INDIA 2010 A REFERENCE ANNUAL

INDIA 2010 A REFERENCE ANNUAL Compiled by RESEARCH, REFERENCE AND TRAINING DIVISION PUBLICATIONS DIVISION MINISTRY OF INFORMATION AND BROADCASTING GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 2010 (Saka 1931) 54th Edition © Research, Reference and Training Division ISBN : 978-81-230-1617-7 REF-ENG-OP-069-2009-10 Price : Rs. 345.00 Published by the Additional Director General (Incharge), Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, Soochna Bhawan, CGO Complex Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003 Website : www.publicationsdivision.nic.in E-mail : dpd@mail.nic.in Publications Division Editing : Dayawanti Srivastava Nitima Shiv Charan S. Manjula R. Anuradha Cover Design : Asha Saxena Production : J. K. Chandra Research, Reference and Training Division Compilation and Coordination S. M. Khan Surendra Kumar Romi Sharma Simmi Kumar Sales Centres : ● Soochna Bhavan, C.G.O. Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003 ● Hall No. 196, Old Secretariat, Delhi-110054 ● 701, B-Wing, Kendriya Sadan, Belapur, Navi Mumbai-400614 ● 8, Esplanade East, Kolkata-700069 ● `A` Wing, Rajaji Bhawan, Besant Nagar, Chennai-600090 ● Press Road, Near Govt. Press, Thiruvananthapuram-695001 ● Block 4, 1st Floor, Gruhakalpa Complex, M.G. Road, Nampally Hyderabad-500001 ● 1st Floor, ‘F’ Wing, Kendriya Sadan, Koramangala, Bangaluru-560034 ● Bihar State Co-operative Bank Building, Ashoka Rajpath, Patna-800004 ● Hall No. 1, 2nd Floor, Kendriya Bhawan, Sector H, Aliganj, Lucknow-226024 ● Ambica Complex, 1st Floor, Paldi, Ahmedabad-380007 ● House No. 7, New Colony, Cheni Kuthi, KKB Road Guwahati-781003. Typesetter : Quick Prints, Naraina, New Delhi-110 028. Printed at : TAN Prints India Pvt. Ltd. (HR) Contents 1. Land and the People 1 2. National Symbols 2 2 3. The Polity 2 6 4. Agriculture 6 1 5. Art and Culture 114 6. Basic Economic Data 128 7. Commerce 153 8. Communications 169 9. Defence 205 10. Education 227 11. Energy 262 12. Environment 306 13. Finance 346 14. Corporate Affairs 425 15. Food and Civil Supplies 436 16. Health and Family Welfare 479 17. Housing 549 18. India and the World 567 19. Industry 606 20. Justice and Law 707 21. Labour 730 22. Mass Communication 754 23. Planning 808 24. Rural Development 842 25. Scientific and Technological Developments 862 26. Transport 961 27. Water Resources 998 28. Welfare 1029 29. Youth Affairs and Sports 1086 30. States and Union Territories 1107 31. Diary of National Events 1223 32. General Information 1229 Land and the People 1 1 Land and the People "INDIA is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the great grandmother of tradition. Our most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of man are treasured up in India only."—Mark Twain India has a unique culture and is one of the oldest and greatest civilizations of the world. It stretches from the snow-capped Himalayas in the North to sun drenched coastal villages of the South, the humid tropical forests on the south-west coast, the fertile Brahamputra valley on its East to the Thar desert in the West. It covers an area of 32,87,263 sq. km. It has achieved all-round socio-economic progress during the last 62 years of its Independence. India has become self-sufficient in agricultural production and is now the tenth industrialised country in the world and the sixth nation to have gone into outer space to conquer nature for the benefit of the people. As the 7h largest country in the world, India stands apart from the rest of Asia, marked off as it is by mountains and the sea, which give the country a distinct geographical entity. Bounded by the Great Himalayas in the north, it stretches southwards and at the Tropic of Cancer, tapers off into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west. Lying entirely in the northern hemisphere, the mainland extends between latitudes 8°4` and 37°6` north, longitudes 68°7` and 97°25` east and measures about 3,214 km from north to south between the extreme latitudes and about 2,933 km from east to west between the extreme longitudes. It has a land frontier of about 15,200 km. The total length of the coastline of the mainland, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman & Nicobar Islands is 7,516.6 km. PHYSICAL BACKGROUND Countries having a common border with India are Afghanistan and Pakistan to the north-west, China, Bhutan and Nepal to the north, Myanmar to the east and Bangladesh to the east of West Bengal. Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar. PHYSICAL FEATURES The mainland comprises four regions, namely, the great mountain zone, plains of the Ganga and the Indus, the desert region and the southern peninsula. The Himalayas comprise three almost parallel ranges interspersed with large plateaus and valleys, some of which, like the Kashmir and Kullu valleys, are fertile, extensive and of great scenic beauty. Some of the highest peaks in the world are found in these ranges. The high altitudes admit travel only to a few passes, notably the Jelep La and Nathu La on the main Indo-Tibet trade route through the Chumbi Valley, north-east of Darjeeling and Shipki La in the Satluj valley, north-east of Kalpa (Kinnaur). The mountain wall extends over a distance of about 2,400 km with a varying depth of 240 to 320 km. In the east, between India and Myanmar and India and Bangladesh, hill ranges are much lower. Garo, Khasi, Jaintia and Naga Hills, 1 Provisional as on 31 March 1982 ... - tailieumienphi.vn