check. Leaders help us
make sense of the world, establish social reality, and assign
meaning to events and situations that may be ambiguous.
● To be romantic ideals. Leadership is needed to fulfill our
desire for mythical or romantic figures who represent us and
- Chapter 1
1.2- Obstacles to
Effective Leadership
- Obstacles To Effective
Leadership
● Organizations face considerable uncertainty that creates
pressure for quick responses and solutions.
○ Implementing new methods of leadership would make dealing with
complexity and uncertainty easier in the long run.
○ The lack of learning and experimentation causes the continuation
of the crises, which makes unavailable the time needed to learn
and practice innovative behaviors.
● Organizations are often rigid and unforgiving.
○ In the push for short-term and immediate performance,
organizations do not allow any room for mistake and
experimentation. Such rigidity and reward systems discourage
endeavors.
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