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- NHAN TO TON GIAO TRGNG LICH sur NITDTC M Y VA TRONG QUAN H | MY - Vl|T NAM NHONG N A M 2003-2006 TRXN THJ VINH" DANG DINH Qui" T rong cfle nhfln t l chfnh trj, ehfnh afich vfi ban sfic vfin hda My, tdn giflo Ifl nhfin t l d^c bi^t quan trpng. Tdn 1.1. Tdn gido • mdt chu di xuyen sudt trong lfch sd nudc My Ljeh sii hinh thflnh nfldc My cho thiy, giflo Ifl chii d l xuyen suot trong Ijch sii nhflng ngfldi djnh cfl d i u tiln trfin d i t My nUde My. Trong ehfnh afich doi ngo^ eua lfi nhflng tfn d l b) xua duli, bi kit fin, phai My, tdn giflo cd anh hfldng ldn din tu duy vflpt biln din vflng d i t mdi d l mifu sinh vfi cua ngfldi Mjf v l t h l gidi ben ngofli vfl tim kilm tfl do d l theo duli dfle tin ciia phfldng efich mfi ngfldi My phan flng vdi eae minh. Nflm 1613, nhiZng ngfldi chfiu Au SI? ki^n diln ra doi vdi phin edn I ^ ciia t h l diu tiln d$t chfln Ifin nflde My Ifi ngfldi Tfiy gidi. Tren thi?c te, tdn gifio thi?e si? efi anh Ban Nha, dfldi si? chi huy ciia Juan Ponce hfldng tdi qufi trinh ho^eh dinh vfl triln de Leon, hp da tim dfldng din ban dao r$ng khai chfnh sflch doi ngo^ ciia MjF. Bfii vilt ldn mfi ngfly nay Ifi Florida. Tfim nfim sau, nfly se t^p trung phfin tfch vai trd eiia nhfin cfic mi?c sfl Cd Ddc giflo La Mfi da din dfly to tdn giflo trong ljch sii nfldc M;^, trong dl truyin gifio cho cfle t h l dfin da do, vfl tfl chitih afleh dli ngo^i ciia My cung nhfl nflm 1564. ngfldi Tfiy Ban Nha da thfinh nhiing tfie dpng eua nhfin tl" nfiy doi vdi 14P St. Augustine, m | t trong s l nhQng thj quan h§ My - Vi^t Nam giai do^n 2003- trln c l xfla d Bfle My, n i m d Ddng Bfle 2006, khi Mjf dfla Vi^t nam vfio danh afich Florida. TrUdc khi t h l ky XVT kit thfle, efic "Cfic nfldc ein quan tflm d$c bi|t v l tdn nhfi truyin giflo t h u ^ ddng thfinh Francis giflo" (Country of Particular Concern on dfi tdi khu vi?c mfi ngfiy nay Ifl bang New Rehgious Freedom- CPC) vfl qufi trinh Vi$t Mexico. Nam dfl'u tranh d l budc My dfla Vi§t Nam ra khdi danh aflch nfly. Vflo t h l ki XVII, ddng ngfldi tfl Anh quic tim dfldng giai thoflt khdi sfl ngflpc dai tdn 1. Ton giflo t r o n g Heh sit nxidc My vfi gifio dfl ding thdi d$t n i n mdng cho sfl ra chinh sflch doi ngo^i c u a My ddi vfi thinh vfldng ciia nfldc My. Mpt trong "PGS.TS. Khoa Ljch sfl, Trfldng D^i hpc Sfl pb^m Hfi Ndi " ThS. Hpc vidn Ngo^i giao
- Rhto ttf ton giAo h-ong ljeh siS-... ao nhflng hp qua ciia cupe cai cflch tdn giflo T h l ki XIX, trfldc nguy cd n$i ehiln. d Anh dfldi thdi Vua James I (1603 - 1625) Ting thing James Buchanan, Ting thong lfi vipe cac tin do Thanh gifio h\ dfin fip dfl thfl 15 eiia nfldc My trong nhflng nfim 1857 man, khid'n cho ngfldi Anh rdi bd qud - 1861, da bilu th; sfl lo ngp d^c bidt cua hUdng di cfl sang Bfic My vdi hy vpng dflpc minh vl kha nfing cupe n§i ehiln cd thl Iflm tl? do vl tfl tfldng d l thi?e h i | n dflc tin eiia giam sut vai trd eua nflde My dli vdi eac minh ngfiy mdt ddng. Tfnh din nfim 1752, quyln ti? do edng dfln vfl tdn gifio trdn tofin ehfnh quyln Anh da thfinh l^p d Bfie My t h l gidi. Nhflng nflm sau Ndi ciiiln, 13 thupc dia vdi dfin s l 1,3 tri|u ngfldi. Ulysaea Simpson Grant, Ting thong thfl 18 Ngay tfl thdi ky thudc dia (1600-1776), cua nfldc My trong nhflng nftm 1869-1877, ljch avt nfldc My dflpe dfinh dfl'u bing si? da trflde nhidm vi? khd khfin trong cdng eupc d^ng vl tdn giflo do nhflng ngfldi My ban tfii thilt dfi't nfldc aau tham hpa ehiln dja, nhflng nd I | chfiu Phi vfl nhflng ngfldi tranh, da dl cao ti? do tdn gifio, bdn eanh di cfl din tfl chau Au. Ho dfl thi?c hi^n vfl'n d l an ninh tfii san, nhfl mpt nhu eiu nhflng ll nghi tdn giflo ridng ciia minh thilt ylu dl dam bao "dilu tdt dpp nhfi't cho dfldi nhilu hinh thfle khfle nhau. Vdi da so cdng chung". khoang 550 cpng dong vfi ngdn ngfl khfle Trong the ki XX vfl nhflng nflm diu t h l nhau t ^ nflde My vflo t h l ky XVII, nin ky XXI, ngfldi dan My tiep tue eoi trpng vfln hda ciia ngfldi My ban dia da dflpc ghi quyln ti? do tdn gifio nhfl quyln tfl do phflt nhfln bdi tinh da d^ng nd'i b$t trong thdi triln kinh tl. Td'ng thong thfl 43 eua nflde ky 14P quoc (1). My trong nhflng nfim 2001-2009, George Sang t h l ki XVIII, ba nfim aau khi vilt W. Bush, da nhfic nhd ngfldi My quan tam Tuydn ngdn Dpc Ifip My (1776), Thomas den nguon goc aau xa ciia quyln ti? do nfiy Jefferson da soan thao Dao luflt Virginia ve trong xa hdi My vfi cho rflng, chinh cfle b$c tfl do tin ngfldng (The Vurginia Act For tiln bdi cua nfldc My trong qufl trinh I4p Establishing Religious Freedom) vfio nfim quoc da nhfin thiy t i m quan trpng ciia ti? 1779. Dfiy Ifl bd lufit d i u tien nhflm bao vp do tdn gifio dra vdi v i ^ xay di?ng mpt Udn tl? do tdn giao tai My, dflpc ban hflnh nfim minh on djnh vfi ben vflng. Si? quan tflm 1786, trong dd khiing djnh quyln ti? do tdn ddi vdi cfle gia trj tdn giflo da giflp cho giflo vfl tl? do tranh lufin dl bao vd quan George W. Bush gianh dflpe si? ung hp eiia dilm tdn giao ciia ngfldi My. Tdn giflo vfi mpt bp phfin khdng nhd dan chflng My. quyen tfl do tdn giflo lfi mpt quyln ed ban Theo thong ke, cd tdi 56% nhflng ngfldi da dflpc ghi nhfin trong Dilu b l sung siia "din nhfl thd ciu nguypn hflng tuIn" da bo dli thfl n h i t cua Hiin phflp My vfi dfl fin philu cho Bush trong eudc blu cfl Tong afiu trong lieh stt vfl ban sfic dfin tdc My. thing nfim 2000 vfi ty Ip nfly tflng Ien 63% Vflo cudi t h l ky XVIII, tfnh da d ^ g tdu trong cu|e blu eii nfim 2004 (2). giao d My da rfi't noi b^t, vfi dfly lfi mdt d&c Ngfiy nay, cung nhfl trong lich aii trfldc tinh khdng the phu nh^n trong bfle tranh dfly, da so ngfldi My dl eao cae tfn ngfldng xa h$i ngay tfl buoi binh minh cua nflde vfi nghi Ii tdn giao ed ban - mdt n i t d$e thfl My. Trong the gidi tdn gifio da d^ng vfi trong ddi aong ngfldi dfln. Thfing 6-2008, phong phu ciia nfldc My thdi ky l^p quoc, Diln dfin Pew ve Tdn giao vfl Ddi song epng dao Tin Lfinh ehilm vai trd chii d^o. dong phi Ipi nhufln da cdng bo kit qua m|t
- Rghian cflu L{eh aiV. arf 4.2011 cude dilu tra trdn quy md ldn, khao sflt tfldng ciia Kindred MeLeary, hpa si hfing trdn 35.000 ngUdi, theo dd 92% ngfldi My d i u nflde My, ndi vl cfic quyln ti? do tdn cho ring hp tin vfio Chua; 76% cho bilt hp gifio, tl? do ngdn lu|tn, ti? do hdi hpp vfl tfl ciu nguydn ft nhfi't mli tuIn m | t lin, do bfio chf. Bfle tranh dflpc hofin thfinh nhilu ngfldi trong s l hp ciu nguy|n hfing nfim 1942, m | t trong nhiing thdi dilm ngfly. Cfie kit quA dd cflng phfl hpp vdi cfle nhilu thflch thfle nhfl't trong I)ch evt nfldc eudc dilu tra da cdng b l trflde dfly, theo dd My, khi Chiln tranh thigidi thfl hai dang cfl 10 ngfldi thl c6 trln 7 ngfldi tuyfin b i t d n din r i t g i n nfldc My. Dilu dd cho thiy giflo ed y nghta "quan trpng" ho|c "hit aflc m | t thi?c t l Ifi, trong quan dilm cua ngUdi quan trpng" trong cudc sing ciia hp. Nilm My, ngay ck d nhflng thdi dilm d i t nflde bf tin eho ring tfn ngfldng ban thfin nd cd gifi thfieh thfle vfl de dpa, thl mdt trong nhflng tr} to ldn da c6 tfl Iflu trong ljeh at! nflde trpng tfim chfnh sflch dtfi ngoai cua nflde My. Td'ng thing George Waahington da My v&n Ifi bao v$ vfi thuc dfly cfic quyln ti? tflng tuyen btf trong diln vfln k i t thuc do cd ban, b i t diu b i n g quyln tfl do tdn nhidm ky ciia dng vflo nflm 1796 rflng, giflo. ngfldi dfln trong mdt chfnh t h l cdng hda cd t h l se khdng ti? Ifim chu dflpc dfl't nfldc vfl L}eh sii nflde My cho thfify, b$ thing cfi diy dii quyln ti? do eua hp nlu hp khdng chfnh tri My ludn cho phip vfl t^o dilu kidn cd dfle hpih. Waahington eho rfing, "dfle cho cfle nhdm lpi fch tdn gifio ho^t d|ng. hanh dd dfla trdn tdn giflo vfl d^o ly" (3). Bflng cfic cflch khfle nhau, nhfi't Ifi thdng qua la philu cua cfle tfn do, cae nhdm lpi 1.2. Tdn gido trong chinh adch ddt fch tdn giflo tflc dpng vflo chfnh quyln, vflo ngoai ciia My Qudc hdi di phfit triln dflc tin vfl md r|ng Vdi quan diem eho rfing tfl do tdn giflo anh hfldng tdn gifio ciia minh. Tdn giflo lfi try cpt trong hd thing hiin phflp cua trfin thi?c t l ludn ludn bj chfnh trj hda vfl nfldc My, tdn gifio cd anh hfldng Idn din tfl dflpe sii dyng nhfl mdt cdng cy trong ca duy cua ngfldi My vdi t h l gidi bin ngofii. nin ehfnh trj ndi b | cung nhfl trong chfnh Trln thUc t l , ngUdi My tin r&ng nfldc My sfieh ddi ngogi eua My. Cd t h l thiy, ngay dflpe Chua Ii?a chpn trong afl m^nh ehing tfl thdi ky thu|c dja cho din nay, tdn giflo lai mpi t h l Ii?e dfln fip t i n giflo vfi ti? do dflpe afl dyng nhfl m^t cdng cu d l t | p hpp trfin tofin t h l gidi, r i n g nfldc My c6 sfl li?c lupng phyc vy cho cfic myc tidu dli n|i mdnh cai t^o t h l gidi. Nilm tin nfiy dflpc vfl dli ngo^i. D$c dilm nfiy xuyin suit xfiy dflng vfl cung c l trong autft chilu dfli trong Ijch svl nude My. Thdng qua tdn Ijch sii hinh thfinh vfi phflt triln ciia nfldc giflo, ngfldi My dflpc giflo dye vfl tuyln My (4). P h i n ldn cfic hpc gia, chfnh trj gia truyin v l afl mdnh md ra m^t thdi d ^ mdi My diu cho rfing, vi$c pho biln dfin ehii vfi khdng phai chi cho nfldc My mfi cdn lfi m | t tl? do t i n gifio trdn t h l gidi lfi m | t trong n i n dfin ehii trdn tofln c i u vfi m^t " t h l gidi nhflng bi§n phflp d l cung ctf an ninh eho tl? do". Trong tU duy ngudi My, trong "thl nfldc My (5). Ngfiy nay, nlu din B | Ngo^i gidi ty do" dd, tfl do tdn gifio Ifl mdt p h i n giao My d thii dd Wasahington D.C, ngUdi khdng t h l thilu vfl ddng vai tro quan ta thiy ngay b i n trdn eing chfnh vfio B | trpng hfing diu. Ngoai giao lfi m | t bfle tranh t h l hi$n rd dilu nfly. Bfle tranh noi tilng vd trln Nfim 1998, Ting thing My da ky ban hfinh Dgo Iu4t Ty do Tdn giflo Qudc ttf
- Rhto Ki ton gt6o h-ong ljch sit... 61 (International Rehgious Freedom Act - HR 7. Tfl chdi tilp cac dofln thfim lfim 2431). Dao lu^t nfiy khing djnh flu tiln vide, thflm chfnh thfle, thflm cfl'p eao ciia quan trpng trong chfnh afich dli ngogi eiia Chfnh phli, My vfl quy djnh efie bi^n phflp mdi dl thfle 8. Hoan ho$e huy bo eflc dofin thfim diy vfl bao vd quyln ti? do tdn gifio. Dgo lfim vide, thflm chinh thfle, thfim cfi'p cao luflt eung cho phip thflnh l^p Vfin phdng ciia Chinh phu, Tl? do Tdn giao Qudc t l vfi vj trf Dgi sfl Iflu 9. Cfit giam ho$c ehlm dflt h i trp phflt dpng phy trflch Quyln ty do tdn giflo qudc t l tgi Bp Ngogi giao My, c6 nhi|m vy phtfi triln, hpp cflng nhau d l theo ddi tinh trgng tdn 10. NgiKng cfle hogt ddng bao hilm diu giao tren tofln t h l gidi, ding thdi xfiy dyng tu cua EXIM Bank, OPIC, TDA cfle chfnh sach vfi ehfldng trinh thuc diy 11 Thu hdi, hgn c h i hofic ngflng cfle quyln ty do tdn giflo. Myc tidu dd dflpe thye vi|n trp an ninh quic phdng, hidn thdng qua sy phdi hpp vdi cfic dgi sfl 12. Bd philu chtfng tgi cfic to chflc tfli qufln My d efie nflde trdn t h l gidi, cfic quan chinh qudc tl, ehfle nfldc ngofli, cfle td chflc ton giflo vfl 13. Ap dyng cfl'm vfin dtfi vdi mdt phin nhfin quyln. hay tdng the doi vdi mpt stf mfit hfing, Mpt bidn phflp quan trpng mfl Bp ngogi 14. Cfl'm cfle t l ehfle tfii chinh My cho giao My tiln hfinh hfing nfim lfi Bflo d o vay tren mflc 10 tri^u USD, thfldng nien ve quyln ti? do tdn giflo qu6c te 15. Cfl'm Chfnh phii My ed hpp dong do qudc hdi uy quyln thi?c hi$n. Bflo efio mua hfing hay djeh vu (6). nfly tdm Iflpc thyc trgng quyln ti? do tdn giao d 197 qudc gia txdn t h l gidi hfing nflm Nhflng npi dung cua Dgo lu^t Ty do Tdn vfl dflpc cdi^ bo bfing tieng dja phfldng tren giao ed hai diem dang Iflu y. Mdt Ifi, trong nhieu trang web eiia cfle dgi sfl qufln My d dgo luflt nfiy khdng cd hinh thfle tri^u bdi nflde ngofli. Vdi cac nfldc mfl My cho Ifl cfi vi dgi di^n ngogi giao trong phfin tham phgm nghiem trpng quyln ty do tdn giflo quyln ciia Tong thtfng My nhflng Igi quy theo tidu ehl ciia My, Bd Ngogi giao My sd djnh vipe iiy ban Tfl do Tdn giflo qudc t l dfla vfio danh sach CPC. Trong dilu 405, My (mpt t l chflc tfl vin cho qudc hdi dflpc khoan A ciia Dgo lu^t Ty do Tdn giao Qudc thfinh Ifip theo Dgo Iu$t Tfl do Tdn giflo t l quy djnh, Tong thong My c6 quyln thyc Qutfc te) c6 quyln Iden nghj vipe tri^u hoi hidn cae bidn phflp tfl thip din cao ddi vdi dgi didn ngogi giao. Thfl hai, lufit nfiy eho cac nfldc ed trong danh sfieh CPC: phdp td'ng thtfng My dupe hoan tfl 90 din 180 ngfiy de tham khao vdi ehinh phii eae 1. Ydu ciu giai thfch (vdi chfnh quyln My), nflde bj xd'p vflo danh aflch CPC, cac to chflc nhfln quyln phi chfnh phii vfl eae ben 2. Yeu eiu giai thich cdng khai trdn lidn quan My trflde khi quylt djnh lya cfie phfldng ti^n thdng tin dgi ehung, chpn vi§e fip dyng hinh phgt nflo trong 15 3. Phan ddi b ^ g kenh ngogi giao, mflc ndu tren. 4. Len an tgi cac diln dfln quoc tl, Luflt Tfl do Tdn giflo Quoc t l eung quy 5. Hofin hoflc huy bd giao Iflu vfin hda djnh, vi$e xip efie nfldc vflo danh aaeh CPC 6. Hoan ho^c htiy bd trao ddi khoa hpc. se ty dpng het hidu lyc sau hai nflm, trfl
- Rghian cflu Lieh ai5r. arf 4.8011 khi Chfnh quyln My tilp tye dfla nfldc dd nhfln ly giai thi?e trgng nfly. Mdt Id, ban vfio danh sfieh CPC; ding thdi My ed t h l thfln Ting thing Bush Ifl ngfldi theo dgo dfla nfldc dd ra khdi danh afich CPC nlu Tin Lfinh, ddng Methodish. Mdt stf nhfi nude dd dfi ehfi'm dflt ho$e dfi tiln hflnh nghiSn cflu cho ring, Bush thfle sy tin nhflng bi|n phfip cd t h l kilm chflng dflpc Chua vfi lfi mdt con chidn r i t ngoan dgo. trong vide ehfi'm dflt nhflng vi phgm vl ti? M$c dfl ed mdt thyc ttf lfi, trong hflnh vi cua do tdn giflo theo quan ni^m eiia My. Thyc cfic chfnh trj gia, khd c6 t h l phfin bidt dflpe t l cho thfl'y, ehfnh quyln My fip dyng l u | t gifla dfle tin eiia hp vdi d|ng cd ehfnh trj, nfiy vdi nhflng Hnh hogt nhfi't djnh. Hai tuy nhiln, khfle vdi eflc Tong thtfng khfle, trong efic phfit bilu edng khai ciia Bush, nfim aau khi lufit nfiy cd hi|u lyc, thflng 9- tdn giflo vfl ty do tdn gifio thfldng xuyen 2000, Iln diu tiln Bd Ngogi giao My cdng dflpe d l C4P din (10). Hai Id, vl tfl tfldng. btf danh afleh CPC gim nfim nflde: Ting thtfng Bush chju anh hfldng ldn tfl Myanmar, Trung Qutfc, Iran, Iraq vfi trfldng phai Bao thii mdi. Ding thdi, nhflng Sudan. Hai nfldc khfic lfi Serbia vfi phy tfl thfln cfln cua Ting thtfng Bush cung Afghaniatan cung bj xem lfi vi phgm d{Le theo trfldng phfii nfiy, diln hinh lfi Phd bipt nghidm trpng vl ty do t i n giflo, Tong thtfng Dick Cheney. NhOng ngfldi bao nhflng do My khdng cdng nh^n Chfnh phii thii mdi coi nfldc My Ifl sidu dflng, cfle gifi Serbia vfi Afghanistan ndn khdng xip hai trj My bao gdm ca quan diem vl tfl do tdn nfldc nfiy vflo danh aflch CPC (7). Chfnh gifio mang gia trj p h i qufit vfi ngfldi My cd quyln My cung khdng ap dyng cfle bi|n sfl m^nh bao v$ vfi pho biln cfic gifi trj nfiy phflp trflng phgt n$ng hdn nhflng gl da fip trln binh di^n tofln ciu (11). Ba Id, trong dung vdi Myanmar, do nfldc nfly dfl bj hgn chiln Iflpc ciia chfnh quyln Bush, ben cgnh e h l xufi't k h i u vfl trung chuyin cfie thilt cupe chiln chtfng khiing btf, v i ^ pho biln bi hflng hda qufin si? tfl trflde dd (8). Dtfi dfin chii vfl ty do tdn giflo tren t h l gidi Ifl vdi Trung Qu6c, My cung khdng fip dyng mdt try c|t quan trpng (12). bi$n phap trflng phat nfio n$ng hdn vide hgn e h l xufl't k h i u cfie thilt bj phdng Trong nhidm ky diu, Tong thtfng Bush chtfng tpi phgm dfl ap dyng tfl d i u nhflng tuydn btf "ty do, dfin ehu vfl ty do kinh nflm 90 t h l ky XX theo Lu^t chuin ehi doanh" Ifl "md hinh bin vflng duy n h i t eho Ngfin sfieh dtfi ngogi (9). Cung nhfl v|y, thfinh cdng ciia quSc gia" vfi gfln thfldng khi Cpng hda Dfin ehu Nhfin dfin Trilu mgi, vidn trp My vdi cfle dilu ki^n v l dfln Tidn bj dUa vfio danh sflch CPC nflm 2001, chii, nhfin quyln vfl ty do tdn giflo (13). Chfnh phu My cung khdng flp dyng thim Trong diln vfin nh$m chflc nhi^m ky thfl bidn phflp nflo vi nfldc nfiy dang bj My efi'm hai vfio thfing 1-2005, Ting thtfng Buah dS vfln. nhilu Iln nhfic tdi thu^t ngfl "ty do khoi sy ap d$t" hay "ty do hfinh dpng" vfl khing Khi Ting thtfng Buah vfio Nhfl TrIng, ty djnh, nfldc My sd hS trp cho nhflng ngfldi do tdn giao dflpc eoi trpng hdn cfle chfnh chiln dfl'u cho "ty do" trdn tofln t h l gidi. quyln trfldc d6, dong thdi nhflng mH quan Td'ng thtfng Bush dong thdi cung nhfiii tam ciia Chfnh phii vl ty do tdn gifio d mgnh ring, lpi fch atfng cdn ciia nfldc My nhi^m ky thfl hai (2004 - 2008) cao hdn hpp nhfi't vdi dflc tin sflu sflc cua ngudi My nhi^m ky diu (2000 - 2004). Cd ba nguyin (14).
- Rhfln trf Mn gl6o h-ong ljeh si^... Trong qua trinh triln khai ehfnh sfieh Thtfng nhfi't" (UBCV) vfi vy Linh mue dtfi ngogi, eflc cd quan cua chfnh quyln Nguyin Vfin Ly. Bush the hidn ro tfl tfldng vfi sy coi trpng Trong nin chfnh trj n$i b | My, truyin v&n. dl ty do tdn giflo trong chfnh sfieh dfii bfl ty do tdn giflo cung nhfl dfln chu, nhan ngogi. So vdi chfnh quyln Chnton, ehfnh quyln theo kilu My lfi quan dilm thtfng quyln Bush rflo riit hdn trong vide thyc nhfi't gifla eflc dang phfii. Tuy nhidn, tren hidn Lu4t v l Ty do Tdn gifio Qudc t l 1998, thye tl, ludn t i n tai sy khfle bi$t vl phfldng t$p trung nhieu hdn vfio tinh hinh ti? do cfich thyc hi|n gifla cfie dang vfi cfie chfnh tdn giao tren t h l gidi vfl coi ty do tdn giflo trj gia (16). Tgi Quoc hpi My, vl cd ban, hai nhfl mdt edng cy ciia ehfnh sfleh dli ngogi. dang Dfin ehii vfl Cdng hda thtfng nhfi't vl Trong each nhin ciia chfnh gidi My vl ty do dfldng Itfi dtfi vdi Vidt Nam trong cae vfiii di tdn gifio, t h l gidi dflpc chia thfinh ba nhdm dfln chii, nhan quyln vfl ty do tdn giao qudc gia: (i) cfle qudc gia c6 ty do tdn giflo, nhflng trdn thfle tl, ludn ton tgi hai trfldng (ii) eflc quic gia khilm khuylt vl ty do tdn phfli vl phfldng cflch giai quylt trong linh gifio, vfl (iii) cfle quic gia khdng ed ty do tdn vye nfiy. Mdt phai chu trfldng duy trt vfi gifio ein d$c bidt quan tfim. Quan nidm nfiy thiic diy hpp tflc vdi Vidt Nam de din din ciia chfnh quyln Bush dfl biln mdt vfl'n d l giai quylt vfl'n de ty do tdn giflo theo hfldng tdn giao thuin tuy thfinh vin d l quan hd My mong mutfn, dflng diu Ifl hai Thfldng qudc tl, gfiy bfi't Ipi cho khdng ft qudc gia nghj si John McCain vfi John Kerry eflng trdn thd' gidi, mfi Vidt Nam lfi mpt trong stf hai Hg nghj si, Dong ehu tjch Nhdm nghj ai dd. vi quan hd My - Vi^t Ifl Lane Evan vfi 2. Nhan to ton gifio t r o n g q u a n h$ Robert Simmon. Phai thfl hai ehu trfldng My - Vi^t Nam glal dogn 2003-2006 dflng eflc bipn phap cflng rfin, trflng phgt de Ip Vi^t Nam thay dd'i, dflng diu Ifl 2.1. Qud trinh My dua Viet Nam vdo Thupng nghj si Brown Back vfi cac Ha nghj danh sach "Cdc nUdc cdn quan tam sT Loretta Sanchez, Chris Smith, Tom die biit vi tdn giao" (2003-2004) David... Cac nghj s^ My bfiy td quan diem Theo Luflt Ty do Tdn giflo Qudc t l My vfi gfly sflc Ip vdi ehfnh phii trong eac vfin 1998, Bp Ngogi giao My chju trach nhi^m di dli ngoai b ^ g cfle hinh thfle nhfl: ra chinh trong vi^c theo doi tinh hinh ty tdn tuydn btf ridng, vilt thfl eho Ngogi trfldng, giao tofin ciu, ra bflo eflo hfing nfim vfl yeu eiu dilu trln, dfla dy thao nghj quyet, quylt djnh danh sfleh CPC. Dtfi vdi Vidt dy thao lufit... Cac hinh thfle tfic dpng nfiy Nam, tfl sau sfl ki^n xay ra d Tfiy Nguydn diu cd anh hfldng tdi qufl trinh hogeh djnh nim 2001, cac bao cao hfing nfim ciia Bp ehfnh each dfii ngogi. Tuy nhidn, chi khi Ngogi giao My vl tinh hinh ty do tdn giflo d nflo cfic dy thao lu^t dflpe qudc hdi thdng Vi$t Nam dflpc nhin nh^in theo cac tidu chf qua vfi ting thtfng ky thfinh l u | t thi mdi cd ciia My vfl t h l hidn tfnh tidu eye ngfiy efing gifl trj rfing bupc. tfing. Cfie bao cao tfl nflm 2002 den 2004 t^p trung vfio nhflng khfa egnh mfi My eho Tfl diu nfim 2000, d§e bi^t lfi sau ay lfi tinh hinh ty do tdn giao d Vidt Nam "xiu ki^n xay ra d Tay Nguyen nfim 2001, moi di" ao vdi trflde, trong d6 t^p trung vao ba nfim cd hfing trflm bfii phat bilu, thdng eao chii de vl: vfin de Tin Lfinh d Tfiy Nguyen bao chf, thfl ciia ea nhfin vfl eiia nhdm eflc vfi Tfiy Bfie, "Giflo hpi Ph^t gifio Vi^t Nam nghj Sl giii tdi Tong thtfng vfl Ngogi trfldng
- Rghian eiJru L|eh ai^. arf 4.2011 My bfiy td thfii d | v l tinh hinh ty do tdn USCIRF cd anh hfldng ldn tdi chfnh sflch gifio d Vidt Nam, d|c bidt Ifl trfldng hpp tdn gifio cua ehfnh quyln My. Trln thi?c ttf, Linh mye Nguyin Vfin Ly vfi cfle vin d l USCIRF dfi cd cfic bfio cflo dflnh gifi tidu lidn quan din Tin Lfinh d Tfly Nguyin. eye tinh hinh tAn giflo d Vi|t Nam trong cfic Hinh thfle td thfii dd mgnh hdn lfi ra nghj nfim 2001-2002 vfi khuyin nghj Chfnh phii quylt vfi gidi thi|u dy l u | t ra Quic h|i. My dfla Vidt Nam vflo danh afich CPC tfl Tfnh rilng trong hai nfim 2003 - 2004, theo nfim 2003. thtfng kd ehfla diy du, ed 45 dy lu^t, dy Trong btfi canh dd, tfl cutfi nflm 2003, thao nghj quylt chtfng Vi|t Nam, trong dd Chfnh phu Vi|t Nam dfi n l lyc dtfu tranh vfin ban c6 tfic ddng ldn n h i t din ehfnh chtfng vi|c My dfla Vi|t Nam vfio danh sflch quyln My lfi Dy lu^t nhfin quyln Vidt Nam CPC. Cflng vdi nhflng dli mdi trong chinh 2004, dflpe Hg vi^n My thdng qua ngfly 14- sfleh ttfn gifio k l tfl d i u th$p niln 1990, 7-2004 vdi 325 philu thu^n, 45 philu Nghj quylt TW 7 (Nghj quylt 25) nflm chtfng vfl 65 ngfldi khdng bd phitfu (16). C6 2003 vl Tdn giflo da tgo ra nhiJng thay dli t h l thfi'y, nhflng nh^n djnh vl tinh hinh ty quan trpng v l nh^n thfle vfl quy djnh dtfi do tdn giflo d Vidt Nam vfi cfle bidn phflp vdi tdn giflo. Thflng 6-2004, Oy ban trflng phgt neu ra trong dy lu|it nfiy m | t Thfldng vy Qutfc bdi da thdng qua Phfip m$t lfi sy cy t h l hda L u | t ty do tdn gifio l|nh Tfn ngfldng Tdn gifio vdi nhflng dilm qudc ttf My 1998, m$t khfic t h l hi§n ay fip mdi trong cfic quy djnh v l quan ly Nhfi d$t dtfi vdi Chfnh phii My. Sau dd, cac tfic nflde dtfi vdi linh vyc ttfn gifio. Trong Phfip gia eiia dy lufit nfiy tim mpi cfich di dy lu^t Idnh cd ba dilm mfi phfa My quan tflm: (i) dupc thdng qua d Tbflpng vi^n nhflng quy djnh rd quy trinh dflng ky cfle t l chflc khdng thflnh edng. tdn giflo; (li) quy djnh rd hdn v l vi|c phong ehfle, phong phim, bo nhi$m, b l u cti, suy Bdn egnh dd, hogt dpng ciia cfle t l chflc cii trong cfic t l chflc tdn giflo; (iii) quy djnh nhfln quyln nhfl An xfi Qudc t l (Amneaty v l hogt d | n g xa hpi, tfl thidn nhan dgo cua International - AI)i Theo doi Nhfin quyln cfle chflc sfle, nhfl tu hflnh vfl to ehfle tdn (Human Right Watch - HRW), Ngdi nhfi Ty gifio. Dong thdi, Vidt Nam cung tflng do (Freedom House - HS), Oy ban Ty do efldng cfic bi$n phflp t r l n cfle kenh ngogi Tdn giflo Qudc ttf My (United Statea giao cung nhfl cfle hogt ddng xa hpi khfie Commission on International Religious nhfl tflng efldng stf lfl
- Rhfin trf trfn g i t o h^)ng ljeh siJ'... Bfi't chip nhflng etf ging tfl phfa Vi^t Vi$c thyc thi Phflp l^nh Tfn ngfldng Tdn Nam, tfl eutfi nflm 2003 den khi vy bgo logn giflo dflpc diy manh k l tfl khi Phap l^nh cd xay ra d Tay Nguydn trong djp ll Phye ainh hidu lyc thang 11-2004. Thang 3-2005, thfing 4-2004, Chfnh phu My tilp tye bfiy Nghj djnh hfldng d&n thi hflnh Phflp l§nh to quan dilm ngfly cfing mgnh hdn trong Tfn ngfldng Tdn gifio dflpe ban hfinh, trong vfiii dl ty do tdn giflo vdi Vi§t Nam, ding dd kh^ng djnh, "nghidm cfl'm vi^c dp bude thdi tuyen btf hiiy bd efie cudc d^ thogi vl edng dan theo dgo, bd dgo ho$c Ipi dyng nhfin quyln vdi Vidt Nam trong nfim 2003 quyln tfl do tfn ngfldng, tdn giao dl pha vfi 2004 vdi ly do khdng ed "tiln triln diy hogi hda binh, dpc l^p, thtfng nhit dfi't dli" trong nhflng "vfiii dl chii chtft vl nhfin nflde" (19). Nghj djnh eung hfldng din cy quyln" (17). Sy khfle bidt trong efie quan thl quy trtnh dflng ky eflc t l ehfle tdn giao, dilm vl nhfin quyln, vl ty do tdn giflo da thii tyc xay dflng vfi cai tao ed sd thd ty khiln cho hai bdn khdng tim dflpc tilng ndi cung nhfl cfle npi dung lidn quan trye tilp chung. Ngfiy 15-9-2004, Bd ngogi giao My din nhflng vfiii de phia My quan tfim. cdng btf Bflo cflo Ty do Tdn giflo Qudc t l Sau nhilu vdng lfim vigc vdi n5 Ifle vfi sfl nfim 2004, dfla Vi$t Nam vflo danh sach kidn tri cua Vipt Nam, ngfly 5-5-2005, hai CPC cflng vdi mdt stf nfldc tren t h l gidi bdn ehinh thfle dat dflpc thda thufin vl vide trong dd ed Trung Qudc vfl Myanmar. se khdng cd triftig phat kinh t l dtfi vdi Vi^t 2.2. Qud trinh gidi quyit vd'n di CPC Nam va tiln hfinh eac bflde tilp theo de trong quan he My - Viet Nam (2004 - dfla Vi^t Nam ra khdi danh sach CPC. Tuy 2006) nhidn, ehinh quyln My vin tilp tue chiu Ngay aau khi My dfla Vipt Nam vfio sfle Ip tfl mpt atf nhom nghi si vfi cac td danh sflch CPC, Vipt Nam da no lyc dfi'u ehfle nhan quyen, tdn giao cd chu trfldng tranh de dgt dflpc thda thufin vl vipe giai trflng phgt Vipt Nam. Tgi Thflpng vipn, quyet vfi'n de CPC trong quan hd vdi My. cfle Thflpng nghi ai ehii trfldng trflng phgt Bp Ngogi giao, Uy ban Trung fldng Mfit Vipt Nam dflng diu Ifi Thflpng nghi si trfin T l quoc Vipt Nam, Ban Tdn giflo Brown Back khdng tfl bd y dinh dfla Dfl Chfnh phii, dai bieu cac ehfle sfic tdn giao lu^t Nhfin Quyln Vi^t Nam Ien Thflpng vfi cac to chflc hen quan da Ien tieng phan vidn vfi thfldng xuyen viet thfl cho Tong dtfi quylt djnh eua My (18). Ngfiy 16-9- thtfng vfi Ngoai trfldng, nhfi't Ifi trong 2004, Ngydi phat ngdn Bp Ngogi giao Vipt nhflng djp Bp Ngogi giao My ra bfio eao Nam ra tuyen btf phan dli Bflo cflo vl Ty do thfldng nien v l nhan quyen vfi tfl do tdn Tdn giao ciia Bd Ngogi giao My vfi khfing giao qutfc te'. 6 Ha vi^n, nhdm Ha Nghj si dinh chfnh aflch n h i t quan ciia Nhfi nflde dflng diu Ifl Hg nghj si Christopher Smith Viet Nam lfi tdn trpng vfi bao vp quyln ty cung phdi hpp hfinh dpng vdi nhom do tfn ngydi^, tdn giao vfl ty do khdng tfn Thflpng nghj si trong vi$c gay sfle dp vdi ngfldng, tdn giao ciia moi cdng dfin. Dong Qutfe hpi vfi ehinh quyln gifl Vipt Nam thdi, cae hogt' dpng tuyen truyin vl tinh trong danh sflch CPC. Ding thdi, cac t l hinh tdn giao trong nfldc cung nhfl cdng tfle chflc nhan quyln, tdn giflo nhfl HRW, FH v ^ ddng eflc nhdm xa h^i d My dflpc tfing vfi d^e bi$t USCIRF eung gia tfing cfle hogt dpng chtfng Vipt Nam.
- Rghian euru Lieh aiSr. arf 4.2011 Thfing 6-2005, Chinh phu My ddn Thii Nam mfl phia My quan tfim trong cac djp tfldng Phan Vfin Khai trong ehuyin thflm Tit Nguydn dfln 2006, djp ky nidm ngfly efi'p cao diu tidn 30 nflm aau chiln tranh. Giai phdng miln Nam 30-4 vfi Quic khflnh Kit thfle chuyin thfim, Tuyln btf chung xfie 2-9. Vi|e thi hfinh efic vfln ban phap lu^t djnh khudn k h i mdi cua quan h§ gifla hai mdi dflpe diy mgnh, theo dd, phin ldn efie nfldc lfi "quan h | dtfi tfic xfly dyng, hflu cd sd tdn giflo d Tfly Nguydn dfl hogt d|ng nghj, hpp tflc nhilu m^t" vfi nguydn tfie giai trd lgi, nhilu cd sd dflpc ttfn tgo, vi^c dflng quylt cfic vfi'n d l cdn cd ay khfic bidt Ifi "dtfi ky efie chi hdi Tin Lflnh dflpc cai thi$n, Dgi thogi thing thfln vfi cdi md vl nhflng vfi'n hdi H|i thfinh Tin Lfinh Vi$t Nam (d miln dl ein quan tflm, kl ea vi|e thyc hi^n Bfic) vfi Ting Liin hdi Tin Lfinh Vi^t Nam quyln con ngfldi, dilu kidn cho efie tin dl (d miln Nam) dflpc t l chflc vdi sy hidn di§n vfi dfin tde (t ngfldi". eua cfle dgi didn Dgi sfl qufln vfl Tong lanh ey qufln, trong dd cd Ting Lfinh sy qufin Thfing 11-2005, trong Bao eflo vl Ty do My tgi Thfinh phtf H i Chf Minh. Tdn giao cua B^ Ngogi giao My 2005, Vi|t Nam vSn nfim trong danh sfieh CPC. Tuy Trong nfim 2006, Chfnh phu My da nhin nhidn, khfie vdi bao cflo nfim trflde, bao eflo nh^n kha quan hdn vl quan hd song vl Vi|t Nam nfim 2005 cd mflu afing hdn, phfldng My - Vidt. Thfing 6-2006, Bd Ngogi vdi nhin nhfln khfich quan hdn vl nhflng giao My cdng khai quang cflo "Nflm 2006 Ifl chuyin biln eua tinh hinh ty do tdn giflo d nflm dM
- Rhfln trf trfn g l 6 o h-ong ljch ai3r... ludn bj ehfnh trj hoa vfi dflpc sfl dyng nhfl giao. Chfnh vi vfiy, vide nghidn cflu sflu di mpt cdng cy trong chfnh afleh doi ngogi My. hiiu ro quy trtnh ra quylt sfieh eung nhfl Qufi trinh My dfla Vipt Nam vfio danh ay v^n hfinh eiia cfle nhdm lpi fch trong qufi sach "Cfle nflde ein quan tfim d$c bidt vl trinh nfiy mang y nghia h i t sflc quan trpng. tdn giflo" vfi qufl trinh Vi^t Nam ra khdi Thyc t l eho thiy, trong efie quylt djnh dtfi danh sfleh nfiy cho thiy mdt thye t l lfi. My ngogi, qufi trinh ra quylt sflch chju tac gifl thd' ehu dpng vfi sfl dyng vfl'n di nfiy ddng eua nhilu cfl nhan vfi td chflc cd lpi nhfl mpt cdng ey thye thi chfnh sfieh dtfi vdi (ch khdng gitfng nhau d My. Do v|y, vide Vipt Nam. Tuy nhidn, Vidt Nam da xii ly nghien cflu h0 thtfng v ^ hflnh, qufl trinh thfinh edng vfi'n d l CPC, khdng dl vfi'n dl tfldng tac gifla cfic nhdm Ipi fch trong qufl nfiy anh hfldng din bfii mye tieu ldn nhfi't trinh ra quylt afleh sfi giup cho ehung ta trong quan hd vdi My giai dogn nfiy (2003- hiiu ro hdn cfle nhfin ttf tfie ddng den chinh 2006) Ifi: (i) dfla quan hd hai nflde vfio sflch ddi ngogi My cung nhfl nhflng vfi'n dl khudn kho on djnh Ifiu dfii vfi (ii) kd't thuc nfim sfiu trong ban chit eiia quan hd My - dfim phfin vdi My v l vide Vidt Nam gia Vidt Nam. nhlip To chflc Thfldng mgi Qutfc t l (WTO) Vfi'n di tdn giao vfi ty do tdn giflo Ifi vfin va dgt dfldc Thda thufin vl Quy che dl nhay cam trong quan hd My - Vipt, dfic Thfldng mai Binh thfldng Vinh vien vdi bidt Ifl trong giai dogn 2003-2006, khi My My (PNTR). Trong qufi trinh dfl'u tranh, dfla Vidt Nam vfio danh sflch "Cae nfldc cin Vi^t Nam da tflng bfldc chuyin quan hd quan tfim dfie bipt ve tdn giflo" vfi sd tilp hai nfldc trong linh vflc tdn giflo tfl eye tyc Ifl vtfn d l gai gde trong quan hd song didn dtfu tranh Ifi chu dao sang eye didn phfldng. Thfle t l Ijch sii cho thiy, cd sfl vfla dfl'u tranh vfla hpp tfic cflng giai quylt khac bidt trong quan nidm vl quyln ty do vin dl. Sau khi dat dflpe thda thufln vdi tdn giflo gifla My vdi cfle quoc gia khfle tren My, Viet Nam diy nhanh vipe thyc hi^n t h l gidi, trong dd, gifla Vift Nam vfl My da cac nhdm bien phfip d trong nflde vfl nfldc vfi dang ton tgi nhflng khfle bift khdng nhd ngofii, phll hpp hfinh dpng gifla cfle trong vfl'n d l nay. Vipe gia tfing dtfi thogi, nganh, eflc elp, tren nhilu linh vyc de dgt giao Iflu, tfing efldng bilu bie't lin nhau ed dfldc muc tieu bude phia My phai dfla Vipt thl giam thieu sfl khae bidt, tuy nhien dl Nam ra khdi danh saeh CPC. giai quylt nhflng vin de ty do tdn giflo trong quan hd gifla bai nfldc thi nhflng tien Dfic dilm the che chinh trj My, cude dfi'u trien ciia Vift Nam trong vide thfle hipn tranh ehinh trj npi bp, vai trd cua cac nhdm cdng tfic tdn gifio, hofln thidn hp thtfng lufit ldi fch (interests groups) Ifl nhflng nhfin to phflp vl ton giflo, Ifi mpt trong nhiing nhfln c6 anh hfldng quan trpng din quan h§ My - tied y nghia quylt djnh. Vift, dfic bipt lfi trong vfin d l ti? do tdn CHU THfCH (1). Catherine L. Albaneae: "Sfl da d^ng vi tfin (2). Kirkpatrick, David D: "The 2004 gifio d nifdc My thdi ky mdi l$p quic". Tgp chf Cdc Campaign: The Republican Agenda; Draft GOP nhdm tdn gido thiiu si d Hoa Ky, thfing 8-2008. Platform Backs Bush on Security, Gay Marriage, http://vietnamese.vietnam.uaembasey.gov/doc_ej08 and Immigration". The New York Times. http://www.nytime3,com/2004/08/25/us/2004- 09Ji.html
- Rghian cflu Lich sit, arf 4.2011 campaign-republican-agenda-drall-gop-platform- (12). Kealer Charles R- Democracy and the backB-buah-8ecurity-gay.html. Retrieved June 23, Buah Doctrine, Claremont, Winter 2004, 2009. http://www.claremont.org/publication8/crb/id.1218/ article.detail.asp (3). Gustav Niebuhr: "Phong trfio lifin tfin gifio". T(ip chf Cdc nhdm tdn gido thiiu si d Hoa Ky, (13). Walt Stephen M.: Taming American thfing 8-2008. Power; The Global Response to U.S. Primacy, w.w, http://Vietnamese.vietnam.uaembassy. go v/doc_ej 08 Norton&Company New York, London, 2005, p. 53. 09.vii.html (14), Bush W. (jeorge: Som-m Second Term, (4). Judis John B.: The Chosen Nation; The http;//georgewbu8h- Influence of Religion on US Foreign Policy. whitehouBse.archive.gov/inaugura/index.htlm Caregie Indowment Policy Brief (37), 3-2006, (15). Judia John B: The Chosen Nation- The p.2. Influence of Religion to US Foreign Policy, add, tr. 3. (5). Smith Tony: American's Mission: The (16). US Congreaa: H.R. 1587, 2004 a United State and the Worldwilde Struggle for http://www.thoma8.gov/cgi-bin/query Democracy in the Twentieth Century, Princeton (17). Manyin Mark E.- "Vietnam- US University Press, 1994, p.9. Normalization Process", CongresB ReBearch (6). U.S.CongresB' International Religious Service, Library of &)ngreas, p.9. Act. 1998 (18). Bfio Nhdn Ddn. B i o Qudn d^i Nhdn ddn www.8tate.gov/document/organization/2297 c&c ngfty 20, 21, 22-9-2004. (7). Department of State: International (19). Chfnh phu nudc Cdng hda Xfi h?i Chil Rehgious Freedom 2000. nghia Vi$t Nam: "Nghi dinh ad22-2005, ngdy 1-3- http://www.8tate.gov/www/global/human_nghta/irf 2005 vi hudng ddn thi hdnh m^t sddiiu khodn cua /irf_ rpt/irf_index. htl m Phdp linh Tin ngUdng Tdn gido', Ca ad dil li^u (8). The Arms Export Control Act Qufic gia vl thu tyc bfinh chfnh. http J/v/wvr.p mddtc. state .gov/regulation_l a ws/aeca.ht (20). Department of State: The United States and ml Vietnam: Watershed year, (9). Foreign Relation Authonzation Act: Fiscal http://vietnBm.usemba88y.gov/relation_archives.html Years 1990 and 1991, PLlOl-246. (21) The Pew Forum on Religion and Pubhc (10). Harris Paul: Buah says God chose him to life.- International Religious Freedom: Religion and lead his Nation, The Guardian, Nov 2-2003. International Diplomacy, http://pewforum.org/Politica-and- (11). Kagan and Knston: 'The Present Dengei'', Election/Intemational-rehgious-Freedom-Religion- The National Interest (59), Spnng 2000. p.67. and-Intemational-Diplomacyaspx
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