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flat 129 flop
flimsy / flmzi/ adjective likely to break
ly and suddenly Lightning flashed all flimsy
around. 2. to move or to pass by quickly because of being badly made The
The champion flashed past to win in shelter was a flimsy construction of
record time. branches covered with grass and leaves.
flat /fl t/ adjective 1. level, not sloping fling /flŋ/ verb to throw something care-
flat fling
or curved a house with a flat roof 2. lessly and with a lot of force He flung
(of a battery) with no electric power left the empty bottle into the sea. (NOTE:
The car wouldn’t start because the flings – flinging – flung)
battery was flat. í noun a set of rooms float /fləυt/ verb 1. to lie on the top of a
float
on one floor, usually in a building with liquid Dead fish were floating in the
several similar sets of rooms They live river. 2. to put something on the top of a
in the block of flats next to the under- liquid He floated a paper boat on the
ground station. Their flat is on the lake.
ground floor.
flock /flɒk/ noun a group of similar ani-
flock
flatten / fl t(ə)n/ verb to make flat
flatten
mals together a flock of birds A
flatter / fl tə/ verb to praise in order to flock of sheep were grazing on the hill-
flatter
side. (NOTE: flock is usually used with
please them Just flatter the boss a bit,
sheep, goats, and birds such as hens
tell him how good his golf is, and he’ll
or geese. For cattle, the word to use is
give you a rise.
herd.) í verb to move in large numbers
flavor / flevə/ noun, verb US spelling of
flavor
Tourists flocked to see the changing of
flavour the guard. Holidaymakers have been
flavour / flevə/ noun a particular taste
flavour
flocking to the resorts on the south
The tomato soup had an unusual fla- coast.
vour. What flavour of ice cream do flood /fl d/ noun a large amount of water
flood
you want? í verb to add things such as over an area of land which is usually dry
salt or pepper to food, to give it a special The floods were caused by heavy rain.
taste soup flavoured with herbs Use í verb 1. to cover something with water
rosemary to flavour lamb. They are going to build a dam and
flee /fli / verb to run away from some-
flee
flood the valley. Fields were flooded
after the river burst its banks. He for-
thing As the fighting spread, the vil-
got to turn the tap off and flooded the
lage people fled into the jungle. She
bathroom. 2. to become covered with
tried to flee but her foot was caught in
water She left the tap on and the bath-
the rope. (NOTE: Do not confuse with
room flooded. 3. to come in large num-
flea. Note also: flees – fleeing – fled
/fled/.) bers The office was flooded with com-
plaints. or Complaints came flooding
fleeting / fli tŋ/ adjective lasting for a
fleeting
into the office.
very short time only She only caught
floor /flɔ / noun 1. the part of a room on
floor
a fleeting glimpse of the princess.
which you walk He put the books in a
flesh /fleʃ/ noun 1. a soft part of the body
flesh
pile on the floor. If there are no empty
covering the bones 2. a soft part of a
chairs left, you’ll have to sit on the floor.
fruit a melon with pink flesh (NOTE:
2. all the rooms on one level in a build-
no plural) in the flesh not on TV or
ing The bathroom is on the ground
in photographs, but here and now It
floor. His office is on the fifth floor.
was strange to see the TV newsreader in
There is a good view of the town from
the flesh.
the top floor.
flew /flu / past tense of fly
flew
flop /flɒp/ noun something that is not
flop
flight /flat/ noun a journey in a plane
flight
successful His new play was a com-
Go to gate 25 for flight AB198. All plete flop and closed after only ten per-
This is trial version
flights to Paris have been cancelled. formances. The film was a big hit in
New York but it was a flop in London. í
She sat next to me on a flight to Mon-
treal. verb 1. to fall or sit down suddenly, with
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flour 130 fond
your body relaxed She got back from quickly His daughter is already two –
the sales and flopped down on the sofa. how time flies!
2. to be unsuccessful The play was a
flying / flaŋ/ adjective flying in the air
flying
big hit on Broadway but it flopped in flying ants í noun the act of travel-
London. (NOTE: flops – flopping – ling in a plane He has a fear of flying.
flopped)
foam /fəυm/ noun a mass of small bub-
foam
flour /flaυə/ noun wheat grain crushed to
flour
bles This soap makes a large amount
powder, used for making food such as
of foam.
bread or cakes
fog /fɒ / noun a thick mist made up of
fog
flourish / fl rʃ/ verb 1. to grow well; to
flourish
many tiny drops of water
be successful Palms flourish in hot
fold /fəυld/ noun a piece of something
countries. 2. to wave something in the
fold
air She came in with a big smile, flour- such as cloth or skin which hangs down
ishing a cheque. loosely She wanted the surgeon to re-
flow /fləυ/ verb to move along smoothly move the folds of skin under her chin. í
flow
verb to bend something such as a piece
The river flows into the sea. Traffic
on the motorway is flowing smoothly. í of paper so that one part is on top of the
other Fold the piece of paper in half.
noun the movement of things such as
He folded the newspaper and put it
liquid or air, or of people She tried to
into his briefcase.
stop the flow of blood with a tight band-
age. There was a steady flow of visi- folder / fəυldə/ noun an envelope made
folder
tors to the exhibition. of thin card or plastic and used for hold-
flower / flaυə/ noun the colourful part of
flower
ing papers
a plant, which attracts insects and pro-
folk /fəυk/ noun people (NOTE: Folk
folk
duces fruit or seeds a plant with
takes a plural verb. The plural form
bright yellow flowers in flower cov-
folks is also used.)
ered with flowers Go to Japan when
follow / fɒləυ/ verb 1. to come after or
follow
the cherry trees are in flower. í verb to
produce flowers a plant which flowers behind someone or something What
in early summer The cherry trees letter follows B in the alphabet? The
flowered very late this year. dog followed me all the way home. 2. to
walk or drive behind someone, e.g. in
flown /fləυn/ past participle of fly
flown
order to see where they are going I
flu /flu / noun a common illness like a
flu
had the impression I was being fol-
bad cold, often with a high temperature lowed. 3. to do what someone tells you
fluid / flu d/ noun a liquid You need to
fluid
to do She followed the instructions on
drink plenty of fluids in hot weather. the tin of paint. He made the cake fol-
flung /fl ŋ/ past tense and past participle lowing a recipe in the newspaper. fol-
flung
low suit to do what someone else does
of fling
She jumped into the pool and every-
fly /fla/ noun a small insect with wings
fly
one else followed suit.
which eats food and spreads diseases
follower / fɒləυə/ noun a supporter
follower
He tried to kill the fly with a newspaper.
Cover the food to protect it from flies.
following / fɒləυŋ/ adjective which
following
í verb 1. to move through the air using
comes next They arrived on Friday
wings When the cat came into the
and the following day she became ill.
garden, the birds flew away. Some
Look at the following picture. í prepo-
birds fly to Africa for the winter. 2. to
sition after Following his death, his
travel in a plane I’m flying to China
son sold the family house.
next week. He flies across the Atlantic
fond /fɒnd/ adjective liking someone or
fond
twice a month. 3. to be quick I must fly
This is trial version something I’m fond of my sister’s
if I want to get home by 6 o’clock.
(NOTE: flies – flying – flew /flu / – has children. Michael’s very fond of play-
flown /fləυn/) time flies time passes ing golf.
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fondly 131 forehead
fondly / fɒndli/ adverb in a way which for /fə, fɔ / preposition 1. showing the
fondly for
purpose or use of something This
shows you are fond of someone or
plastic bag is for the apples. What’s
something
that key for? 2. showing the occasion on
food /fu d/ noun things which you eat
food
which or the reason why something is
This hotel is famous for its good food.
given What did you get for your birth-
Do you like German food?
day? What did you win for coming
foolish / fu lʃ/ adjective showing a lack
foolish
first? 3. showing the person who re-
of intelligence or good judgment That ceives something There was no mail
was a rather foolish thing to do. I felt for you this morning. I’m making a
rather foolish. cup of tea for my mother. 4. showing
how long something takes He has
foot /fυt/ noun 1. the part at the end of
foot
gone to France for two days. We’ve
your leg on which you stand She has
been waiting here for hours. 5. showing
very small feet. Watch out, you trod on
distance You can see for miles from
my foot! on foot walking They com-
the top of the hill. The motorway goes
pleted the rest of the journey on foot. 2.
for kilometres without any service sta-
the bottom part; the end There is a
tions. 6. showing where someone or
door at the foot of the stairs. There are
something is going Is this the plane
traffic lights at the foot of the hill.
for Edinburgh? When is the next bus
Sign the document at the foot of the
for Oxford Circus? 7. in the place of
page. 3. a unit of measurement equal to
someone Can you write this letter for
about 30 centimetres The table is four
me?
foot or four feet long. She’s almost six
forbid /fə bd/ verb to tell someone that
forbid
foot tall. I’m five foot seven (5’ 7").
inch (NOTE: The plural is feet. As a they are not allowed to do something
measurement foot often has no plural The staff are forbidden to use the front
form: six foot tall; three foot wide. With entrance. (NOTE: forbids – forbidding
– forbade /fə b d/ – forbidden /fə
numbers foot is also often written with
bd(ə)n/)
the symbol ’ a 6’ ladder ; he is 5’ 6: say
‘he’s five foot six’.)
force /fɔ s/ noun 1. strength or power
force
football / fυtbɔ l/ noun 1. a game
football
The force of the wind blew tiles off the
played between two teams of eleven roof. The police had to use force to re-
players with a round ball which can be strain the crowd. 2. an organised group
kicked or headed, but not carried They of people He served in the police
force for twenty years. í verb to make
went to a football match. The children
were playing football in the street. someone do something He was forced
Let’s have a game of football. He to stop smoking. You can’t force me to
spends all his time watching football on go if I don’t want to.
TV. He’s got a new pair of football
forecast / fɔ kɑ st/ noun what you
forecast
boots. 2. a ball used for kicking; the ball think will happen in the future His
used in the various games of football forecast of sales turned out to be com-
They were kicking a football around in pletely accurate. í verb to say what will
the street. happen in the future They are fore-
footballer / fυtbɔ lə/ noun a person
footballer
casting storms for the south coast.
who plays football They forecast a rise in the number of
tourists. (NOTE: forecasts – forecast-
footprint / fυtprnt/ noun a mark left by
footprint
ing – forecast)
someone’s foot on the ground They
foreground / fɔ raυnd/ noun a part of
foreground
followed the footprints in the snow to
the cave. a picture which seems nearest the front
This is trial version
footstep / fυtstep/ noun a sound made forehead / fɔ hed/ noun the part of the
footstep forehead
by a foot touching the ground We front of the head above the eyes and be-
heard soft footsteps along the corridor. low the line of the hair
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foreign 132 fortune
foreign / fɒrn/ adjective not from your She’s in the third form. í verb 1. to sit
foreign
or stand with others so as to make a par-
own country There are lots of foreign
ticular shape The children formed a
medical students at our college.
circle. Form a queue here, please. 2.
foreigner / fɒrnə/ noun a person who
foreigner
formed of made of The team is
does not come from the same country as
formed of ex-students.
you
formal / fɔ m(ə)l/ adjective 1. done ac-
formal
forest / fɒrst/ noun a large area covered
forest
cording to certain rules The formal
with trees The country is covered with
opening ceremony was performed by
thick forests. In dry weather there’s a
the mayor. 2. serious in style; suitable
danger of forest fires. In winter bears
for special or official occasions ‘Good
come out of the forest to search for food.
afternoon’ is a formal way of saying
forever /fɔ r evə/, for ever /fər evə/
forever
‘Hello’ in the afternoon.
adverb 1. always in the future I will
formally / fɔ məli/ adverb according to
formally
love you forever. 2. a very long time It rules; done or spoken in a serious way
took us forever to get to the hotel.
formation /fɔ meʃ(ə)n/ noun the act
formation
forget /fə et/ verb 1. not to remember
forget
of forming something The formation
He’s forgotten the name of the restau- of ice occurs at temperatures below ze-
rant. I’ve forgotten how to play chess. ro.
She forgot all about her doctor’s ap-
former / fɔ mə/ adjective referring to a
former
pointment. 2. to leave something behind
person’s or a thing’s job or position at an
When he left the office he forgot his
earlier time a former army officer
car keys. (NOTE: forgets – forgetting –
The former champion came last in the
forgot /fə ɒt/ – has forgotten /fə
race.
ɒtən/)
formerly / fɔ məli/ adverb at an earlier
formerly
forgive /fə v/ verb to stop being angry
forgive
time He was formerly head of our de-
with someone Don’t worry about it –
partment.
I forgive you! Will she ever forgive me
fort /fɔ t/ noun a strong army building
fort
for forgetting her birthday? (NOTE: for-
gives – forgiving – forgave /fə ev/ which can be defended against enemy
attacks The soldiers rode out of the
– has forgiven)
fort. He was posted to a fort in the
forgot /fə ɒt/ past tense of forget
forgot
desert.
forgotten /fə ɒt(ə)n/ past participle of
forgotten
forth /fɔ θ/ adverb forwards
forth
forget
fortieth / fɔ təθ/ adjective relating to
fortieth
fork /fɔ k/ noun an object with a handle
fork
the number 40 in a series her fortieth
at one end and several sharp points at birthday He came fortieth and last in
the other, used for picking up food and the race. It’s her fortieth birthday to-
putting it in your mouth Don’t try to morrow.
eat Chinese food with a knife and fork.
fortnight / fɔ tnat/ noun two weeks
fortnight
It’s polite to use a fork to eat cake –
(NOTE: not used in US English)
don’t use your fingers. í verb to be-
fortunate / fɔ tʃənət/ adjective having
fortunate
come two parts The railway line forks
better things happen to you than happen
at Crewe and one branch goes to the
to other people You are very fortunate
coast.
to have such a lovely family.
form /fɔ m/ noun 1. an official paper
form
fortunately / fɔ tʃənətli/ adverb by
fortunately
with spaces, in which you are asked to
good luck Fortunately, he had remem-
write information such as your name
bered to take an umbrella. He was
and address ? Could you please fill in
late getting to the airport, but fortunate-
this form with your details? 2. a state or
ly the flight had been delayed.
condition Their team wasn’t in top
This is trial version fortune / fɔ tʃən/ noun 1. a large
fortune
form and lost. in good form in a good
mood; well She’s in good form today. amount of money He won a fortune
3. a class, usually in a secondary school on the lottery. She made a fortune on
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forty 133 fracture
the stock market. She left her fortune fouled inside the penalty box so the ref
to her three children. 2. what will hap- gave a penalty.
pen in the future She claims to be able found /faυnd/ verb to establish some-
found
to tell your fortune using cards. thing; to begin something The busi-
forty / fɔ ti/ noun the number 40 ness was founded in 1900. í past tense
forty
She’s
and past participle of find
forty (years old). He has more than
foundation /faυn deʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. the
forty pairs of shoes. forties the num-
foundation
bers between 40 and 49 act of establishing something or of set-
ting something up Ever since its foun-
forward / fɔ wəd/ adjective confident
forward
dation in 1892, the company has been a
She was always very forward as a child.
great success. 2. a charitable organisa-
í adverb 1. in the direction that some-
tion which provides money for certain
one or something is facing She bent
projects a foundation for educational
forward to hear what he had to say.
research
He took two steps forward. The po-
fountain / faυntn/ noun an object or a
fountain
liceman made a sign with his hand and
structure with a pump which makes a
the cars began to go forward. 2. towards
stream of water come out, usually found
the future We need to do some forward
in a street or a large garden
planning. to look forward to some-
four /fɔ / noun the number 4 A square
thing to think happily about something four
which is going to happen I’m looking has four corners. He’s four (years
forward to my holidays. He isn’t look- old). I have an appointment with the
ing forward to his exams. I’m looking doctor at four (o’clock).
forward to seeing her again. í noun a fourteen / fɔ ti n/ noun the number 14
fourteen
player in a team whose job is to attack There are fourteen houses in our
the other side The England defence street. He’s fourteen (years old) next
came under attack from the other team’s week.
forwards.
fourteenth / fɔ ti nθ/ adjective, noun
fourteenth
forwards / fɔ wədz/ adverb in the di-
forwards
relating to the number 14 in a series
rection that someone or something is She came fourteenth in the race. The
facing She bent forwards to hear what fourteenth of July or July the fourteenth
he had to say. He took two steps for- (July 14th). It was her fourteenth
wards. The policeman made a sign birthday yesterday.
with his hand and the cars began to go
fourth /fɔ θ/ adjective referring to 4
fourth
forwards.
the fourth of October or October the
fossil / fɒs(ə)l/ noun the mark of an ani-
fossil
fourth (October 4th) This is the fourth
mal or plant left in a rock, formed over time he’s had to go to hospital this year.
millions of years It’s her fourth birthday tomorrow. í
number 14 in a series I’ve had so
fought /fɔ t/ past tense and past partici-
fought
many letters – this is the fourteenth.
ple of fight
fox /fɒks/ noun a wild animal with red-
fox
foul /faυl/ adjective 1. smelling or tasting
foul
dish fur and a long thick tail (NOTE: The
unpleasant A foul-smelling drain ran
plural is foxes.)
down the centre of the street. 2. very un-
fraction / fr kʃən/ noun 1. (in mathe-
fraction
pleasant What foul weather we’re
matics) a unit that is less than a whole
having! The boss has been in a foul
number 0.25 and 0.5 are ¼ and ½ ex-
temper all day. í noun an action which
pressed as fractions. 2. a small part of
is against the rules of a game The ref-
something Only a fraction of the sto-
eree gave a free kick for a foul on the
len money was ever found.
goalkeeper. Look at the action replay
fracture / fr ktʃə/ noun a break, espe-
fracture
to see if it really was a foul. (NOTE: Do
This is trial version
not confuse with fowl.) í verb to do cially in a bone The X-ray showed up
the fracture clearly. í verb to break a
something to another player which is
against the rules of a game He was bone He fractured his leg in the acci-
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fragile 134 fridge
dent. They put her fractured leg in ever the river did not freeze over. It’s
plaster. so cold that the lake has frozen solid. 2.
fragile / fr d al/ adjective made from to make food very cold so that it does
fragile
not decay We froze the raspberries we
materials that are easily broken Be
picked this morning. 3. to become very
careful when you’re packing these
cold The forecast is that it will freeze
plates – they’re very fragile.
tonight. Put a hat on or you’ll freeze!
fragment / fr mənt/ noun a small
fragment
(NOTE: freezes – freezing – froze
piece When digging on the site of the
/frəυz/ – has frozen)
house they found fragments of very old
freezer / fri zə/ noun a piece of equip-
freezer
glass.
ment like a large box, which is very cold
frail /frel/ adjective physically weak, es-
frail
inside, used for freezing food and keep-
pecially because of age His grand-
ing it frozen
mother is now rather frail.
freezing / fri zŋ/ adjective very cold
freezing
frame /frem/ noun a border around
frame
something such as a pair of glasses, a French /frentʃ/ adjective referring to
French
picture, a mirror or a window He has France í noun the language spoken in
glasses with gold frames. I think the France
frame is worth more than the painting.
/ fri kwənsi/ noun the
frequency
frequency
í verb to put a frame round a picture
number of times that something hap-
The photograph has been framed in red.
pens over a particular period of time
free /fri / adjective 1. not costing any
free
The government is becoming alarmed at
money Send in four tokens from cere- the frequency of accidents in the con-
al boxes and you can get a free toy. I struction industry. (NOTE: no plural)
got a free ticket for the exhibition. 2. not
frequent / fri kwənt/ adjective happen-
frequent
busy; available Will you be free next
ing or appearing often He was a fre-
Tuesday? There is a table free in the
quent visitor to the library. Skin can-
corner of the restaurant. Do you have
cer is becoming more frequent. How
any free time next week? 3. able to do
frequent are the planes to Birmingham?
what you want; not forced to do any-
thing He’s free to do what he wants. 4. frequently / fri kwəntli/ adverb often
frequently
not in prison or a cage After six years The ferries don’t run as frequently in
in prison he’s a free man again. to set the winter. She could frequently be
someone or something free to allow seen walking her dog in the park.
someone to leave prison, or to let an an-
fresh /freʃ/ adjective 1. not used or not
fresh
imal out of a cage The young birds
dirty I’ll get you a fresh towel. 2.
were raised in the zoo and then set free
made recently a basket of fresh rolls
in the wild. í verb to release someone
Let’s ask for a pot of fresh coffee. 3. new
who is trapped It took the fire service
and different The police produced
some time to free the passengers in the
some fresh evidence. 4. (of food ) not in
bus. (NOTE: frees – freeing – freed)
a tin or frozen Fresh fruit salad is bet-
freedom / fri dəm/ noun 1. the state of
freedom
ter than tinned. Fresh vegetables are
being free, rather than being forced to difficult to get in winter.
stay somewhere or being in prison
Friday / frade/ noun the fifth day of the
Friday
She felt a sense of freedom being in the
week, the day between Thursday and
country after working all week in the
Saturday We all had a meal together
city. His lawyer pleaded for his cli-
last Friday. We always go to the cine-
ent’s freedom. 2. the state of being al-
ma on Friday evenings. We normally
lowed to do what you want They are
have our meetings on Fridays. Friday
trying to restrict our freedom of move-
is a day of rest for Muslims. Today is
ment.
Friday, June 20th.
This is trial version
freeze /fri z/ verb 1. (of a liquid ) to be-
freeze
fridge /frd / noun a kitchen machine for
fridge
come solid because of the cold The
winter was mild, and for the first time keeping things cold The fridge is emp-
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fried 135 frozen
ty – we must buy some more food. tance It is not far from here to the rail-
Shall I put the milk back in the fridge? way station. 5. showing difference
Can you tell butter from margarine?
fried /frad/ past tense and past participle
fried
His job is totally different from mine. 6.
of fry í adjective cooked in oil or fat
showing a cause He died from the in-
friend /frend/ noun a person that you
friend
juries he received in the accident. He
know well and like She’s my best
suffers from angina. She suffers from
friend. We’re going on holiday with
coughs every winter.
some friends from work.
front /fr nt/ noun a part of something
front
friendly / frendli/ adjective pleasant and
friendly
which is furthest forward The front of
kind, wanting to make friends Don’t
the house is on London Road. She
be frightened of the dog – he’s very
spilt coffee down the front of her dress.
friendly. We’re not on friendly terms
í adjective which is in front She sat
with the people who live next door.
in the front seat, next to the driver. in
(NOTE: friendlier – friendliest)
front further forwards Her mother sat
friendship / frendʃp/ noun the state of
friendship
in the back seat and she sat in front.
being friends He formed several last- in front of someone or something
ing friendships at school. before or further forwards than some-
fries /fraz/ 3rd person singular present
fries
thing Don’t stand in front of the car –
of fry it may start suddenly. There are six
fright /frat/ noun fear
fright
people in front of me in the queue. You
can park your car in front of the shop.
frighten / frat(ə)n/ verb to make some-
frighten
front door / fr nt dɔ / noun the main
front door
one afraid Take off that horrible mask
– you’ll frighten the children. The cat door to a house or building
has frightened all the birds away.
frost /frɒst/ noun 1. a white covering on
frost
frightened / fratn(ə)d/ adjective afraid
frightened
the ground that appears when the tem-
The frightened children ran out of the perature is below freezing The garden
building. was white with frost. 2. an occasion on
frightening / frat(ə)nŋ/ adjective
frightening
which the temperature outside is below
making you feel afraid a frightening freezing There was a hard frost last
sound of footsteps in the corridor He night. There’s a touch of frost in the
had a frightening thought – what if no air. A late frost can damage young
one heard his cries for help? plants.
frog /frɒ / noun a small greenish-brown
frog
frown /fraυn/ verb to make lines in the
frown
animal with long legs, which jumps, and skin on your forehead because you are
lives both on land and in water He concentrating or worried He frowned
kept some tadpoles in a jar hoping they as he tried to do the calculation. í noun
would turn into frogs. Can you hear pulling your eyebrows together as a sign
the frogs croaking round the pond? that you are angry or worried Take
from /frəm, frɒm/ preposition 1. away
from
that frown off your face – everything’s
going to be all right.
2. showing the place where something
starts or started He comes from Ger- frown on phrasal verb to disapprove of
many. The bees went from flower to something The teachers frown on
flower. We’ve had a letter from the singing in the corridors. The company
bank. He read the book from begin- frowns on people who bring food into
ning to end. Take three from four and the office.
you get one. I took a book from the
froze /frəυz/ past tense of freeze
froze
pile on his desk. 3. showing the time
frozen / frəυz(ə)n/ past participle of
frozen
when something starts or started I’ll
freeze í adjective 1. very cold Come
be at home from 8 o’clock onwards.
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The hours of work are 9.30 to 5.30, from inside – you must be frozen out there. 2.
Monday to Friday. From now on I’m at a temperature below freezing point
going to get up early. 4. showing dis- We went skating on the frozen lake.
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fruit 136 funnel
fruit /fru t/ noun a food that grows on through town dressed as a gorilla.
fruit
Why did you do that? – Just for the fun
trees or plants, which is often eaten raw
of it! to make fun of someone, to
and is usually sweet You should eat
poke fun at someone to laugh at
five pieces of fruit or vegetables every
someone Don’t make fun of her –
day. He has six fruit trees in his gar-
she’s trying her best. He poked fun at
den.
the Prime Minister.
fry /fra/ verb to cook something in oil or
fry
function / f ŋkʃən/ noun 1. a party, or a
function
fat Fry the onions over a low heat so
gathering of people We have two wed-
that they don’t burn. Fry the eggs in
some fat. (NOTE: fries /fraz/ – frying – ding functions in the main restaurant
fried /frad/) this weekend. The Prime Minister
busy up with official functions all week.
frying pan / fraŋ p n/ noun an open
frying pan
2. the work done by someone or some-
pan with low sides, used for frying thing The function of a goalkeeper is
fuel / fju əl/ noun a substance such coal,
fuel
to stop the ball going into the net.
gas, oil, petrol or wood which can be What’s the function of that red switch?
burnt to give heat or power What fuel í verb to work The computer is still
do you use to heat the house? We ran functioning well after years of use.
out of fuel on the motorway. fund /f nd/ noun an amount of money
fund
fulfil /fυl fl/ verb to complete something
fulfil
intended for a particular purpose She
in a satisfactory way He died before contributes to a pension fund. í verb to
he could fulfil his ambition to fly a provide money for a special purpose
plane. We are so busy that we cannot We have asked the government to fund
fulfil any more orders before Christmas. the building of the new library. The
(NOTE: fulfilling – fulfilled. The US company is funding her manager’s
spelling is fulfill.) course.
fundamental / f ndə ment(ə)l/ adjec-
full /fυl/ adjective 1. with as much inside
full fundamental
tive basic; essential The fundamental
as is possible Is the box full? The
bag is full of potatoes. We couldn’t get difference between us is that I apologise
on the first bus because it was full. All for my mistakes and you don’t. Good
the hotels were full. 2. complete You air quality is fundamental for children’s
must give the police full details of the health.
accident. Write your full name and funds /f ndz/ noun money which is
funds
address at the top of the paper. í adverb available for spending He started a
completely The story has never been course at college and then ran out of
told in full. funds. The company has the funds to
full stop / fυl stɒp/ noun a punctuation
full stop
set up the research programme. Funds
are available to get the project off the
mark like a small dot, showing the end
ground.
of a sentence or an abbreviation
funeral / fju n(ə)rəl/ noun a ceremony
fully / fυli/ adverb completely He was
funeral
fully
at which a dead person is buried or cre-
fully aware that he had made a mistake.
mated The church was packed for her
She still hasn’t fully recovered from
funeral. The funeral will take place on
her accident. The hotel is fully booked
Friday morning.
for the Christmas week. When fully
fungus / f ŋ əs/ noun a plant which has
grown, an elephant can weigh several
fungus
tons. no green leaves or flowers and which
fun /f n/ noun enjoyment from an activi- lives on decaying matter or on other
fun
plants (NOTE: The plural is fungi
ty Having to stay in bed on my birth-
/ f ŋ a/.)
day is not much fun. to have fun to en-
funnel / f n(ə)l/ noun a tube with a wide
funnel
joy yourself We had a lot of fun on the
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river. for fun as a joke or for enjoy- opening and a narrow tube, used when
ment She poured water down his neck pouring liquids from one container into
for fun. Just for fun, he drove the car another
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funny 137 future
funny / f ni/ adjective 1. making people ther information about your salary.
funny
Please send me further details of holi-
laugh He made funny faces and all the
days in Greece.
children laughed. That joke isn’t fun-
furthest / f ðəst/ adverb, adjective at
ny. 2. strange She’s been behaving in furthest
a funny way recently. There’s a funny or to the greatest distance Some of the
smell in the bathroom. (NOTE: funnier – staff live quite close to the office – James
funniest) lives furthest away. The furthest dis-
fur /f / noun the soft covering of an ani- tance I have ever flown is to Hong Kong.
fur
fury / fjυəri/ noun very strong anger
mal’s body This type of cat has very fury
short fur. She was wearing a fur coat. He shouted at us in fury.
Have you got any fur-lined boots? fuse /fju z/ noun a small piece of wire in
fuse
(NOTE: Do not confuse with fir.)
an electrical system which breaks if too
furious / fjυəriəs/ adjective very angry
furious
much power tries to pass through it, so
furniture / f ntʃə/ noun objects in,
furniture
preventing further damage The plug
has a 13-amp fuse. If the lights go out,
e.g. a house or an office such as tables,
the first thing to do is to check the fuses.
chairs, beds and cupboards The bur-
fuss /f s/ noun unnecessary excitement
glars stole all our office furniture. You fuss
should cover up all the furniture before or complaints What’s all the fuss
you start painting the ceiling. (NOTE: no about?
plural: some furniture; a lot of furniture;
future / fju tʃə/ noun a time which has
future
a piece of furniture)
not yet happened What are his plans
furry / f ri/ adjective covered with fur
furry
for the future? You never know what
further / f ðə/ adverb at or to a greater
further
the future will bring. Can you imagine
distance Can you all move further what London will be like in the future?
í adjective which is coming; which has
back – I can’t get you in the picture.
The police station is quite close, but the not happened yet They are spending
post office is further away. Edinburgh all their time preparing for their future
is further from London than Newcastle. retirement. I try to save something
í adjective more The bank needs fur- each week for future expenses.
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G
g /d i /, G noun the seventh letter of the gle match between two opponents or
g
two opposing teams Everyone wanted
alphabet, between F and H
to watch the game of football. Do you
gadget / d t/ noun a small useful
gadget
want a game of snooker? Our team
tool
have won all their games this year. 3. a
gain / en/ verb 1. to achieve something,
gain
single session in an activity or sport
or get it with some work or effort The such as tennis or cards She’s winning
army gained control of the country.
by six games to three. 4. wild animals
She gained some useful experience and birds such as deer, rabbits and
working for a computer company. 2. (of pheasants, which are killed for sport or
a clock or watch) to move ahead of the
food í plural noun Games a large or-
correct time My watch gains five min- ganised sports competition the Olym-
utes a day. í noun 1. an increase in pic Games
weight, quantity or size There was no
ŋ/ noun 1. a group of criminals
gang
gang /
gain in weight over three weeks 2. ben-
a drugs gang 2. a group of young peo-
efit or profit He doesn’t do the job for
ple who do things together, especially
financial gain.
one that causes trouble Gangs of foot-
galaxy / ləksi/ noun an extremely
galaxy
ball fans wandered the streets after the
large group of stars There are vast
match. 3. a group of workers Gangs of
numbers of galaxies in the universe.
men worked all night to repair the rail-
(NOTE: The plural is galaxies.)
way track.
ləksi/ noun the large
Galaxy, the /
Galaxy, the
p/ noun a space between two
gap
gap /
group of stars and planets that the Earth
things or in the middle of something
forms part of
There’s a gap between the two planks.
gale / el/ noun a very strong wind
gale
The sheep all rushed through the gap in
gallery / ləri/ noun 1. (art) gallery
gallery
the hedge.
a place where objects such as pictures
gape / ep/ verb 1. to open your mouth
gape
and sculptures are shown to the public
wide in surprise or shock 2. to be wide
2. the highest rows of seats in a theatre
open The entrance to the cave gaped
or cinema We managed to get two
before us.
seats in the gallery. (NOTE: The plural is
rd , rɑ / noun 1. a
galleries.) garage
garage /
gallon / lən/ noun a measure of quan-
gallon
building where you can keep a car He
tity of liquid, equal to 4.55 litres The put the car into the garage overnight.
car was empty and I had to put in seven She drove the car out of the garage.
gallons of petrol. Don’t forget to lock the garage door.
gallop / ləp/ verb to go fast, especial- The hotel has garage space for thirty
gallop
cars. 2. a place where petrol is sold and
ly on horseback The riders galloped
where cars are repaired or sold
through the woods. He galloped
Where’s the nearest garage? I need
through his lecture. í noun the fastest
some petrol. I can’t drive you to the
running speed of a horse The horse
station – my car is in the garage for re-
went off at a gallop.
pair. You can hire cars from the ga-
game / em/ noun 1. an activity in
game
rage near the post office.
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which people compete with each other
garbage / ɑ bd / noun 1. nonsense
garbage
using skill, strength or luck She’s not
very good at games like chess. 2. a sin- I don’t believe a word of what he said –
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nguon tai.lieu . vn
