Human Resources Development Review 2008

HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT REVIEW 2008 EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT AND SKILLS IN SOUTH AFRICA Edited by Andre Kraak & Karen Press Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za First published 2008 ISBN 978-0-7969-2203-8 © 2008 Human Sciences Research Council The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Human Sciences Research Council (‘the Council’) or indicate that the Council endorses the views of the authors. In quoting from this publication, readers are advised to attribute the source of the information to the individual author concerned and not to the Council. Typeset by Christabel Hardacre Cover design by Nazley Samsodien Print management by comPress Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477; Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) Tel: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856; Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609 www.eurospanbookstore.com Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG) Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741; Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 www.ipgbook.com Contents Preface v Acknowledgements xi Glossary xiii Tables and figures xvii Acronyms and abbreviations xxxiii INTRODUCTION 1 The education–economy relationship in South Africa, 2001–2005 1 Andre Kraak SECTION ONE: CONTEXT 2 Overview of the economy and economic policy 29 Sandy Lowitt and Miriam Altman 3 Employment shifts and the ‘jobless growth’ debate 50 Haroon Bhorat and Morné Oosthuizen 4 The social and human development context 69 Ingrid Woolard and Chris Woolard 5 The impact of HIV/AIDS 90 Jocelyn Vass 6 The informal economy 111 Richard Devey, Likani Lebani, Caroline Skinner and Imraan Valodia 7 Science and technology policy 134 Michael Kahn SECTION TWO: SUPPLY 8 Public expenditure on education 161 Russell Wildeman 9 Early childhood development 185 Linda Biersteker and Andrew Dawes 10 Adult basic education and training 206 Ivor G Baatjes 11 Public schooling 228 Jennifer Shindler 12 Further education and training colleges 254 Salim Akoojee, Simon McGrath and Mariette Visser 13 Higher education 278 Mignonne Breier and Mahlubi Mabizela 14 Enterprise training 300 Simon McGrath and Andrew Paterson 15 Training in the South African public sector 322 Andrew Paterson SECTION THREE: HIGH SKILLS AND THE PROFESSIONS 16 High-skill requirements in advanced manufacturing 345 Jo Lorentzen and Angelique Wildschut 17 Financial services professions 365 Elize van Zyl 18 Veterinary skills 388 Andrew Paterson 19 Pharmacists 410 Elsje Hall 20 Social workers 432 Nicci Earle 21 Engineers, technologists and technicians 452 Rènette du Toit and Joan Roodt SECTION FOUR: INTERMEDIATE SKILLS AND THE MIDDLE OCCUPATIONS 22 Three pathways to intermediate skilling 479 Andre Kraak 23 Intermediate-level workers in the services sector 503 Rènette du Toit 24 The growing skills crisis in the tourism sector 528 Didi Moyle SECTION FIVE: ENTRY-LEVEL SKILLS 25 Training within the South African national public works programme 555 Anna McCord Contributors 577 Index 579 Preface The Human Resources Development Review 2008 is the second edition in a series of overviews of human resources development (HRD) published by the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC). The main purpose of the Review is to put in place a significant information infrastructure for use by the state and HRD researchers across the education, training, science and technology, industry, employment and labour market policy domains. Information is a critical prerequisite for effective decision-making in government, but unfortunately it is extremely difficult for government officials to collect and collate the cross-sectoral data required for HRD policy-making. Researchers and journalists experience a similar problem with regard to the scarcity of data on HRD. The HRD Review 2008 aims to fill this gap. The HSRC’s HRD information infrastructure has two components. The first is the series of Reviews of HRD in print format. The second is a multifaceted, Internet-based Data Warehouse providing multi-year data tables extracted from the HRD Reviews, as well as an easy-to-use search tool. These tables and all the chapters in the HRD Review 2008 can be downloaded easily and at no cost from this website (see http://hrdwarehouse.hsrc.ac.za). The HRD Review 2008 is produced by the Research Programme on Education, Science and Skills Development (ESSD) at the HSRC.1 The Programme focuses on three major research areas: the ‘education system’, the ‘national system of innovation’ and the ‘world of work’. The distinctiveness of the work done in this Programme resides in its ability to harness research work at the interface of these three key social domains, to produce comprehensive, integrated and holistic analyses of the pathways of learners through schooling, further and higher education into the labour market and national system of innovation. The HRD Review series is the flagship project of this Programme. Conception of HRD An important conceptual distinction shaping the content of the HRD Review 2003 was its definition of skills, in particular, its categorisation of skills into three distinct bands: high skills, intermediate skills and entry-level skills. These skill bands can be represented in terms of the National Qualifications Framework (NQF) as shown in the table on page vi. The distinctions between these levels are crucial for three reasons. Firstly, as was pointed out in the HRD Review 2003, much of the literature on globalisation and the ‘knowledge economy’ exaggerates the extent of the transition to a new social order in which high skills are the prerequisites for participation in the new economy. The diffusion of the new high-skill production techniques associated with the knowledge economy has in fact been far more uneven than acknowledged in the international literature. It does not totally displace old forms of social and economic organisation, with their associated skill needs. Rather, the v ... - tailieumienphi.vn