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- 48 NGON NGiJr& 001 SONG SO 1+2(183+184)-2011
NGON NGQ VA VAN HOA
M 6 I TRl/CmG TU NHIEN, V A N H O A V A CON
-^'
NGUai NAM BO TRONG TAC PHAM SON NAM
QUA T H A N H NGLf, TUC NGLf
TS NGUYiN VAN N6 -
DUONG TH! THU HANG
(Dai hoc Can Thd)
1. Md dau 2. Noi dung
Thanh ngtr, tyc ngtr (ThN, TN) la kho 2.1. Tdi hien thiin nhien, ddt trdi Nam Bd
tang kinh nghiem, triet li, dao due cua mot mot thai md coi
dan tgc. Ben canh dd ThN, TN ciing phan Vdi but phap ta thye va ngdn ngtr mdc
anh dugc nhung net dac trung rieng cua timg mac, dung di. Son Nam da tai hien mot each
vung, mien ve cac mat van boa, lich sir, sinh dgng thien nhien, dat trdi Nam Bg cua
ngdn ngir. Khi van dyng ThN, TN vao trong nhiing ngay cdn hoang so. Qua thdng ke,
sang tae, ehung ed tae dung tdi hien sinh chung tdi da thu dugc ket qua kha thu vi la
ddng va chan thuc ve vung ddt ma nha van cd khoang 30 ThN, TN mieu ta dae diem
dang mieu ta. Cung vdi viec mieu ta dae thien nhien eua noi nay tren tdng sd 689
trung van hoa, lich su, qua ThN, TN nha vdn ThN, TN dugc sir dyng vdi sd lugt xuat hien
edn ed the phan anh hien thye xa bgi, phan la 90/1168. Cd thi kl ra mot sd ThN, TN
anh ca tinh eua ngudi dan d mot vung, mien. nhu: cdy nhd la vudn, chim keu vugn hdt,
Son Nam la nhd van da lam dugc dieu dd. ddng khdng mong qugnh, nude man ddng
Bai viet nay khao sat cac ngi dung tren chua, chim trdi cd nude, cd bay thdng cdnh,
qua ThN, TN ma Son Nam van dung trong khi ho cd gdy, hdi gidc thiin nhai...Chinh
mot sd tac pham van xudi va cdng trinh bien nhd nhirng ThN ndy ma ve nguyen so cua
khao nhu. Huang rirng Cd Mau, Bd Chiia mot sd vung dat d Nam Bg nhu huyen hoac,
Hon, Hinh bdng cii, Xdm Bau Lang, Dong hap dan hon:
bdng song Ciiu Long - Net sinh hoat xira {\) "Sau khi roi khdi ghe trudng qudn, tuy
va Vdn minh Miet Vuon. ^ thi rdt bdng so hgc nhung hdn vdn binh tinh.
d chdn khi ho co gdy, ke thi rdt so hgc
nghiem nhiin la nhd thdng thdi"
Trong cac tac pham tren cua Son Nam, chiing (Mdi tinh ddm lai, tr. 613)
toi tam thdi thong ke dugc kit qua tin s6 sii' {2) "O hdn Cd Tron giiia vdi vinh Xiem
dung ThN, TN nhu sau: La, dng Tit Thdng co hd quen cd loai ngudi
+ Tong sd thanh ngir, tuc ngu' dugc sii' dung: vd lodi ngudi hdu nhu ciing quen rdng minh
683
+ Tan so xuat hien: 1175 \kn.
- S6jl+2J183+184)-2011 NGON NGU & OOl SONG 49
vdn (bd ng^a) dugdi. du chiiu, du chen bdt. vai eon gd tha rong. Dieu nay ta cd thi hinh
Thirc an de kiim. cdy nhd Id vw&n ". dung qua ldi nhan vat ba huong trudng Neo
(Van minh miet vudn, tr. 409) trong truyen ngan Birc tranh con heo.
"... ran ri voi thugc vdo logi chim trai cd "An sdng rdi cdn ban vi minh an chiiu.
nir&c, ai bdt dugc ndy hudng, khdi ddng Mdy chuc ndm qua minh sdng bdng nghi
thue cho so kiim lam" nuoi gd. vit bira nay an mdt biia thod thue.
(Con ran ri voi, tr. 298) Tdn kem gi? Cay nhd Id vu&n md "
"Chii xdch cdi den pin chgy ra ngodi rgi (Biic tranh con heo, tr. 116).
xudng dja. Nude due ngdu pha Iron vdi biin Mot ngii canh khae:
den. Hdng ltd sa so cd Idc, cd tre cd viing "Hi! Uong rugu thien hg phiin. Ne. nem
vdy toan ldi trd nguge " sdng thiiu gi! Cdy nhd Id vu&n. Rau ram.
(Dang xdm minh, tr. 379) rau hiing cdy, rau hung liii... ne dua leo, ne
Rimg U Minh cdn la noi quy ty hang dt" (Biic tranh con heo, tr. 119)
chuc san chim Idn nhd. Ndo la san Cai Va nhilu ThN, TN khae da mieu ta mdt
Nude, san Thdy Quan, san Thu Nhirt... dy la each sinh dgng ddi sdng cung nhu qua trinh
chua ke cdn sau d trong rimg, chua ai dat ton tai va phat trien cua nhilu loai dgng vat.
chan den, tung vung rgng hang tram thude Chang ban ThN sanh sdi ndy nd trong ngii
vuong, hang van con chim bay vl day "... canh: "Trudc do, vimg ndy ddt thdp, vdi
chung nd sanh sdi ndy nd tgo lap mdt thi cdnh ddng rdng mdi gde hon 60 ki - Id -
gidi rieng biet ndo nhiet, d khdp nhdnh cdy met, chiu dnh hudng ngap lut hdng ndm, ddn
vd mat ddt". Cung vdi ca, chim cdn phai ndi cu thua thot, ehudt sanh sdi ndy na, tha hd
den rat nhieu ngudn lgi khae nhu: ong, luon, sdng vdi cd non" (DBSCL - Net sinh boat
ran, rua, ehudt... chung gdp phdn tao nen net xua, tr. 211). Hay la cau TN cd Idn nudt cd
dep hoang so ciing nhu sy tru phu cua mot be dugc nha van su dyng d nghTa den da
vung dat mdi. ThN chim trdi cd nude vdn mieu ta mot each sinh dgng ddi sdng eua
chi nhirng ngudi ray day mai dd, thich cuge gidi thuy sinh nay: "Phia hg luu phdn Ion
dien tich bun lay, dm thdp, khi hdu khdc
sdng ty do ty tai ciing dugc nha van su dyng
nghip. Ddt ndng Idn hdi tgo them phen.
d nghTa den de mieu ta sy ddi dao, da dang
Mudi rndng nhiiu, lang quang vd Id cdy muc
cua cac ngudn Igi. Dd la sy van dyng mot
ddy ddy, tdm cd sinh sdi, cd lan nudt cd be,
each hgp tinh hgp li va cung that ty nhien,
chim chdc vd ran an cd". (DBSCL - Net
• sinh dgng.
sinh boat xua, tr. 11)
Cdy nhd Id vudn gdn nhu la mdt eau ndi
Qua that cung vdi nhung doan Xa canh
eua mieng cua ngudi Nam bd. Nd thi hien
nhe nhang dung dj, ThN, TN trong sdng tac
dugc niem ty hao cung nhu Idng bilu khach.
cua Son Nam da gdp phan khdng nhd trong
Cir cd khach den nha thi tat ca nhiing thir
viec tai hien hinh anh eua thien nhien, ddt
can thiet cho mdt bira tiec dan sa nhu ga, ca, trdi Nam Bg mot thdi md cdi vdi tdt ca
trai cay, rau cai...deu cd the ty tue duge nhting chi tiet, dudng net sinh dgng cua nd.
trong nha. Dieu nay cd the khdng diing vdi Dd la mot mien Nam hay cdn ngu yen trong
tat cd nhung nd lai diing vdi da sd. Ngay hoang sa, vdng ve, noi edn tilm dn biit bao
xua, mdi nha thudng cd rieng cho minh mdt nguy hiem va thaeh thirc ddi vdi con ngudi.
khoang vudn, mdt cai ao nho nhd. Vudn cd Nhung dat ay, thien nhien ky cung that tho
thi khdng du Idn de trdng nhieu loai cay an mgng va day hua hen, hoan toan cd thi sudi
trai, nhung ciing du vun ludng rau, trdng mot am tam hdn xa xu cua nhiing luu dan bang
vai loai cay ma minh yeu thieh va nuoi mot mot cuge sdng km no va diy du.
- 50 NGON NGUr&06l SONG SO 1+2 (183+184)-2011
3.2. Phdn dnh thuc trgng xd hdi Khdng it Idn trong cac sang tac van hgc.
Cung vdi viec mieu id thien nhien, dat Son Nam da ggi lai hinh anh cua nhting
trdi Nam Bg, ThN, TN trong sang tac eua ngudi ndng dan sdng ddi sdng du canh du cu
Son Nam edn gdp phan lam tai hien mot nay. Dd la chu Tu Due (Sdng Ganh Hao),
each sinh dgng hien thye xa bgi mien Nam Tu Binh Thuy, Hai Cd Dd (Nhut pha son
qua timg giai doan lieh su nhat dinh. Dieu lam), Tu Hung, Tu Cdn, Bay VTnh (Chuyen
nay dugc the hien qua mot sd ThN, TN nhu: rimg tram)... Khdng cd rugng de lam, khdng
be quan tod cdng, me lin di ddan, len voi ed dat de cat nha huge hg phai sdng lang
xudng chd, Idc ddi cam diii. ddt cii ddi ngudi thang, phieu dat tir con sdng nay sang con
mdi, nhdt ben do nhi Id ren... sdng khae, tir canh rimg nay den canh rimg
Trudc het vdi hai ThN rciy day mai do va kia bang cac nghe ddn cui lau thue, lay td
nay a mai ddi, nha vdn da tai hien lai eugc ong, bay chim, bat ran... Chang thi ma
sdng du canh du cu ngodi y mudn eua ngudi trong Ddng bang song Cuu Long - Net
ndng dan Nam Bd. Xuat than la ndng ddn
sinh hoat xua tac gia nhac den cau TN ddt
nen hon ai bet hg dm ap mdt khat vgng den
cU ddi ngudi mdi nhu mot cau tha budn, mot
chay Idng: cd ddt cam diii. Cd dat thi mdi ed
tieng thd dai chua chat ngan ngam. Ndng
the an cu va lae nghiep, mdi cd the cd dugc
dan la ngudi true tiep khai thae nhting manh
eugc sdng thai binh an lae. Sy ddi khdng
dat hoang vu lam mudi mdng, ran ret; phai
nhu hg ma ude. "Coi bd bd con minh ngheo
chiu dyng hiim tha sdu bdt de den khi dat
hon ngodi hdn Cd Tron ciia Idi. Ao qudn
rugng thanh hinh thi lai bi nhting ke den sau
khdng cd. Afinh mdy bi ghe khuyet an Id ldi
lam tien nhieu cua lap muu cudp lay. Thanh
thdm nien. Nhd cua xieu queo, nay d mai
thu ra ngudi cd cdng lai trd thanh ngudi ta
ddi..." (Hdn Cd Tron, tr 530). Tae gia li giai
dien lam cdng tren chinh manh dat ma minh
van de nay tir nhieu nguyen nhan: "... khdng
nen nhdn dinh rdng ngudi khdn hoang hie dy da vat va lam nen. Cd khi the tham ban la bi
qud lirdi biing, thich nip sdng du muc ray dudi ra khdi lang. Khdng dat de lam va do
ddy mai do Ddt hoang edn nhieu nhung vay hinh anh ngdi nha vdi ngudi ta dien
mudn Idm ruong thi It nhdt phdi cd vdn, Nam Bg chi Id mdt mT tu cd trong ma ude:
nhdn cdng. ndng cu" (Van minh miet vudn, ".. .ngudi ngheo uoe mo eugc sdng sung liic
tr 380), hoac la "... Idm sao chimg ta quen vdi ngdi nhd cot sdt keo dong, vdi ghe
dugc hinh dnh thdm thiet cua ngudi td dien trudng ki, dii luc sogn" (Van minh miet
a Hdu Giang ihdi Phdp thugc... mudn dinh vudn, tr. 364).
cu nhirng phdi ray day mai do vi cd the bi De cap den cuoc sdng ngudi ndng dan,
dudi ra khdi dien hoac lu y Iron ng, khdng nha van cung khdng quen phoi bay nhting
biet liic ndo" (Van minh miet vudn, tr. 393). thdi hu tat xdu vdn la he qua tryc tiep cua xa
Trong nhieu tae pham bien khao vilt vl hdi thye dan. Trudc het la nan lir dd ludng
ddng bang sdng Cuu Long ta bat gap mdt tu bao gdm ed bae, rugu che, hut chich va gai.
ngfr kha quen thugc "nha da", nha eua nhirng Vdi ThN nay, nha vdn vira mieu ta nhiing te
ta dien mien Nam thdi bdy gid. Nbmig rat nan trong xa bgi duong thdi vua phan anh
mia mai vi dd khdng phai la nhiing ngdi nha chinh sach cai trj tham dge cua ebl do thye
kien ed dugc lam bang da ma day ehi la dan. " Vd ngn tir do tuang cimg tu do de ra
nhung cdn ehdi lap la rach ndt, xieu veo, tam nhiiu dich vu nudi sdng nhieu ngudi, nhung
bg. Neu yen on thi hg a edn klidng thi dap, gidu nhut vdn Id chu thdu, vd gidi chire lien
thi da nd di va tiep mot cuge rdy day mai dd quan an hdi Id" (DBSCL - Net sinh boat
mdi. xua, tr. 110). Mot te nan khae cung dugc nha
- SO 1 +2 (183+184)-2011 NGON NGU" & 0 6 l SONG 51
cd mdt ddng logi d ngodi mom da choi voi sdng cua nhirng luu dan. Khi hau mien Nam
kia. Dieu dy chung ta khdng nen trdch ai cd, ehi cd hai mua mua va ndng, ngoai nhiing
chdng qua la hdi gidc thien nhai" canh ddng phu sa mau md thi van edn rat
(Hdn Cd Tron, tr. 524) nhieu dat dai hoang vu vi nhiem man, nhiem
r (3) "Co gdi a Rach Gid them ddi sdng d phen dang chd sy khai pha cua con ngudi.
miet vudn "Me mong gd thiep ve vudn; An Rimg thi menh mdng bat ngan cang lam cho
bdng bi luge dua hudng nau canh ", cd gdi khi hau trd nen am thap ban. Trong kbi dd,
miet vudn lgi e nggi khi Ha que, theo chdng khi bau am thap lai la dieu kien de mudi
Idn chdn chim keu vuffn ltd" mdng ran re dua nhau sinh sdi nay nd. Tac
(Van minh miet vudn, tr. 387) gia ggi dd la son lam chuong khi, la ma
O ba ngtr canh tren rd rang khdng phai la thieng nude ddc. Chung khdng ehi gay khd
doan tac gia mieu ta dac diem cua mot vung khan ddi vdi cdng dn viec lam cua con ngudi
dat ma day ebl Id ldi cua nhan vat ty ndi ve ma cdn tac dgng tryc tiep den sue khde cua
minh (1), ldi ngudi ke truyen tran thuat ve bg. Khdng it lan trong cac truyen ngan cua
nhan vat (2), ldi eua ngudi lam bien khao minh, tac gia nbdc den chimg benh phong
ndi ve nep sdng eua eu dan d mot vung dat (Hoang Mai - Huong rung, huong cd Ban -
(3) nhung cae ThN nay da tai bien tinh chat Ngdi mg chdn dimg) nhu mot he qua trye
hoang vu cua vung dat phuang Nam trong tiep khi ma con ngudi bugc phai sdng trong
nhirng ngay dau md cdi. dieu kien khi hau khdc nghiet do anh hudng
Khdng dimg lai d dd, nhirng dae diem ve cua nude dge rimg thieng.
khi hau, thd ngoi eua vung ddt nay ciing Nam Bg la vung ddt cd sdng ngdi, kenh
duge nha van mieu ta qua nhieu ThN, TN. rach ehang chit. Dieu kien tu nhien nay da
Chang ban: anh hudng rat Idn den sinh boat va san xuat
{\)"Miin Ddng Nam bg den hdi ddu thi cua ngudi ddn. Ben canh dd, he thdng sdng
ki XX timg ndi danh vdi ma thieng nu&c ngdi, kenh rach cdn cung cap nhting ngudn
doc. Noi ddt dd, ddt xdm md thuc ddn khai lgi vd cung phong phu, ddi ddo. Trong eac
ihdc cdy cao su trong budi ddu " cdng trinh bien khao cung nhu trong cac
(Ddng bang sdng Ciru Long - net sinh sdng tae van hgc. Son Nam da ndi den kha
boat xua, tr. 18) nhieu ve dae diem nay:
(2) "Phia Rgch Gid - Cd Mau la ddt xdu, "Ngdy qua, ngdy lgi.
xua kia it vudn luge, nu&c man ddng chua, Chiee be trdi len trdi xudng theo nu&c
con ngudi "chdn cdng ddng phen, qudn do l&n nu&c rong. Hai cha con Tu Dire ngdi cu
mdc thich (thich) " rii ben chudng ng "
(Ddng bang sdng Cim Long - net sinh (Sdng Ganh Hao, tr. 809)
boat xua, tr. 13) Hoae la:
(3) "Sdng bdng nghe vudn it ddm mua "Ve cdu thang dudi bin, tuy theo nu&c
ddi nimg nhu nghe rugng, gap mua to ndng l&n hay rong md ngudi ngdi tren bdc thang
chdy thi cir vd nhd md nghi. Ld dira che phu, cao hay thdp rua chen, Idm cd, giat qudn do,
sdn mdt rugi, bdu khdng khi chung quanh Idm rira. Cdu vi sinh ciing cat gan do, vgt d
nhd dugc dieu hda" ue trdi theo ddng nude"
(Van minh miet vudn, tr. 308) (Van minh miet vudn, tr. 331)
Mua to ndng chdy, nude man ddng chua, Do ed he thdng sdng ngdi, kenh rach
ma thieng nude ddc da tai hien mot each day ehang chit nen eu ddn noi day cd thdi quen
du nhdt tinh ehdi khdc nghiet ve khi hau, ddt cat nha ven sdng, ven kenh. Hdng ngay thuy
dai cua dit rung phuang Nam ddi vdi ddi trieu len xudng va ngudi dan cung thugc
- 52 NGON NGUT & 0 6 l SONG SO 1+2(183+184)-2011
long gid giac cua timg con nude. Cir mdi khi ngudi vdi than phan cd don luu lac vdi mdt
nude Idn Id cac boat dgng van chuyen, tudi ben la dat hay cdn bi lang quen trong hoang
tieu, tam rua, giat giu lam rgn rang cd mot vdng. Thuc te khdng nhu nhirng gi hg da
khue sdng. ThN nude len rdi nude lgi rdng mong mudn. Nhin chung, ThN hiim tha sdu
vdn cd y nghTa chi sy bien thien cua tao vat bdt khdng chi ggi len nhiing sd phan ham
dugc nha van rut ggn thanh nude Ion nude hiu va niem cam thuong sau sdc trong long
rdng de mieu ta dae diem con nude d vung mgi ngudi ma cdn dac ta nhiing khd khan,
dat phuong Nam.
nguy hiem cua mot vung dit mdi.
Tinh chat hoang so, vdng ve tiem an
Vugt qua nhiing khd khdn trong budi diu
nhieu nguy hiem ddi vdi ngudi di khai pha
khai pha, con ngudi da cd thi ty tin dl hinh
cua vung dat mdi cdn duge the hien dam net
thanh nen nhung sd dat cd bay thdng cdnh,
qua ThN hiim tha sdu bdt. ThN nay da timg
chd chgy eong dudi.
tdn tai kha phd bien trong ldi dn tieng ndi
hang ngay cua ngudi mien Nam. Ben canh "He thdng kinh ddo Ngd Ndm. Ngd Bdy,
nhirng khd khdn do kbi bau, dat dai, rimg Ngd Tu, Vinh Phu, Vinh Trgch, kinh Bgc
ram, sdng nude gdy ra cho eon ngudi thi sau Lieu - Cd Mau ciing lam nhiem vu ndi tren.
va egp la hai mdi de dga Idn ddi vdi sinh Ddy moi Id vimg ddt xirng danh co bay
mang cua hg. Va ThN hum tha sdu bdt trong thang cdnh ".
sang tae ciia Son Nam vua ggi len nhiing (Van minh miet vudn, tr. 381)
hiem nguy bat trae vua ggi len mot ndi cam "Ddi muai mdi nhd Id, vdi ba gde dira
thuang sau sac ddi vdi biet bao sd phan con khdng trdi, nggn Xeo Bdn xa ra nhu vdy do.
ngudi da cd sd phan khdng may. Chung quanh Id cdnh ddng cb bay thdng
"Nhiiu vimg hoang vdng, tudng nhu cdnh nhung day nan kim, d rd, cd dng. Cd
chua ai den nhimg thdy rdi rdc ndm ba ndm Idng bdng, trich, cum num bay lugn tdi
md vd chu, lu bao gid. chua ki nhiing ki ngdy".
hiim tha sdu bdt chit ngodi sdng cdi, giiia (Bac vat xa bdng, tr. 73)
rirng hoang" (Ddng bdng sdng Cim Long- Trong sang tac cua Son Nam, ThN cd bay
Net sinh boat xua, tr. 45). thdng cdnh dugc nha vdn lap lai den 11 lan.
Mot ngu canh khae: Tat ca da ggi len sy menh mdng ve dat dai d
"- Ong mudn thg cdu sdu ndo chua? noi ndy. Dat qua rgng nhung ngudi thi van
"... khd lam, hg biet rdng nhirng ke bi cdn thua that, "Ngodi cdc dia danh vita ke
hiim tha sau bdt, chdng bao gid vi nhd thi nhiing viing cdn lgi dugc xem Id huyen
hudng nhang khdi" bi, khi sdng vdi ngudi d Miet Vudn hoac
(Con sau eudi cung, tr. 308) ngudi a mien Ddng Nam phdn. Li do chdnh
Nan nhan cua sau va egp ehae bin khdng Id duang giao thdng khd khdn, dat qud rgng,
it. Chang the ma nhimg nhan vat nhu dng
ngu&i qud thua, dudng xe lira khdng cd,
Nam Hen (Bat siu rimg U Minh Ha, Con
ducmg xe hoi qud it so vdi dien tich ddt dai".
sau eudi eiing), dng Tu Ta Lon (Tho nui Ta
,(Van minh miet vudn, tr. 368)
Lon) luon mang trong long mot noi cam bodi
sau sac; thuang nhd td tien, nhting ngudi da Cac ThN cdy nhd Id vuon, chim trdi cd
cd cdng md cdi, nhiing ngudi khdng may nude, ggo trdng nude trong, hdng hd sa sd,
tren budc dudng muu sinh bi hiim tha sdu rimg vdng bien bgc... mieu ta kha bao quat
hdt. Hg la nhiing luu dan din day, cu ngd la sy tni phu cua dat rimg phuong Nam.
minh se duge dat nay chd che, ddn nhan "Luon ludn hieu khach, trgng khach, nhd
trong su than thiet tri am giiia mot ben la cira du chd cho bgn be den an d. Nhiiu hd
- so 1+2 (183+184)-2011 NGON NGU & 0 6 l SONG 53
vdng vo tam qudc, nhting ke ndi nhieu hg Con ngudi trong tat ca sdng tac eua Son
cho la hang khua mdi mua mep khdng dang Nam khdng ehi la eon ngudi khai hoang lap
tin cay. Dac biet tai nang va nhan each cua ap ma cdn la con ngudi chien dau giti gin bd
con ngudi chi dugc cdng nhan bang hanh cdi que huong. Khi dat nude cd giac ngoai
dgng chir khdng phai qua ldi ndi. "Ai ciing xam thi ciing la luc tinh than bat khuat, gan
nhu ai, tdi ndng cdn thi thd d viec phd rirng da, dung cdm, yeu ty do cua hg duge trdi
Idm rugng gidi, due do phdi bieu hien d ldi day mot each manh me nhat. Tinh than ay cd
cu xir vi tha, khdng ich ki, khdng chdp nhdn khi dugc the hien d tam trang uu thdi mdn
nhirng ke ndng thuyet bdt ndng hdnh" the, cd khi dugc the hien bdng hanh dgng
(DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr. 50). Dam quyet liet, san sang xdng pha trdn mgc, phoi
rdi bd noi chdn nhau cdt rdn eua minh de gan trdi mat de quyet tu vdi ke thu. "Neu
dan than vao vung dat hoan toan xa la rd vdo khoang ndm 1930 vung Rgch Gid - Cd
rang d hg cd tinh each that manh me. Con Mau khdng cd phong trdo khdng Phdp thi
ngudi mien Nam la nhiing con ngudi nang den eudi ndm 1940, ngudi ddn dugc dip
dgng, bat khuat, yeu tu do, khi bi ap hue hg phai gan trdi mat, khdi nghia thira liic thuc
san sang lay cai chet de ddi lay ty do cho ddn Phdp lung lay tan cdi re (ben chdnh
minh. Dieu nay dugc the hien rd qua cau TN qudc gap chien tranh vdi Due, d Ddng
Ninh thg tu bdt ninh thg nhuc. Duong phdi ddi phd vdi qudn phdt xit Nhut,
Khi eugc sdng bat dau on djnh va phat lite giac Xiem), ddng ke nhirt d viing Vinh
trien thi ciing la luc eac loai hinh tdn giao Hung, Vinh Phu (Rgch Gid), Cd Sd (Sdc
Trdng) " (Vdn minh miet vudn, tr. 400).
khae nhau bat dau xuat hien va khdng ngimg
Trong phong each lam viec, ngudi mien
truyen ba. Nhung con ngudi mien Nam vdn
Nam cdn la ngudi chiu thuang chiu khd. Vi
nhan ai, hien hoa, thuy chung, sdng chan boa
sinh ke cua gia dinh hg san sang that lung
trong tinh lang nghTa xdm thi viec theo tdn
budc bung: "Su chi lieu trong gia dinh cd
giao ndo khdng phdi la van de quan trgng.
khi CO gidn, gap khi lua mdt miia gia dinh
Dieu quan trgng la tdn giao ay cd vu cho tam
vdn tgm sdng niu that lung bugc bung, ddu
Idng lir bi bdc di cua con ngudi: "Tdn gido
sao cUng cdn ggo vd cd la hai sdn phdm di
ndo ciing tdt. mien Id cd xiiy cho tinh nhdn
tim a dia phuang" (Vdn minh miet vudn, tr.
logi. Idng tii- bi bdc di, Idm Idnh Idnh dit,
390). Hg khdng ngai vat va, khd khdn du
khdng dimg vii lire vd quyen thi di Idn hiep
phai dung mui cbju sao, .chijr thuohg chiu
ke ngheo" (Vdn minh miet vudn, tr. 408). Va khd, mac du benh hoan cung cd gang lam
trong cuge sdng bg thudng ludn nhac nhau: viec. "Mang binh sdt rit nhung vdn dai
"Thuang ngudi nhu the thuang than (ndi ndng dam mua vi neu ndm dudng site thi
Id "thuong thdn nguoi (ndo) khdc thi thdn chirng ndo mdi lap dugc co nghiep nhd be
la "). thi on bdt cdu bdo, trdng khi trdn khi cho bdn thdn vd cho con chdu. " (DBSCL -
khiiyil, nude khi lan khi rdng..." (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr. 199)
Net sinh boat xua, tr. 48). Trong cuge sdng,
Phan anh tinh each ngudi mien Nam, Son
hg ludn tin tudng vao quy luat nhan qua, lam
Nam khdng phai ehi thye bien mdt thao tac
ac gap ac, keu ggi con ngudi nen biet hudng
la td hdng. Ben canh nhiing cai tich cue thi
thien va phuc thien, phai lu Idm dirdng idnh.
cung cd nhirng mat tieu circ eua nd. ThN
"Nhiiu ngirdi tirng hogt ddng ddc lire hdi
mdu me cd bgc da neu len mot te nan va Id
phong trdo Duy Tdn d Nam Bd da thdm mil.
nguyen nhan eua mgi sy ngheo nan va thit
nuong theo dgo Cao Ddi di tu tdm duong bgc. Ben canh nhiing ngudi vd tu, sin sang
tanh" (DBSCL - Net sinh hoat xua, tr. 176). thu nhan kha nang hgc vin it di cua minh
- 54 NGON NGiJ & Odi SONG SO 1+2(183+184)-2011
Cling cd khdng it ngudi dau ddt hay te ban la cung vd cung tru phu va nen tha. Ben canh
ddt hay ndi chit. "Bdy gid phdt triin logi hd dd, qua ThN, TN nha van da tai hien mot
truyen, ddi ddp nhau vi dien tich, nhiiu cdu each sinh ddng hien thye xa bdi va con
nhuan nhuyen, nhung lam truang hgp Id dot ngudi mien Nam qua tung ehang dudng lich
hay noi chir''' (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, su. Dd la hinh anh cd don cua nhung luu dan
tr. 108). Ngudi Nam Bg vdn thich hat thich tren budc dudng tha phuong lap nghiep, de
hd va hd ddi dap trd thanh net dac trung van rdi khi dat rugng da thanh hinh hg van tiep
boa cua vung sdng nude Ciru Long. Hd ddi cuge sdng ray day mai do ma nguyen nhan
dap ki nhat Id de trdng thdi gian nen trong chinh la sy ap buc cua dia chu va thye dan.
khi chd dgi tim y phu hgp de hd ddi lai thi Ndi ve hg. Son Nam da khdng quen tai hien
ngudi ta thudng cd nhiing eau hd lap chu hien thuc ddi sdng tam bdn cua hg. Dd la
ylu dl lip thdi gian nhung phai phu hgp ve mot the gidi tam bdn phong phu, hien lanh,
van dieu. Nhirng cdu hd lap nay thudng lay ludn nudi khat vgng va sdng bet minh vdi
trong dien tich Trung Hoa nen ddi khi cung khat vgng ay. ThN, TN cung gdp phan giiip
cau ki sao rdng, hay ndi each khae la ddt hay Sdn Nam mieu ta nhting dac diem tinh each
ndi chit. eua ngudi Nam Bg vdi ca nhting uu va
Ban chat eon ngudi khdng phai la mdt eai nhuge diem.
gi do tTnh tai va bat bien. Xa bgi thay ddi va A. Tai lieu tham khao ^^ ' " -''
phat trien se cd nhiing tac dgng nhat dinh 1. Nguyen Vdn Nd (2005), Ddu dn tu
den tam li va tinh each cua con ngudi. Nhu nhien, vdn hod vd con ngudi trong thdnh
cau cang tang thi tat yeu se dan den su danh ngit vd tuc ngir Nam Bd, TC "Ngdn ngii &
ddi du day la sy danh ddi ve nhan each. ThN Ddi song" sd 9 (119) 2005, tr 24-28.
hu than mdt nit da phan anh thye trang nay, 2. Tran Ngge Them (2004), Tim ve bdn
khi mot sd ngudi d que ra thanh phd da sdc vdn hda Viet Nam, Nxb Tdng hgp Thanh
khdng cuang dugc trude bao nhieu sy thu phd Hd Chi Minh.
hut cua cuge sdng thj thdnh. "Nguai tir qui 3. Nguyen Due Tdn (2002), Tim hieu
ra thdnh thi, lan hdi thay ddi, nhiiu ngudi dge trung vdn hod - ddn tdc ciia ngdn ngii vd
hu than mat net. Nghe mdi ddm dugc di tu duy ngudi Viet (Trong sir so sdnh vdi
cap tdi trong bdi phii "Cd Gia Dinh", trudc nhirng ddn toe khdc), Nxb Dai bgc Qudc gia
khi Le Vdn Khdi khdi binh ddi Minh Mgng" Ha Ndi.
(DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr.l09). Cung B. Tdc pham San Nam
ed ngudi trd nen trdo trd, sdng phang, lanh 1. Huong rimg Ca Mau (tap truyen ngdn,
lung trong quan he kim tien, "... lite dd tod 934 trang), Nxb Tre, 2008.
bd Bgc Lieu khdc ndo ehg bdn che chdo, he 2. Ba Chua Hdn (tiiu thuyit, 434 trang),
tiin trao thi chdo muc" (DBSCL - Net sinh Nxb Tre, 2005.
boat xua, tr.^ 154). Hay te hai hon cd ngudi 3. Hinh bdng cii (truyen vita - in cimg vdi
mdi qudc cdu vinh, nhu "Cha rugt cdu Hai tap truyen Biin cd miin Tay, 386 trang),
Id ngudi mdi qudc cau vinh, cdu Hai nhd dd Nxb Tre, 2006.
md dugc thuc ddn Phdp cho di du hgc" (Vdn •^.Xdm Bau Lang {truyin ddi, 396 trang),
minh miet vudn, tr. 405). Nxb Tre, 2007.
3. Qua ThN, TN, Son Nam da thye su 5. Ddng bang sdng Cun Long - Net sinh
lam sdng day hinh anh thien nhien, dit trdi boat xua & Van minh miet vudn (02 quyin
Nam Bg mot thdi md cdi. Dd la mot thien bien khdo in chung, 423 trang); Nxb Tre,
nhien hay con chim trong hoang so, dm u, 2007.
(Ban Bien tap nhan bai ngay 19-12-2009)
vang ve, tiem an nhieu hiem nguy nhung
- so 1+2(183+184)-2011 NGON NGOr& 001 SONG 55
van de cap den dd la nan me tin di doan. vudn, tr. 369), thye dan Phap da khdng it lan
"Ngudi ddn niii Ba The qud me tin di doan, lam cho ngudi dan ban xii phai ganh chiu
hg khdng ddm luc Igo vi sg kiip sau ddu thai canh Id thdi Id van, len voi xudng chd. "Nhin
khdng dugc. Ddo vdng Id dn cdp ciia Trdi vdo ldi sinh hogt a phia Hdu Giang hdi cuoi
F^a/... " (Kho vang, tr.'590). thi ki XIX, ta cdn thdy trong vdng ddi muai
Lam than ta dien, ndm nao du an da la ndm, nhieu ngudi liin tuc len voi xuong
mimg, ndi gi den chuyen kha gia rdi lam chd, khi ra ehg lam ddn tit chiing, liic xudng
giau, bdi vi "Sd liia mudn ciia chii dien bi thuyen Idm chii ghe thuong hd" (DBSCL -
ndo cUng phdi dong cho dii ba tram gig. The Net sinh boat xua, tr. 29). Cdn nhirng ngudi
thi cue nhgc trdi mot ndm trudng dang ndng thap cd be mieng phai chiu canh that nghiep
cdm cd, ddm mua nhd mg chi cdn ldi cd 20 dai ban, phai bd gdi ngdi nha coi con cho vg
gig md thdi. Md trong dd cdn phdi dong liia di mua ban tdo tan,"... trong ngd hep ndy ai
mudn Irdu, cdn phdi trd tien cdng cdy thi du hay la cd mdt bdu trdi tha mdng. Vdi dng
ndi gi" (Con nhd ngheo, tr. 6). Dd la luc chii nhd thieu cdng dn viec lam dang rii
dugc mua, khi mat mua tinh cdnh ngudi nhau ddnh ddo lgc, ngudi thua eugc phdi
ndng dan cang khdn khd hon. ThN bdn vg eong ke thdng tren lung" (Hinh bdng cii, tr.
dg con cd the chi la mot each ndi qua, nhung 285). Dd la chua ke khi cd chien tranh the
khdng phai la khdng ed can cu cua nd. gidi, ngudi ndng dan phai chiu cung luc mdi
Khdng ed gao dn, bugc bg phai chgn giai cd hai trdng: "Khi chiin tranh thi gidi thir
phap tinh the, dn trudc trd sau, vay ng ndng hai sap ket thiic, Phdp ddu hdng Nhut, ngudi
ldi de rdi khi khdng cd kha nang tra ng, hg nude ta mot co hai trong " (DBSCL - Net
phai dem con di d mudn khdng cdng cho sinh boat xua, tr. 222).
nha ngudi. Nhu vay, vdi cac ThN: bdn vg dg Nhin chung, hang loat ThN, TN dugc nha
con. lir dd ludng, me lin di doan. vay ng van su dung de mieu ta ve bien thye xa hdi
nang ldi. dn truac trd sau nha van da phan mien Nam thdi bay gid giup ta hieu them
anh mot each sinh dgng hien thye eugc sdng eugc sdng cua ngudi-dan mdt thdi md cdi.
den tdi eua ngudi ddn Nam bd trong giai 3.3. Phdn dnh cd linh ciia ngudi miin
doan bay gid. Nam
Va cac ThN be quan tda cdng, len voi Ca tinh mien Nam hay tinh each mien
xudng chd. Id Ihdi Id van, cdng dn viec Idm, Nam, each ndi nao cung dung va nd dugc
mdi cd hai trdng lai cho ngudi dge mot cai lam sang td qua mot sd tinh tir: nhan hau,
nhin bao quat ban ve thye trang xa hdi. nghTa tinh, binh di, bat khuat, dieu nghe, hao
Chinh sach be quan tod cdng cua trieu dinh hiep, dung cdm, sang tao... Ngudi mien
Hue da lam tri tre nen kinh te dat nude trong Nam thudng mang trong minh mot hay
mdt thdi gian dai ma hau qua nang ne nhat la nhieu tinh each dang yeu ay. Nhirng eu dan
de dat nude mat dan ve tay thye dan Phap. ngudi Viet ddu tien d ddng bdng Nam Bg da
Thye dan Phap xam luge Nam Bg, xet ve phan la nhung luu ddn, vi nhieu li do khae
mot phuang dien nao dd hg cung da lam nhau ma hg phai rdi bd que huong xir sd den
thay ddi rd ret bg mat kinh te mien Nam thdi nuong than noi eudi dat ciing trdi. Cd ngudi
biy gid, ehang ban cae day phd, cac eon ra di theo che do dinh dien eua nhd Nguyen,
dudng, ddng kenh khdng ngung duge md hg ed the la binh linh hoac la nhiing ngudi
mang va xay dimg. Tuy nhien, vdi ban chat ngheo lam phu khai hoang; cung cd ngudi la
"... dn .xdi & thi. khai ihdc thugc dia vdi muc ndng dan ra di vi khdng chiu ndi sy ap buc
dich lam gidu cho mdt nhdm lu bdn ki nghe bat cdng cua bgn dia chu d que nha; cung ed
hoac cdng li thuang mdi" (Van minh miet ngudi la nhung tu nhdn bj luu day, nhung
- 56 NGON NGUr 8c 0 6 l SONG s o 1+2(183+184)-2011
tay giang bd phieu bat... Nhin chung, hg la cua hai chir nay dugc nha van giai thich nhu
nhung ngudi thugc tang lap dudi cua xa bgi sau: "Dieu la dgo ndi trgi ra, nghi la nghia
(ed mdt bg phan rat it la quan lai va tri thire ndi trgi ra", cd tbi hilu dieu nghe la dao
giau ed vdo Nam vdi muc dich lam giau, md nghTa v$y. Yih danh gia mot con ngudi hg
mang co nghiep) ngheo nan, ddt nat chir khdng lay tiln bac, xuit than, danh vgng lam
nghia khdng ddy Id me. ThN nay eho ta hieu tieu ehi ma van de Id con ngudi dd cd biet
them ve mat bang bgc van eua cu dan Nam dieu nghe hay khdng. Tae gia viet: "Gid tri
Bg thdi bay gid. Hg it bgc va cung khdng con ngudi khdng d lien bgc, huyet thdng
thich thu lam vdi chuyen bgc hanh. Cuge nhung Id d thdi do tich cue "lam nguy bat
sdng d mot vung dat mdi cdn biet bao ciru mac anh hiing" (ddi vdi ddng logi).
chuyen phai lo toan va ddi phd thi chuyen "ban tien chi giao mac khd vong" (ddi vdi
hgc hanh Id mdt eai gi dd qua xa vdi ddi vdi bgn be). Vd ddn Tdy Idm diin chii md khdng
hg. Mac du chir nghia khdng ddy Id me nhu biet dieu nghe thi chua phdi Id sang trgng"
vay, nhung d hg khdng thieu nhting pham (Van minh miet vudn, tr. 407)
chat tdt dep ma khdng phai ai cung cd. Di lien vdi tinh each dieu nghe ay la tinh
"Ngudi khdn hoang thudng Id chir nghia than trgng nghTa khinh tai. Con ngudi trong
khdng day Id me, khdng rdnh cdch ngdn sang tae cua Son Nam la con ngudi da sdng
thdnh hien, idnh khi ndng ndy, bgc true lam vd hanh xir het minh vdi cai nghTa cao quy
khi din muc thd bgo, nhirng sau khi gidi ay. Co sd eua van de nay dugc li giai tir
thich thi vui ve thdng cdm. Ai hiiu Idm Id ndi chinh eugc sdng cua hg. Trdi dat bao la, con
gidn ngay'. (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr. ngudi chua quan tam lam den van de sd hiiu,
51) ai lam duge nay hudng. Dieu quan trgng la
Cd don noi xu la que ngudi nen trong bg Idm sao cd the tdn tai trong mdt mdi trudng
bao gid cting canh canh mot ndi niem nhd thien nhien cdn qua nhieu bat trae va hiem
que huong, ngudn cdi. Ndi nhd ay cgng vdi nguy. Phai gan bd, yeu thuang, tuong than
viec phai khdng ngimg ddi phd vdi thien tuong ai, giup da lan nhau: "Trong xdm ddu
nhien hoang da ty nd da binh thdnh trong hg ghet nhau vi phong cdch ti hiim, nhung khi
mot nhu cau ket giao bang hiru. TN lir hdi toi lua tdt den ddu hdn tung tiin ra Id ngudi
giai huynh de hay ngii hd lir hdi giai huynh lan can den ciru giup, chua ndi ldi chuyen
de phan anh nhu cau tinh than nay ciing nhu tdn liim, ddo huyet" (DBSCL - Net sinh
net dac trung van boa cua con ngudi noi day. boat xua, tr. 49). Hg giup ngudi hoan toan
Hg thich giao du, gap go va ket ban vdi mgi vdi tinh than vd tu khdng vy lgi. Hai cau
ngudi. Trong quan he img xir vdi ban, bg TN: kien nghia bdt vi vd dong gid va thi dn
bdt cdu bdo da cho ta thay rd net tinh each
cting dat ra nhieu tieu ehi: uy tin va bdn lien
dang yeu ddng quy nay cua hg. "Trinh Hoai
chi giao mgc khd vong. Du sang du hen
Dite nhac den "sikhi hien ngang", cd le ggi
nhung vdi ban be trudc sau van nhu mdt, hg
chuyin iing hd Nguyin Anh xua kia, nhung
khdng ua nhiing ngudi sdng vd thuy vd
theo tinh thdn cdu vdn "lap luc xa hoa, si khi
chung: "Thich Idm quen vdi ngirdi ngheo.
hien ngang" ta hieu Id "Kien nghia bat vi vo
giiip dd ke sa co thdt the. ddng thai chdn
dong gia" chudng cdng bdng le phdi"
ghet nhirng ke thay Idng doi da, ke xu ninh,
(DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr. 50).
ngudi quyen luac "phii ninh"" (DBSCL -
Net sinh boat xua, tr. 51) Bdc tryc, ndng tinh, ndi la lam cung la
Con ngudi mien Nam cung la con ngudi nhimg net tinh each ndi bat cua ngudi miln
sdng het minh vdi hai tieng dieu nghe. Dieu Nam. Trong quan he iing xu, hg thieh ndi
nghe la chii ma Son Nam hay dung, nghTa thing, ndi ngay vao van de khdng ua kilu
nguon tai.lieu . vn