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Longman English Grammar Practice_7

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  1. 11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11. I 3 'Would/wouldn't'; 'that ... should ; 'there' + modal Y 1 l .13A 'Would' and 'wouldn't' in place of the simple present tense or 'will' future [> LEG 11.74.21 Study: We often use wouldand wouldn't in place of the simple present (and sometimes in place of I**I will/won't) when we want to sound less definite, or when we want to be very polite: That seems to be a good idea. That would seem to be a good idea. + I think Friday will be OK. 1 would think that Friday will be OK. + f100 is rather expensive for a pair of gloves. ....-& . ............................................................... 1 I'm sure your proposal isn't acceptable to the committee. .................................................................. 2 Does my idea seem reasonable to you? - I think so. ......................................................................... 3 This new law doesn't seem to be fair to pensioners. .......................................................................... 4 I'm not free on Thursday, but I'm free on Friday. ................................................................................ 5 6 She's offered to help, but I don't imagine she's serious. .................................................................... 7 Does that seem a reasonable price to offer for a used car? ............................................................... 11.13 8 'That ... should' after verbs like 'suggest' [> LEG 11.75, p 45.31 ~ p Study: If we put that after verbs like ask, propose, recommend, suggest, we continue like this: I***I - with should I suggest that he should apply/shouldn't apply: for the job. - with the simple present: I suggest that he applies/he doesn't apply for the job. - with the 'subjunctive': I suggest that he apply/not apply for the job. Note on the 'subjunctive': In the 'subjunctive', the base form of the verb ( be, go, run, etc.) remains the same in all persons. The present form is rare in British English: I suggest you go/he go/they (etc.) go to the meeting tomorrow. The subjunctive form were is used in all persons in the past [> 11.7B, 14.2Bl. Write: a Supply suitable verb forms in these sentences. b Then mark your answers a (= should), b (= simple present) or c (= 'subjunctive'). 1 Marion proposed that ........W . M . 4....... a gift for Jim who would soon be leaving the firm. . a (welbuy) 2 The travel agent recommended that ........................................... driving abroad during the holidays. (welavoid) - 3 1 suggest that ........................................... this matter during the meeting. (helnot raise) 4 All I ask is that ........................................... the rules. (theylnot break) - 5 What does he advise ........................................... ? (sheldo) - 6 It's no good demanding that .......................................... our performance. We're doing our best. (welimprove) - 7 1 would only request that ........................................... good care of this flat while you're living in it. (youltake) - 8 Her solicitor insisted that she ........................................... in signing the contract. (not/delay) - 9 1 suggest ........................................... a taxi if we want to get to the meeting on time. (weltake) - 10 He asks that ........................................... to visit his children once a week. (helbe allowed) - For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
  2. 11.13 'Would/wouldn't'; 'that ... should'; 'there' + modal 11.13C 'That ... should' after adjectives like 'essential' [> LEG 11.753, ~ p 4p 41 Study: If we put that after adjectives like essential, urgent, vital, we continue like this: L***l - with should: It's urgent that he should send the information at once. - with the simple present: It's urgent that he sends the information at once. - with the 'subjunctive': It's urgent that he send the information at once. Write: a Supply suitable verb forms in these sentences. b Then mark your answers a (= should), b (= simple present) or c ( = 'subjunctive') 1 It's urgent that .....W C . ~ . ....................................... the information now. (weisend) w 2 It's essential that ............................................................................. home now. (sheireturn) - 3 It's vital that .............................................................................. (heibe inform) - 4 I'm eager that ........................................................................ present at the meeting. (sheibe) - 11.13D 'There' + modal auxiliaries [> LEG 11.761 Study: Just as there will combine with be (there is, there was, there has been, etc. [> 10.3]),it will L***l combine with modals: There could be n o doubt about it. There must be a mistake. Write: Supply appropriate modal combinations. More than one answer is possible in each case. 1 There (be) a problem about this. ........ & ! W % . ~ . . & . & . ~ . ~ . .. % f . ..................... 2 There (be) a witness present. ............................................................................................................. 3 There (never be) a better opportunity. ................................................................................................ 4 (there be) a reason for this delay? ...................................................................................................... 5 (there be) another election soon? ....................................................................................................... 6 Why (there be) so much red tape? ..................................................................................................... 7 Why (not there be) more university places? ....................................................................................... 11 . I 3E Context Write: Supply suitable forms of the verbs and insert could be, may be, will be, would seem. MEDICAL DETECTIVE? 'For the time being,' Dr Grey said, 'it's important that (you take) ' .~.kk%?.%. it easy. Immediately after a heart attack, I suggest (you get) ............................. plenty of rest. After a month, I recommend (you begin) ............................. taking a little exercise.' Mr Fry blinked through his glasses. ' I ............................. dead!' he protested. 'If you don't do as I tell you, you will be,' Dr Grey said. 'It's vital that (you follow) ............................. my advice.' 'But I've always been so active, Doctor.' 'And you ............................. active again, but not yet. Come and see me in a fortnight.' Of course, Mr Fry didn't follow his doctor's advice. 'There ............................. people . who can sit around,' he said to his wife, 'but I can't!' He spent the morning before his next appointment painting the kitchen ceiling. In the afternoon, he visited Dr Grey. 'It : ............................. you have been painting the ceiling!' Dr Grey said sternly. 'How can you possibly know, Doctor?' 'You've got paint on your glasses!' the doctor said. You've been painting the c e~ling! For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
  3. 12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form Basic forms of the passive [> LEG 12.1 -31 12.1 A Study: 1 In the active voice, the subject of the verb is the person or thing that does the action: I**I John burnt the dinner last night. In the passive voice, the action is done to the subject: The dinner was burnt last night. 2 We form the passive with a suitable form of be + past participle. Only verbs which take an object (transitive verbs [>1.2B]) can go into the passive: The dinner was burnt. (But not 'The plane was arrived. *) 3 Basic tense forms are a tense of be + past participle: he writes - it is written present: , he wrote - it was written past: , presentlpast perfect: he h adhad written - it h adhad been written , 4 Basic modal forms are: modal + be/have been + past participle: he will write - it will be written will: , he may write - it may be written may: , he may have written - it may have been written, etc. may have: , 5 Infinitive: to be/@have been + past participle [> 16.1Al: Write 1: Mark with a P those sentences which will go into the passive. 6 They informed me about it. - Someone will drive you to the airport. _II 1 1 slept till 8. - 7 2 Goldfish live in fresh water. - It's raining. - 8 3 The Egyptians built pyramids. - You must obey the rules. - 9 We walked for miles yesterday. - 4 5 They arrived at 7 last night. - 10 He's sneezing again. - Write 2: Rewrite these sentences in the passive. 1 They owe a lot of monev to the bank. . . : ~ . . m . ~ . ~ . k . w . & . .& . - ............................................................................ ... 2 They have proved that there is no life on the moon. It ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 You can buy videos like this one anywhere. 4 Someone has to write the history of the European Community one day. ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Someone may have already written the history of the European Community. ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 When we arrived home, we found that someone had broken one of our windows. ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 They have soio'their car to pay their debts. ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 They hold a meeting in the village hall once a week. For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
  4. 1 2.1 General information about form 12.1B The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed' [> LEG 12.3n.61 Only the present and past progressive [> 9.213,9.4B] are common in the passive. We form the present progressive: They are interviewing her now. She is being interviewed now. -+ past progressive: They were interviewing her here. She was being interviewed here. -+ Write: Rewrite these sentences beginning with the words provided. The manager always welcomes new employees. New employees ....... ~.................................................. ~ W . . ~ . . ~ . They're building a new supermarket near the church. A new supermarket ............................................................................................................................. They fought the battle in 1623. The battle ............................................................................................................................................ Someone was cleaning the windows while I was there. The windows ....................................................................................................................................... Someone has moved my desk! My desk .............................................................................................................................................. They are taking the refugees to a camp outside the village. The refugees ....................................................................................................................................... Someone had signed all the documents before I arrived. All the documents ............................................................................................................................... They were questioning us and searching our vehicle at the same time. We .....................................and our vehicle ....................................................................................... They will post our letters when the ship arrives at the next port of call. Our letters ........................................................................................................................................... They are opening the case again because they're not satisfied with the verdict. The case ............................................................................................................................................. 12.1C Context Write: Put in the correct forms, active or passive, of the verbs in brackets. HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES (?) Lord Manners was a rich and famous banker. When he ( die) ........qlced...... recently, he (give) '........................ a magnificent funeral which (attend) ........................ by hundreds of famous people. The funeral was going to (hold) ........................ in Westminster Abbey. Many ordinary people (line) ........................he streets to watch the procession. The wonderful black and gold carriage (draw) t ' ........................ by six black horses. The mourners (follow) ........................ in silence. Lord Manners (give) ........................ a royal farewell. Two tramps were among the crowd. They (watch) ........................the procession with amazement. As solemn music (could hear) l o ........................ in the distance, one of them (turn) l 1 ........................ to the other and (whisper) l 2 ........................ in admiration, 'Now that's what I call really living!'. That's what I call really living! For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 183
  5. 12 The passive and the causative 12.2 Uses of the passive 12.2A Uses of the passive [> LEG I 2.1,I 2.4.131 - Study: 1 The passive is not just a different form of the active. It has its own uses and is very common in I**I English. It would be hard to think of the active forms of sentences like: Rome wasn't built in a day. The origin of the universe will never be explained. 2 We use the passive mainly in three ways: - when we don't want to take responsibility for something: The matter will be dealt with soon. (We don't know or want to say who'll deal with it.) - when we want to focus on a happening, not who or what did it: Our roof was damaged in last night's storm. (We're concerned about the roof.) - when we want to avoid 'vague subjects' like one, someone, they, etc.: The form has to be signed. (Not *Someone/One has to sign the form. ') English spoken. (Not 'One speaks English') Shoes repaired. (Not 'One repairs shoes') Write: Supply suitable active and passive forms in these sentences using the verbs in brackets. Some variations in tenses may be possible. 1 It isn't clear how far the ozone layer (damage) ....kUM.hCWL.-... by aerosol sprays. It may be possible to tell whether the hole over the Antarctic (widen) . . . @ . . . ..h.-. after .Am2 ............. - h-flying planes. hig the area (investig& These days, even the most remote places on earth (visit) ...................... by tourists. Package tours 2 (canlarrange) ...................... for almost anywhere, from the Himalayas to the Amazonian jungle. Notices such as (EnglishISpeak) ...................... and (ShoesIRepair) ...................... are common. 3 Sometimes they (translate) ...................... into different languages for the benefit of tourists. We (constantly remind) ...................... of the way the world (become) ...................... smaller when 4 events taking place in different parts of the globe (flash) ...................... on our television screens. If you (involve) ...................... in a car accident and someone (hurt) ....................... you (have to) 5 ...................... report the matter to the police. If only the vehicles (damage) ....................... drivers should exchange names and addresses. 12.2B The use of 'by' + agent (= 'doer') after a passive [> LEG 12.51 Study: 1 We use by only when we need to say who or what is responsible for an event: I**I The window was broken last night. (We don't know or want to say who or what did it.) The window was broken by a slate that fell off the roof. (We wish to give information.) 2 We often use by + agent with the passive of verbs like build, compose, damage, design, destro discover, invent, make and write to identify who or what islwas responsible: Supply passive forms with by + agent where necessary. Write: ..... to raise enough money When Jasper Morgan died his collection of pictures (sell) .....w ..& to pay his taxes. Tremendous interest in the sale (showlthe g e n & 4 ? $ t ~ . . ~ P F d - M i R . ~ . ~ The music that (compose/Beethoven) ............................towards the end of his life is very different from his early music. The music (write) ............................ in extremely difficult conditions. 3 Many beautiful old buildings in cities (replacelmodern ones) ............................. If this replacement (not control), ............................ it isn't very long before a city loses its character. For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
  6. 12.2 Uses of the passive 12.2C The passive with verbs of 'saying' and 'believing': 'It is said (that) ...' [> LEG 12.81 Study: We need to be sure of our facts when we say: e.g. H e was a spy in World War 1. 1 I***1 If we are not sure of our facts, we can express caution by saying: It is said (that) he was a spy in World War //./He was said to b e a spy in World War 1. 1 We can express caution in three ways, with: I 1 I t (+ passive + that-clause) with e.g. agree, believe, consider, decide, hope, know, say. It is said (that) there is plenty of oil off our own coast. 2 There (+ passive + to be) with e.g. allege, believe, fear, know, report, say, suppose, think: There is said to b e plenty of oil off our own coast. Begin these sentences with It, There or a namela noun + passive construction. Write: ..If..&!..ax;e*cted ........... that prices will rise again this month. (expect) 1 ........................................ that all the passengers had died in the crash. (fear) 2 ........................................ to be an expert in financial matters. (suppose) 3 ........................................ to have committed the crime. (think) 4 ........................................ that the sea level is rising. (think) 5 ........................................ to be a lot of coal in the Antarctic. (think) 6 ........................................ to be honest and reliable. (consider) 7 ........................................ to be thousands of people waiting to renew their passports. (say) 8 ........................................ that thousands of new jobs will be created in the computer industry. (say) 9 ........................................ to be a fall in house prices, but I haven't noticed it. (suppose) 10 12.2D Context Write: Use the correct tenses and passive forms of the verbs in brackets. FISHY TALES Mermaids (see) l h . * . & ? 2 % b y sailors for centuries. The basis of ' all mermaid myths (suppose) ............................. to be a creature called a Manatee: a kind of walrus! Mermaids used (to show) ............................. in funfairs until recently. It all began in 1817 when a 'mermaid' (buy) ............................. for $6,000 by a sailor in the South Pacific. She (eventually sell) ............................. to the great circus- owner Barnum. She (exhibit)!........................... in 1842 as 'The Feejee . Mermaid'. It (say) ............................. that she earned Barnum $1,000 a week! The thousands who saw this mermaid (musfldisappoint) 8.. ............................ She (cleverly make) 9 ............................ by a . Japanese fisherman. A monkey's head (delicately sew) l o ............................. to the tail of a large salmon. The job (so skilfully do) ............................. that the join between the fish and the monkey was l1 invisible. Real imagination (musfhequire) l 2 ............................. to see this revolting creature as a beautiful mermaid combing her golden hair! A beautiful mermaid? For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
  7. 12 The passive and the causative 12.3 Form and use of the causative l2.3A Form of the causative: 'have something done' [> LE G 12.1 0-1 I ] Study: 1 Note the difference between these two sentences: I**I ! had built a house. (past perfect tense = 'I did it myself' [> 9.6AI) I had a house built. (the causative = 'I arranged for it to be done' [> 12.3BI) 2 We forrr: the causative with have + noun or pronoun object + past participle. We use the causative in different tenses and with modals: Write: Complete these sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. ................. (decorate) 1 They've just had their living room .................... 2 Your car engine sounds dreadful. You ought to have it ........................................................ (look at) 3 Have you had your eyes ........................................................ recently? (test) 4 He's going to have his hair ........................................................ at the weekend. (cut) 5 Can I have this letter ......................................................... please? (photocopy) 6 This letter is so important, I'm going to have it .................................................... by a lawyer. (write) 12.38 The causative compared with the active and passive [> LEG 12.121 Study: 1 We use the active to describe jobs we do ourselves or when we know who's doing a job: I'm servicing the car. Jack is servicing the car. I**I 2 We use the passive to say that a job IS being done for us, but we don't know or don't want to say who is doing it: The car is being serviced. (We're focusing on the car [> 12.2AI) 3 We use the causative to stress the fact that we are 'causing' someone to do a job for us: I'm having the car serviced. I have had my car serviced. I'm going to have my hair cut. Not 'I'm going to cut my hair'which means 'I'm going to cut it myself'. [compare > 16.2BI Write 1: Supply the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. 1 What are you doing? - I . . . t . ..k.- ................................................................the car. (clean) 2 Where's your car? - It ............................................... at the moment. I'll collect it in an hour. (clean) 3 1 never find time to clean the car myself, so I ......................................................................... (clean) 4 Did you decorate the room yourselves? - No, we ............................................................. (decorate) 5 We can't use the living room. It ................................................................ at the moment. (decorate) 6 You ......................................................................... They look quite worn. (musthepair your shoes) 7 My shoes ................................................................................. It was an expensive job! (just repair) 8 The heel came off my shoe and I ............................................................................ it myself. (repair) 9 'I'd like this film ......................................... ,' I said. 'Certainly,' the assistant said. (develop and print) 10 'Can I use the photocopier ...................................................... this document?' I asked. (photocopy) 1 1 Who ................................... the children's clothes, in this house? - Who do you think? I do! (mend) 12 What's happened to my report? - It ....................................................... at the moment. (photocopy) For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
  8. 12.3 Form and use of the causative Write 2: Today is Wednesday. Look at the notes Maria wrote yesterday and early today. Then write: - a what she had done yesterday; b what she is having done today; c what she is going to have done tomorrow. '% - T-apv (today) Wed.-+ too& & r e atd eye m a b est sk* c k d a t~ &h a & de-d h filkd tw pC4 f uniidJiwcd hair done car sewiced sacra 12.3C 'Get' in the causative: 'get something done' [> LEG 12.1I , 12.131 Study: I**I Write: Use get in place of have in these sentences. 1 I must have .................... I..%.@ ................. this report photocopied and sent off straightaway. 2 They're finally having .......................................................... their central heating repaired. 3 We'll be having ...................................................... the job done by a local builder. 4 Why don't you have .......................................................... that suit cleaned? It's filthy! 5 Have .......................................................... your hair cut! 12.3D Context Write: Put in causative forms for the verbs in brackets. CONSTANT MAINTENANCE! The more you own, the more there is to go wrong. You invest in a new hi-fi system and in no time you have to ( it repair) l @ . ! ? ? . . ~ . & . You ( a new washing machine install) ............................. and you have to buy expensive insurance to maintain it. You buy a car and need to ( it service) ............................. regularly. You buy a camera and then spend a fortune (films develop and print) .............................. It's not only things that need constant attention. How often we have to (our eyes test) .............................. (our teeth fill) ............................. and (our ' chests X-ray) ............................. ! But I had to smile last time I went to (my hair cut) .............................. A bold notice in the window announced: 'All our customers promptly executed!' You certainly wouldn't need to (any jobs do) ............................. after that! ... customers promptly executed! For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
  9. 13 Questions, answers, negatives 13.1 YesINo questions, negative statements, YesINo answers YesINo questions (expecting 'Yes' or 'No' in the answer) [> LEG 13.1-31 13.1A Study: 1 We make Yes/No questions from statements. In the case of be, have (auxiliary) and modal verbs like can and must [> 1 1.1A] we do this by inversion, that is by putting be, have or can, etc. El , Is he leaving? in front of the subject: He is leaving. - She can drive a bus. - Can she drive a bus? , 2 With all other verbs, we form Yes/No questions with Do and Does in the simple present and Did i n the simple past. The form of the verb is always the bare infinitive: We turn left here. , Do we turn left here? - He works well. , Does he work well? - They arrived late. , Did they arrive late? - ... What do you say? Write: You want to know if you're late. . ..AmZ.W.7 ............................ . 9 she should be here. ........................................... 1 she could ask a question. .................................. this is the London train. ................................... 10 2 it will be fine tomorrow. ...................................... 11 your photos are ready. .................................... 3 my friend will be staying. ................................... John is working in the garden. ........................ 12 4 they would like an invitation. ............................. the children are studying. ................................ 13 5 they often argue like that. .................................. 6 Jane gives piano lessons. ............................... 14 1 run a mile every morning. ................................ 7 Tony was enjoying himself. ............................. 15 16 Sheila went to the lecture. ................................. 8 they live in the south. ...................................... 13.1B Negative statements [> LEG I 3.2,I 3.41 He can leave. He cannot (can't) leave. -, 2 With all other verbs we use do not (don't) and does not (doesn't) after the subject in the simple present and did not (didn't) after the subject in the past. The verb is always a bare infinitive: , We do not (don't)turn left here. - We turn left here. Write: Say 'no', disagree or contradict with full negative statements. He can speak Russian. ..................................... Are you ready? ... ! % . ~ . ' f i . . ? M %....... : 9 .~ 1 He'll be leaving soon. ........................................ She's right. ...................................................... 10 2 It would be a very good idea. ............................ They're late. .................................................... 1 1 3 It looks like rain. ................................................ You're being silly. ............................................ 12 4 He's working in London. ................................. 13 They always win. ............................................. 5 6 They're playing tennis. .................................... 14 They missed the last lesson. ............................ She's always been good at sport. ..................... 7 I'm going to fail. ............................................... 15 You've met her. ................................................. 8 She was waiting for you. ............................... 16 For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
  10. 13.1 YeslNo questions, negative statements, YeslNo answers 13.1C Yes/No short answers [> LEG I 3.5-71 Study: 1 When answering with Yes or No, we usually repeat the first word in the question: Was James late? - Yes, he was./No, he wasn't. El Can he play chess? - Yes, he can./No, he can't. Note: Are you ... ? - Yes, I am./No, I'm not. Were you ... ? - Yes, I was./No, I wasn't. where we repeat the verb, but in a different form. 2 We do not usually answer a YeslNo question in full: Did James go out last night? - Yes, he did./No, he didn't. rather than 'Yes, he went out last night.' 'No, he didn't go out last night.' We do not usually answer a YeslNo question with just Yes or No: Do you like dancing?- Yes, I do./No, I don't. Not 'Yes./No.'which can sound rude. 3 We can put a lot of expression into short answers and use them to give information, agree, disagree, confirm, etc. e.g. Write: Answer these questions with either Yes or No. ..ve~,.l..%?&.: ........................ Should I go with them? ...................................... Are you ready? 10 1 Is she still at college? ...................................... Will you be at the meeting? ............................... 2 11 Are they on their way here? ............................ Would you do that if you were me? ................... 3 12 Are you still learning French? ......................... Does she still write to you? ............................... 4 13 Do you like curry? ............................................. Is Carla applying for that job? ......................... 5 14 Are we staying at the same hotel? .................. Did he tell you about the party? ........................ 6 15 Are you going to help me? .............................. Has he finished yet? .......................................... 7 16 Was she joking? ............................................. Have you ever eaten swordfish? ....................... 8 17 Were they living there then? ........................... Has she been working here long? ..................... 9 18 13.1D Context Write: Put in suitable YeslNo questions, negatives or short answers. GUESS WHAT! Before setting out on holiday, the Weeks family sat in their car and went through their usual quiz. (we/turnoff) l . G ? u L . ~ . ? h x . the electricity? . ~ ~ ~~~~ .~ MR WEEKS: MRS WEEKS: ( Yes) .............................................................. I turned it off myself. ( a l l t h e t a p ~ o f.f...............................................7 )~ M RWEEKS: ( Yes) ................................................................ I checked every one of them, dad. JIMMY: You (not remember) ....................................... my teddy-bear! SALLY: MRS WEEKS: ( Yes) ............................................................. darling. I packed him in your case. ...................................................................... 7 ( thereanywindo~sopen)~ M RWEEKS: ( No) ................................................................. I shut them all, dad. JIMMY: MRS WEEKS: (the front and back doors/lock) ..................................................................... ? ( Yes) l o .............................................................. I've just locked them. MR WEEKS: After they had been on the road for an hour, Mr Weeks suddenly turned pale and said, 'Guess what! I (notlgot)l 1 .......................................... my house keys. They're still in the back door!' They're still in t h For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
  11. 13 Questions, answers, negatives 13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions 13.2A Negative statements with 'negative adverbs': 'never', etc. [> LEG 13.8-101 Study: 1 We can make negative or near-negative statements with adverbs like never, hardly, hardly ever, seldom and rarely [compare > 7.4A-8, 7.8CI. Never is more emphatic than not. I**I Compare: I don't drink coffee. (negative) with: I never drink coffee. (emphatic negative) 2 We can't use a negative adverb with a negative verb to make a 'double negative': I can hardly recognize him. (Not *I can't hardly recognize him. ') Nobody phoned. (Not *Nobody didn't phone. ') This is especially true for no, any and their compounds [> 4.681: I've got no time. I haven't got any time. - , I've seen no one/nobody. - I haven't seen anyone/anybody. , I've bought none of them. - I haven't bought any of them. , I've done nothing today. - I haven't done anything today. , I've been nowhere today. - I haven't been anywhere today. , w- - , -+ r.d'r
  12. 13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions 13.2C Negative questions: 'Can't you ...?' [> LEG 13.14-161 Study: 1 In negative questions, the word order of the full form is different from the short form: full form: Did he not explain the situation to you? I**I short form: Didn't he explain the situation to you? We normally use the short form in conversation and the full form only for emphasis. 2 Depending on the stress and intonation we use, we can: - express disbelief, surprise: Can't you really ride a bicycle? - invite the answer 'Yes': Don't you remember our holiday in Spain? - persuade: Won't you please help me? - express annoyance: Can't you ever shut the door behind you? - make exclamations: Isn't it hot in here! Write: Rewrite these negative questions using short forms. A& .?..*..earttf. ........................................................................ Am I not too early? [> 10.181 ... 1 Is she not very well? ........................................................................................................................... 2 Are those answers not wrong? ........................................................................................................... 3 Is he not waiting for you? .................................................................................................................... 4 Are they not living in Canada? ............................................................................................................ 5 Was she not a famous actress? ......................................................................................................... 6 Were you not at my old school? ......................................................................................................... 7 Are you not going to be there? ........................................................................................................... 8 Can you not walk faster? .................................................................................................................... 9 Could you not do this for me? ............................................................................................................. 10 Do you not like fish? ........................................................................................................................... 11 Does she not go to church? ................................................................................................................ 12 Did he not enjoy the film? ................................................................................................................... 13 Have you not finished yet? ................................................................................................................. 14 Has he not gone yet? .......................................................................................................................... 15 Have I not been invited? ..................................................................................................................... 16 Should you not let him know? ............................................................................................................. 17 Am I not invited? ................................................................................................................................. 18 13.20 Context Write: Put in anything, anywhere, everyone, hardly ever, no, no one, nothing. NOT YETI A Yeti is supposed to be a strange creature that lives in the Himalayas. Nearly ' .......-..... has heard of Yetis, but * ............................. has actually seen one. Recently, a party of climbers went up Mount Jaonli looking for Yetis. Unlike more famous mountains, Jaonli has ............................. been climbed. The party saw ............................. Yetis .............................. There was a moment's excitement one night when a climber heard a strange, two-note sound. He rushed out of his tent and asked his Tibetan guide, Chewang Thundup, if he had heard .............................. 'No, I heard .............................. ' the guide replied. 'But I just heard a strange sound,' the climber said. 'That was no Yeti,' Chewang laughed. 'It was me, blowing my nose!' ... a strange two-note sound For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
  13. 13 Questions, answers, negatives 13.3 Tag questions and echo tags ...,isn't it?'/'lt isn't ...,is it?' [> LEG 13.17-19, 13.3A Tag questions 1: 'It is 13.22.1-21 - -- Study: 1 A tag question is a short question (e.g. have ~ ~ ~ ? / h a v e n ' t that follows a statement. you?) We form tag questions with auxiliaries ( be, have, can, may, etc.) and do, does, did. I**I 2 They are affirmative - negative: John was annoyed, wasn't he? You like fish, don't you? or negative - affirmative: John wasn't annoyed, was he? You don't like fish, do you? 3 Many languages have a phrase which means 'Isn't that so?' In English, we use tags to say this, but we also use expressions like don't you think?, right? etc. 4 If our voice goes up on the tag, we are asking a real question which needs an answer: You left the gas on, d idn9fiou?- Yes, I did./No, I didn't. You didn't leave the g a d i d you? - Yes, I did./No, I didn't. 5 If our voice goes down on the tag, we want the listener to agree with us and we don't usually expect an answer: You locked the door, d m o u ? (= I assume you did.) You didn't lock the door, d q o u ? (= I assume you didn't.) Write: You want the listener to agree with you. Do the exercise orally, then in writing. She's late, . ...&!&. &................................ ? She isn't late, ............................................... . ? 10 1 They aren't on holiday, ....................................? They're on holiday, ....................................... ? 2 11 I'm not early, ................................................. I'm early, ........................................ ?[>10.18] ? 3 12 Carla wasn't at home, ..................................... ? Carla was at home, ....................................... ? 13 4 We weren't all ill, ............................................. We were all ill, ............................................... ? ? 14 5 You haven't finished, ....................................... You've finished, ............................................ ? ? 6 15 Marc hasn't gone out, ......................................? Marc has gone out, ....................................... ? 7 16 1 don't often do the right thing, ......................... 1 always do the wrong thing, ......................... ? ? 8 17 Tessa doesn't work hard, ................................ ? Tessa works hard, ........................................ ? 9 18 13.38 Tag questions 2: 'You painted it yourself, did you?' [> LEG 13.20-21,13.22.3] Tag questions can also be affirmative - affirmative. Study: I**I If our voice goes up on the tag, we mean 'Tell me more', etc.: She's getting m a r r i e d s h e ? (= I'd like to know more about it.) If our voice goes down on the tag, we express negative feelings like disappointment, Write: Say the sentences under A aloud and match them with a statement under 0 . B A 1 You painted it yourself, did you?& a) I don't believe it. 2 You couldn't give me a hand, could you?- b) Tell me more. Someone broke that vase, did they?- c) I hope you can. 3 You'll give me a call, will you?- d) I hope you didn't. 4 So they're selling their house, are they?- e) I'm impressed. 5 You didn't leave the garage open, did you?- f) I hope you will. 6 g) I'm sorry to hear that. He says he's innocent, does he?- 7 For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
  14. 13.3 Tag questions and echo tags 13.3C Echo tags: 'Is he?'I6He s?' [> LEG 13.24-261 i Study: 1 An echo tag is a response, in tag form, to an affirmative or negative statement. I**I affirmative negative He's resigning. He isn't resigning. - Isn't he? He isn't? - I s he? He is? - He is, isn't he? - He isn't, is he? - - He is, is he? 2 If our voice goes up on the echo, we want more information: I've just won •’500!& y o u ? / d a v e ? / ~ o u - haven't, h d y o u ? (= Tell me more!) 3 If our voice goes down on the echo, we confirm what we know or have guessed: 7 I'm afraid he's made a bad mistake. - He has, hasn he? (= I confirm what you say.) or we express anger, surprise, disbelief, etc.: Write: Supply different echo tags in response to these statements. Say the echo tags aloud with different intonation and describe what they express. 1 John's paying. .... &..k.:'T ................................ 6 They don't eat much. ......................................... 2 They aren't very happy. .................................. 7 You shouldn't be here. ...................................... 3 Suzy was 30 yesterday. .................................. 8 1 can afford a new car now. ............................... 4 1 wasn't very well last week. ............................ 9 We can't go tomorrow. ...................................... 5 He works very hard. ........................................ 10 There'll be trouble about this. ............................ 13.3D Context Write: Put in appropriate question tags and echo tags. YOU COULD HAVE KNOCKED ME DOWN WITH A FEATHER! I asked for my favourite perfume at the perfume counter of a large department store. 'We don't have that, .....do.&%. ?' the snooty ...... assistant asked her colleague, as if I had just tried to buy a bag of onions. I was about to ledve the counter when I saw a girl of about twelve slip away from her mother, seize a huge bottle of perfume from the counter and put it into her carrier bag. I gasped! 'Excuse me,' I said. 'Your daughter has just stolen a large bottle of perfume!' The mother ' looked at me in amazement. 'She ....................... ? ' 'That's right,' I said. She turned to her daughter. 'You didn't steal that big bottle that was on display, ....................... ' The girl nodded. 'You did, .......................?' ? 'Yes, mum,' the girl confessed. 'I've told you hundreds of times, ........................ that the big one on display is a dummy'. She angrily took the bottle from her daughter and put it back on display. 'You should always take one of the boxed ones at the back, .......................? You do ' understand that, ....................... ?' She helped herself to a boxed one and both she and her daughter disappeared into the crowd quick as a flash. You could have knocked me down! For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
  15. 13 Questions, answers, negatives 13.4 Additions and responses 13.4A Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... and I can, toolbut I can't' [> LEG 13.28-291 Study: We can add to statements or make contrasts in the following ways: statement parallel addition contrast I**I and I can, too. but I can't, John can speak French and I can't, either. [> 7.7CI but I can. John can't speak French but I don't. John speaks French and I do, too. John doesn't speak French and I don't, either. but I do. and so can I. but I can't. John can speak French but I can. John can't speak French and neithednor can I. but I don't. John speaks French and so do I. Write: Rudi and Roxanne are brother and sister. Read this information about them, then write good sentences, beginning each sentence with 'Rudi ...'. Roxanne Rudi He can speak English, but not Italian. She can speak English and Italian. He plays tennis and goes skiing. She plays tennis, but doesn't go skiing. She doesn't like classical music. He doesn't like classical music. She visited Rome last year. He visited London last year. 13.48 Parallel responses: 'John can ...'/'I can, toolso can I' [> LEG 13.28-291 Study: 1 We repeat the auxiliary and if there is no auxiliary, we use do, does or d id statement parallel response I**I I can, too. or: So can I. John can speak French. or: Neither/Nor can I. John can't speak French. I can't, either. or: So do I. John speaks French. I do, too. or: Neither/Nor do I. John doesn't speak French. I don't either. 2 We often say So'm I, Neither'm I, Nor'm I, but we usually write them in full: So am I, Neither am I, Nor am I. Neither and Nor are exactly the same. For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
  16. 13.4 Additions and responses Write: People say things and you respond. 7 I once had a holiday in Ireland. ......................... I can swim quite well. 1 ~ . . ! J . ~ t o o ~ ~ ~ . o ~ . ~ ~ . 8 1 didn't enjoy that film. ....................................... 1 can't speak Danish. ...................................... 2 1 really should study more! .............................. 9 1 was hoping to get home early. ........................ 3 1 won't be at college tomorrow. ....................... 10 I've had a terrible cold. ...................................... 4 5 1 love Spanish food. ........................................ 1 1 I haven't been very well. .................................... 6 1 don't like red wine. ........................................ 12 1 thought the concert was awful! ........................ 13.4C 'So have you' and 'So you have!' [> LEG 13.29.41 Study: Note the difference between: I've got a rash o n my arm and so have you. (parallel addition) [**I Write: Tick which statements are additions and those which show confirmation/surprise. Then continue with similar sentences of your own. addition confirmation/surprise r/ She's wearing that funny hat again! - So she is! 1 - - He's doing very well at work. - So is she. 2 - - Maria visits us quite often. - So does Sandro. 3 - - Sandro looks just like his uncle. - So he does! 4 - - 5 I've got something in my eye. - So you have! - - 6 Rosa's got a new bicycle. - So have I. - - 7 .......................................................................... - - 13.4D Context Write: Put in suitable additions and responses. CRAZY STORY 'What are you having to start with?' I asked my wife. ' I don't know,' she said. 'I'm not very hungry.' d l...fl~.@??%.~..,' I answered, 'but I think I'll start with soup,' "........................ ' my wife said. The waiter took our order. 'My wife would like some soup and ........................ ' I said. When the waiter brought the soup, I noticed a monkey sitting on a chair beside me. Suddenly, the monkey's tail was in my soup! 'Waiter! Waiter!' I cried. 'There's a monkey's tail in my soup!' ....................... !' the waiter l4 exclaimed. 'I can't remove it,' I said. ........................ ' the waiter said. 'This l5 monkey belongs to the restaurant pianist and he won't let anyone touch it.' I spoke to the pianist. 'Do you know there's a monkey's tail in my soup?' I asked. 'No,' the pianist answered, 'but if you hum it to me, I'll be glad to play it for you.' ... a monkey's tail in my soup! For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
  17. 13 Questions, answers, negatives ... 13.5 Question-word questions ( I): 'Who(m) ?', 'What ...?' 13.5A Form of question-word questions (except subject questions [> 13.81) [> LEG 13.30-321 The word order of question-word questions is: question-word + auxiliary + subject: Study: He is working. He arrives at 8. Does he arrive at 8 ? [> 13.1AI YesINo q uestion: Is he working? Why is he working? When does he arrive? q uestion - word: Write: a a YesINo question; b a question-word question. She is arriving today. (When) He has written a letter. (Why) She can help us. (How) They live in Jamaica. (Where) He arrives at 10. (What time) You can't tell us. (What) 13.58 'Who(m) ...?' as a question-word [> LEG 13.331 1 Who(m) ...?asks for the object of a sentence, usually a person's name or a pronoun: Study: I**I statement: Frank met Alice. q uestion: Who(m) did Frank meet? - Alice. 2 Who(m) ... ?refers only to people and can be used to ask about masculine, feminine, singular or plural: Who(m) did y ou see? - Tim/Ann/lhe Robinsons. 3 We still use Whom ... ? in formal English, spoken or written, but we often prefer Who ... ?in everyday style: Whom did y ou meet at the party? (formal) Who did y ou meet at the party? (informal) 4 We often use Who(m) ... ? in questions with verbs followed by to or for Who(m) did y ou give it to? Who(m) did y ou buy it for? -1 - * " ' -;-*'-'%''"" Write: Write questions using the past tense with Who(m) ... ? to produce the answers given. you invite to your house? - The Frys. . ~ h Q ~ R d & d . ~ . ~ . & ? . y a ~ - . h.................... ? Gk?&: 1 Jane see this morning? - Her mother. ................................................................................................ 2 you speak to? - The manager. ........................................................................................................... 3 they employ? - Miss Johnson. ........................................................................................................... 4 she buy this present for? - Her son. ................................................................................................... 5 John phone? - His brother. ................................................................................................................ 6 you complain to? - The headmaster. ................................................................................................. 7 write to? - Her sister. ................................................................................................................... 8 sheFor more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
  18. 13.5 Question-word questions (1): 'Who(rn)?', 'What?' 13.5C 'What ...?' as a question-word [> LEG 13.341 1 What ... ? asks for a whole sentence: What are you doing? - I'm reading. Study: or for the object of a sentence: What are you reading? - 'Gone with the Wind: I**I 2 What ... ?also combines with nouns: What b ookbooks? What boy/boys ? What girl/girls ? [compare Which? > 1 3.6BI 3 We can use What?on its own (What do you prefer?) or In a variety of combinat~ons: What&) ... like?, What('s) ... called? What make ... ? What nationality?, What ... do (for a living)?, What t~me/date/year?, What(3) ... for?, Write: Complete the questions on the left to fit the answers on the right. Think about the combinations you can make with What's ... ? or What ... ?. w hat ...~@&C?.W.-L!-..@. ............. ? 1 I'm looking at some travel brochures. What ........................................................................... ? 2 I work as an assistant in a book shop. What ........................................................................... ? 3 I use 'Woodland' shampoo. It's lovely. What ........................................................................... ? 4 She's good-looking, but very unpleasant. What ........................................................................... ? 5 Wonderful! Lots of sunshine and no rain. What ........................................................................... ? 6 It's called a 'spade' in English. What ........................................................................... ? 7 It's a Saab. What ........................................................................... ? He's Nigerian. 8 What ...........................................................................? 9 I think they're leaving at 9.00. What ........................................................................... ? 10 It's March 13th. What ........................................................................... ? 11 It's for scraping paint off windows. 13.5D Context ... ? and Write: What ... ?. Supply questions with Who(m) TAKING RISKS MAGISTRATE: ( WhaVhis name?) ....W h & . 1 u d . ~ . 7 ......................... POLICEMAN: James Denyer. MAGISTRATE: Not Denyer again! If he's not in gaol, he's in and out of of this court. ( WhaVhe/do this time?') ............................... POLICEMAN: He stole 25 pence. MAGISTRATE: ( Who(m)/steal iVfrom?) ..................................................... POLICEMAN: An old lady. He took it out of her purse. MAGISTRATE: (What dateht?) .................................................................. POLICEMAN: March 24th. MAGISTRATE (to Denyer): ( WhaVdo that for?) ......................................... DENYER: I'm sorry, sir. It won't happen again. MAGISTRATE (to policeman): ( WhaVthe chances) ................................... if I let him go? POLICEMAN: It would be a risk, sir. MAGISTRATE: Do you hear, Denyer? It would be a risk. ( WhaVsay) ............................................................................ to that?' DENYER: It's a risk I'd be glad to take. Honest, I don't mind the risk! ( The court falls about with laughter.) MAGISTRATE: In that case, I'd better let you go! I don't mind the risk! For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
  19. 13 Questions, answers, negatives 13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?' 13.6A 'When ...?' and 'Where ...?' a s question-words [> LEG 13.35,13.38] The answers are usually adverbs of time or prepositional phrases: When is your flight? - Tomorrow morning./At 4. 2 We use Where ... ? to ask about place. The answers can be whole sentences, phrases or single words: Write: Read these situations. Then write questions with When?or Where?. It's Jim's birthday soon. You can't remember when it is. Ask. . . wwk.&.L.wm.J&. - . . :. I............................................................................................ . You like your friend's T-shirt. You'd like to know where helshe got it. Ask. ............................................................................................................................................................ You're going on a coach trip but can't remember the departure time. Ask a friend. ............................................................................................................................................................ Someone mentions a place called Kyzyl. You have no idea where it is. Ask. 13.6B 'Which ...?' a s a question-word [> LEG 13.361 1 Which + noun asks about people: Which boy/boys/girl/girls did you see? Study: or things: Which book/books do you prefer? [> 4.2C and compare > 13.5CI I**I 2 Which always refers to a limited choice and we don't always use a noun after i!: Which is the longest river in the world? (Or: Which river is the longest?) We also use Which of for two or more items: Which of the two/of them do you prefer? 3 Which combines with the comparative/superlative: Which is the cheaper/the cheapest? 4 Which combines with day, month or y ear Which (or What) day was it? 5 Which way ... ?asks for more exact information than Where?: Which way did they go? Write: Complete the questions on the left to fit the answers on the right. Think about combinations you can make with 'Which ... ?: 1 Which .M.%.W.P.?%? ................................... ? (We went to see) 'Star Wars'. 2 Which .......................................................................... ? Oh, I like novels best. 3 Which .......................................................................... ? She always uses 'Smooth' soap. 4 Which .......................................................................... ? I met Jill and Sue there. 5 Which .......................................................................... ? I think the Nile's the longest. 6 Which .......................................................................... ? Oh, this desk is definitely the cheapest. 7 Which .......................................................................... ? Of the three, l prefer the leather one. 8 Which .......................................................................... ? That's easy. I'll always remember 1989. 9 Which .......................................................................... ? Oh, July is definitely the hottest. 10 Which .......................................................................... ? www.tailieuduhoc.org I think they went towards the station. For more material and information, please visit I98
  20. 13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?' l 3.6C 'Whose?' [> LEG 13.391 Study: 1 Whose? asks about possession. The possessor is always a person and we expect the answer to be somebody's name + 's (Kate's) or a possessive pronoun (mine). L**l 2 When the possession is a thing or a substance, we can omit the noun after Whose: Whose (umbrella/coffee) i s this? - It's mine. 3 When the 'possession' is a person, we normally use a noun after Whose: Whose s on/daughter i s he/she ? - Kate's. Whose children are they? - The Lakers: 4 We can also phrase questions with Whose in the following way: Whose is this umbrella? (Compare: Whose umbrella is this?, Whose are those children? (Compare: Whose children are they?) Write: Fill in the blanks with Whose?or Who?. does this pen belong to? - It's John's. ..&!!I4 ........................ 1 pencil is this? - It's Kate's. .................................. 2 .................................. 3 do those books belong to? - They're both mine. .................................. 4 are those socks on the floor? - They're Karl's. .................................. 5 book is this? - It's Maria's. .................................. 6 gloves are these? - They're Suzanne's. .................................. 7 children are they? - My neighbour's. .................................. son is he? - He's John and Jean's. 8 .................................. 9 's at the front door? .................................. 10 are these children? - They're Mike and Shona's from next door. 13.6D Context Write: Put in When?, Where?, Which?. Who? or Whose?. WHO DID WHAT AND WHEN? What we believe depends on our view of the world. For example, if we M/ . m ask, "..... .... was America discovered?', most of us would think of Christopher Columbus in 1492. But Chinese children learn that Hui Shen, a Buddhist monk, got to America 1000 years earlier than ' Columbus. .................... was printing invented by and .................... year was it invented? You immediately think of Gutenberg in 1436, but Chinese children learn that it was invented by Bi Shen in 1041. .................... invention is spaghetti? It's the invention of the Italians, you will say. Wrong again. The Chinese had it before them. .................... and .................... was the compass invented? Answer: in China in 200 ' B.C. .................... was silk-making invented? Not in Persia, as you might think, but in China. .................... was the first country to put a man into space and .................... was he? The Soviet Union, you will say and the man's name was Yuri Gagarin. But according to the Chinese, Wan Hu made an attempt long before Yuri. l o ..................... do you think? - In A.D. 1500! He sat in a chair attached to 47 rockets, holding a giant kite which would help him return to earth. He never came back! He never came back! For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
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Tiếng Anh thương mại TOEFL - IELTS - TOEIC Kỹ năng viết tiếng Anh Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh Tiếng Anh phổ thông Tiếng Anh thông dụng Chứng chỉ A Nhật - Pháp - Hoa - Others Kỹ năng đọc tiếng Anh Tiếng Anh trẻ em Kỹ năng nghe tiếng Anh Giáo dục học