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- EASIER
ENGLISH
BASIC
DICTIONARY
SECOND EDITION
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- Dictionary Titles in the Series
English Language:
Easier English Basic Synonyms 0 7475 6979 7
English Study Dictionary 1 9016 5963 1
Easier English Student Dictionary 0 7475 6624 0
English Thesaurus for Students 1 9016 5931 3
Specialist Dictionaries:
Dictionary of Accounting 0 7475 6991 6
Dictionary of Banking and Finance 0 7475 6685 2
Dictionary of Business 0 7475 9680 0
Dictionary of Economics 0 7475 6632 1
Dictionary of Environment and Ecology 0 7475 7201 1
Dictionary of Hotels, Tourism and Catering Management 1 9016 5999 2
Dictionary of Human Resources and Personnel Management 0 7475 6623 2
Dictionary of ICT 0 7475 6990 8
Dictionary of Marketing 0 7475 6621 6
Dictionary of Medical Terms 0 7475 6987 8
Dictionary of Military Terms 1 9038 5620 5
Dictionary of Nursing 0 7475 6634 8
Dictionary of Science and Technology 0 7475 6620 8
Check your English Vocabulary Workbooks:
Business 0 7475 6626 7
Computing 1 9016 5928 3
English for Academic Purposes 0 7475 6691 7
PET 0 7475 6627 5
FCE + 0 7475 6981 9
IELTS 0 7475 6982 7
®
TOEFL 0 7475 6984 3
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- EASIER
ENGLISH
BASIC
DICTIONARY
SECOND EDITION
General editor
P.H. Collin
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- A BLOOMSBURY REFERENCE BOOK
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Second edition published 2004
First published in Great Britain 2001
© Copyright P.H. Collin, F. Collin, S.M.H. Collin 2001
This edition © Copyright Bloomsbury Publishing 2004
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
38 Soho Square
London W1D 3HB
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced in any form or by any means without the
permission of the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 7475 6644 5
eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0202-2
Text processing and computer typesetting by Bloomsbury Publishing
Printed and bound in Italy by Legoprint
All papers used by Bloomsbury Publishing are natural, recyclable
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The manufacturing processes conform to the
environmental regulations of the country of origin.
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- GENERAL EDITOR
P. H. Collin
Editorial Contributors
Penelope Hands, Howard Sargeant
Text Production and Proofreading
Katy McAdam, Joel Adams,
Daisy Jackson, Sarah Lusznat
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- Preface
This dictionary contains the most frequently used words in English and provides the
basic vocabulary needed for everyday communication by anyone starting to learn the
language. It is especially useful for elementary and pre-intermediate students of all
ages and would be suitable for those working towards an elementary level English
examination such as KET or PET.
Each word is individually defined, and no words, not even adverbs, are given with-
out a definition. Examples are included for many words to provide patterns for the
user’s own production of English sentences.
Each word, including compound words and phrasal verbs, has its own easy-to-find
main entry in bold type. Each word has a pronunciation in the International
Phonetic Alphabet. Common phrases and idioms associated with the main term are
shown in bold type and separately defined within the entry.
The meanings of the main common senses of each word are given clearly and sim-
ply, using a limited and easily understood vocabulary. Meanings are grouped
together by their part of speech.
Extra help is offered in Notes at the end of some entries. These include warnings
about words which can confused with each other, unusual inflected forms and
regularly collocating prepositions. The major differences in US and British
spelling are noted.
A useful companion to this dictionary is Easier English Basic Synonyms which
compares and contrasts words with similar meanings, showing the similarities and
differences in usage.
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- Symbols
before a new part of speech
í
before examples
before a phrase or collocation
before an idiom
a definition of the word will be found at the place indicated
extra information will be found at the place indicated
Pronunciation
The following symbols have been used to show the pronunciation of the main
words in the dictionary.
Stress has been indicated by a main stress mark ( ) and a secondary stress
mark ( ). Note that these are only guides, as the stress of the word changes
according to its position in the sentence.
Vowels Consonants
b buck
back
ɑ harm d dead
ɒ ð other
stop
a type d jump
aυ how f fare
aə hire gold
aυə h
hour head
ɔ j
course yellow
ɔ annoy k cab
e head l leave
eə fair m mix
e make n nil
eυ ŋ
go sing
p
word print
i keep r rest
s
i happy save
ə ʃ
about shop
t
fit take
ə tʃ
near change
u θ theft
annual
u v
pool value
υ w
book work
υə tour x loch
shut measure
z zone
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A
a1 /e/, A noun the first letter of the alpha- very able manager. There are special
a
activities for able children.
bet, followed by B Do you mean ‘de-
about /ə baυt/ preposition 1. referring to
pendant’ spelt with an ‘a’ or ‘depend-
about
ent’ with an ‘e’? from A to Z com- something He told me all about his
pletely, all the way through operation. What do you want to speak
a2 /ə, e/, an /ən, n/ article 1. one to the doctor about? 2. to be about to
a
an
do something to be going to do some-
enormous hole a useful guidebook
thing very soon We were about to go
She’s bought a new car. I want a cup
home when you arrived. 3. not exactly
of tea. We had to wait an hour for the
I’ve been waiting for about four hours.
bus. (NOTE: an is used before words
She’s only about fifteen years old.
beginning with a, e, i, o, u and with h if
how about? 1. what do you think
the h is not pronounced: an apple or
about? We can’t find a new chairper-
an hour. a is used before words begin-
son for the club – What about Sarah? 2.
ning with all other letters and also be-
would you like a cup of tea? while
fore u where u is pronounced /ju / : a
you’re about it at the same time as the
useful guidebook) 2. for each or to each
thing you are doing While you’re
Apples cost £1.50 a kilo. The car
about it, can you post this letter?
was travelling at 50 kilometres an hour.
above /ə b v/ preposition 1. higher than
above
He earns £100 a day.
The plane was flying above the
abandon /ə b ndən/ verb 1. to leave
abandon
clouds. The temperature in the street
someone or something in an unkind way
was above 30 degrees. At prices
The dog had been abandoned by its
above £20, nobody will buy it. 2. older
owner. 2. to give up or stop doing some-
than If you are above 18, you have to
thing The company has decided to
pay the full fare. 3. louder than I
abandon the project. We abandoned
couldn’t hear the telephone above the
the idea of setting up a London office.
noise of the drills.
abbreviation /ə bri vi eʃ(ə)n/ noun a
abbreviation
abroad /ə brɔ d/ adverb in or to another
abroad
short form of a word
country They’ve gone abroad on holi-
ability /ə blti/ noun 1. a natural tenden-
ability
day. I lived abroad for three years.
cy to do something well I admire his
absence / bsəns/ noun the fact of be-
absence
ability to stay calm in difficult situa-
ing away from a place She did not ex-
tions. We can develop their natural
plain her absence from the meeting.
abilities. (NOTE: The plural is abilities.)
The former president was sentenced in
I’ll do it to the best of my ability I’ll
his absence. in the absence of be-
do it as well as I can 2. the fact of being
cause someone or something is not there
clever suitable for different levels of
In the absence of the chairman, his
ability (NOTE: no plural)
deputy took over. In the absence of
able / eb(ə)l/ adjective 1. to be able to
able
any official support, we had to raise our
do something to be capable of some- own funds.
thing or have the chance to do some-
absent / bsənt/ adjective not there
absent
thing They weren’t able to find the
Ten of the staff are absent with flu.
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house. Will you be able to come to the
absolute / bsəlu t/ adjective com-
absolute
meeting? 2. good at doing something, or
good at doing many things She’s a plete or total
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absolutely 2 accompany
absolutely adverb 1. / bsəlu tli/ com- little gift. 2. to say ‘yes’ or to agree to
absolutely
something She accepted the offer of a
pletely I am absolutely sure I left the
keys in my coat pocket. 2. / bsə lu tli/ job in Australia. I invited her to come
with us and she accepted. (NOTE: Do not
yes, of course Did you build it your-
confuse with except.)
self? – Absolutely!
acceptable /ək septəb(ə)l/ adjective
acceptable
absorb /əb zɔ b/ verb 1. to take in
absorb
good enough to be accepted, although
something such as a liquid The water
not particularly good Fighting in the
should be absorbed by the paper. Salt
street is not acceptable behaviour.
absorbs moisture from the air. 2. to re-
Smoking is becoming less socially ac-
duce a shock The car’s springs are
ceptable. A small gift of flowers would
supposed to absorb any shock from the
be very acceptable. The offer is not
road surface.
acceptable to the vendor.
absurd /əb s d/ adjective completely
absurd
access / kses/ noun a way of reaching
access
unreasonable or impossible to believe
a place The concert hall has access
It’s absurd to expect you will win the lot-
for wheelchairs. At present there is no
tery if you only buy one ticket.
access to the site. to have access to
abuse1 /ə bju s/ noun 1. rude words
abuse
something to be able to reach a place,
The people being arrested shouted meet a person, or obtain something
abuse at the police. 2. very bad treat- I’ll have access to the studio day and
ment the sexual abuse of children night. The company has access to
She suffered physical abuse in prison. substantial funds. í verb to get infor-
(NOTE: [all senses] no plural) mation from a computer She tried to
abuse2 /ə bju z/ verb 1. to treat some-
abuse
access the address list.
one very badly, usually physically or accident / ksd(ə)nt/ noun 1. an un-
accident
sexually She had been abused as a pleasant thing which happens and caus-
child. 2. to make the wrong use of some- es damage or injury He lost his leg in
thing He abused his position as fi- an accident at work. She was involved
nance director. 3. to say rude things in a car accident and had to go to hos-
about someone The crowd noisily pital. 2. something that happens unex-
abused the group of politicians as they pectedly Their third baby was an ac-
entered the building. cident. by accident without being
academic / kə demk/ adjective 1. re-
academic
planned or expected He found the
lating to study at a university Mem- missing papers by accident.
bers of the academic staff received a let- accidental / ks dent(ə)l/ adjective
accidental
ter from the principal. 2. only in theory, happening without being planned or ex-
not in practice It is only of academic pected an accidental meeting acci-
interest. í noun a university teacher dental damage His death was not ac-
All her friends are academics. cidental.
accelerate /ək seləret/ verb to go fast-
accelerate
accidentally / ks dent(ə)li/ adverb
accidentally
er Don’t accelerate when you get to without being planned or expected
traffic lights. accommodation /ə kɒmə deʃ(ə)n/
accommodation
accent / ksənt/ noun 1. a particular
accent
noun a place to live or somewhere to
way of pronouncing something He stay for a short time Are you still look-
speaks with an American accent. 2. the ing for accommodation? Visitors have
stronger or louder part of a word or sen- difficulty in finding hotel accommoda-
tence In the word ‘letter’ the accent is tion during the summer. (NOTE: In Brit-
on the first syllable. 3. a mark over a let- ish English, accommodation has no
ter showing a particular way of pro- plural.)
nouncing it Café has an accent on the accompany /ə k mp(ə)ni/ verb 1. to
accompany
‘e’.
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accept /ək sept/ verb 1. to take and keep
accept
accompanied me to the door. 2. to play
a present We hope you will accept this a musical instrument while someone
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accomplish 3 action
acid / sd/ noun a chemical substance
else plays another instrument or sings acid
She sang and was accompanied on the that is able to dissolve metals
piano by her father. (NOTE: accompa-
acknowledge /ək nɒld / verb 1. to
acknowledge
nied by someone or something)
say that something has been received
accomplish /ə k mplʃ/ verb to do
accomplish
She didn’t acknowledge receiving my
something successfully You won’t ac- letter. 2. to accept that something is true
complish anything by arguing. She acknowledged that she had seen
according to /ə kɔ dŋ tu / preposi- me there.
according to
acknowledgement /ək nɒld mənt/
tion 1. as someone says or writes The
acknowledgement
washing machine was installed accord- noun a letter or note sent to say that
ing to the manufacturer’s instructions. something has been received
According to the police, the car was acorn / ekɔ n/ noun the fruit of an oak
acorn
going too fast. 2. in agreement with tree
rules or a system Everything went ac-
acquaintance /ə kwentəns/ noun a
acquaintance
cording to plan or schedule. 3. in rela-
person you know slightly She has
tion to The teachers have separated
many acquaintances in the travel indus-
the children into classes according to
try but no real friends.
their ages.
acquire /ə kwaə/ verb to become the
acquire
account /ə kaυnt/ noun 1. same as
account
owner of something She has acquired
bank account 2. I was worried on
a large collection of old books.
her account I was afraid something
across /ə krɒs/ preposition 1. from one
across
might happen to her on account of
because of, due to The trains are late side to the other Don’t run across the
on account of the fog. We don’t use the road without looking to see if there is
car much on account of the price of pet- any traffic coming. 2. on the other side
of He saw her across the street. í ad-
rol. take something into account
to consider something We have to take verb from one side to the other The
the weather into account. on no ac- river is only twenty feet across. The
count not at all stream is very narrow – you can easily
jump across.
accurate / kjυrət/ adjective correct in
accurate
act / kt/ noun 1. something which is
act
all details Are the figures accurate?
We asked them to make an accurate done He thanked her for the many
copy of the plan. acts of kindness she had shown him over
the years. 2. a part of a play or show
accurately / kjυrətli/ adverb correct-
accurately
Act 2 of the play takes place in the gar-
ly The weather forecast accurately
den. 3. a short performance The show
predicted the storm.
includes acts by several young singers.
accuse /ə kju z/ verb to say that some-
accuse
4. a law passed by Parliament an act
one has done something wrong The to ban the sale of weapons í verb 1. to
police accused her of stealing the mon- do something You will have to act
ey. (NOTE: You accuse someone of a quickly if you want to stop the fire. She
crime or of doing something.) acted in a very responsible way. to act
achieve /ə tʃi v/ verb to succeed in do-
achieve
as someone or something to do the
ing something after trying very hard work of someone or something The
Have you achieved all your aims? The thick curtain acts as a screen to cut out
company has achieved great success in noise from the street. 2. to behave in a
the USA. particular way She’s been acting very
strangely. to get your act together
achievement /ə tʃi vmənt/ noun
achievement
to organise yourself properly If they
something which has been done suc-
don’t get their act together, they’ll miss
cessfully She is very modest about her
their train.
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achievements. Coming sixth was a
action / kʃən/ noun 1. the fact of doing
action
great achievement, since he had never
entered the competition before. something We recommend swift ac-
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active 4 address
ad / d/ noun an advertisement (informal )
tion to prevent the problem spreading. ad
What action are you going to take to If you want to sell your car quickly,
prevent accidents? out of action not put an ad in the paper.
working The car has been out of ac- adapt /ə d pt/ verb 1. to change some-
adapt
tion for a week. 2. something that is thing to be suitable for a new situation
done They’ve shown their commit- She adapted the story for TV. The car
ment by their actions. 3. a movement has been adapted for disabled drivers.
Avoid sudden actions that could alarm 2. to change your behaviour to fit into a
the animals. 4. the things that happen in new situation We’ll all have to learn
a performance such as a play or film to adapt to the new system.
The action of the play takes place in a adaptable /ə d ptəb(ə)l/ adjective
adaptable
flat in London. 5. a case in a law court able to change or be changed easily to
where someone tries to get money from deal with new situations or uses
someone else to bring an action for
add / d/ verb 1. to make a total of num-
add
damages against someone
bers If you add all these numbers to-
active / ktv/ adjective 1. involved in
active
gether it should make fifty. (NOTE: Add-
an activity or activities, especially in an ing is usually shown by the sign + : 10
energetic way He didn’t play an ac- + 4 = 14.) 2. to join one thing to another
tive part in the attack on the police sta- Interest is added to the account
monthly. Add two cupfuls of sugar.
tion. My grandmother is still very ac-
Put a teabag into the pot and add boil-
tive at the age of 88. 2. (of a volcano)
ing water. By building the annexe,
exploding or likely to explode Scien-
they have added thirty rooms to the ho-
tists think the volcano is no longer ac-
tel. 3. to say or to write something more
tive. 3. the form of a verb which shows
I have nothing to add to what I put in
that the subject is doing something
my letter. She added that we still owed
(NOTE: If you say ‘the car hit him’ the
her some money for work she did last
verb is active, but in ‘he was hit by the
month.
car’ it is passive.)
add up phrasal verb to make a total
activity / k tvti/ noun 1. the act or
activity
the figures do not add up the total is
fact of being active 2. something that
not correct
someone does to pass time pleasantly
addition /ə dʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. someone or
addition
Children are offered various holiday ac-
something added to something else
tivities – sailing, windsurfing and wa-
the latest addition to the family He
ter-skiing. (NOTE: The plural in this
showed us the additions to his collection
sense is activities.)
of paintings. 2. the act of adding figures
actor / ktə/ noun a person who acts in
actor
to make a total You don’t need a cal-
the theatre, in films or on TV culator to do a simple addition. in ad-
dition to as well as There are twelve
actress / ktrəs/ noun a woman who
actress
registered letters to be sent in addition
acts in the theatre, in films or on TV
to this parcel. in addition as well
(NOTE: Many women prefer to call
in addition to as well as There are
themselves actors rather than actress-
twelve registered letters to be sent in ad-
es.)
dition to this parcel.
actual / ktʃuəl/ adjective real
actual
It additional /ə dʃ(ə)nəl/ adjective in-
additional
looks quite small but the actual height is cluded as well as what there is already
5 metres. Her actual words were much
address /ə dres/ noun 1. a set of details
address
stronger.
of the number of a house, the name of a
actually / ktʃuəli/ adverb really
actually
It street and the town where someone lives
looks quite small, but actually it is over or works What is the doctor’s ad-
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5 metres high. He said he was ill, but dress? Our address is: 1 Cambridge
actually he wanted to go to the football Road, Teddington, Middlesex. 2. the set
match. of letters, symbols and numbers that
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address book 5 advantage
identify someone’s email account í admission that she had taken the money
verb 1. to write details such as some- led to her arrest.
one’s name, street and town on a letter admission fee /əd mʃ(ə)n fi / noun
admission fee
or parcel That letter is addressed to an amount of money paid to go into a
me – don’t open it! 2. to speak or write place such as a museum
to someone Please address your ques-
admit /əd mt/ verb to allow someone to
admit
tions to the information office. Teach-
go in to a place Children are admitted
ers are not normally addressed as ‘Sir’
free, but adults have to pay. This ticket
here. 3. to make a formal speech to a
admits three people. (NOTE: admits –
group The chairman addressed the
admitting – admitted) to admit (to)
meeting.
doing something to say that you have
address book /ə dres bυk/ noun a
address book
done something wrong They admitted
notebook or computer file in which you stealing the car.
can record people’s names, home ad-
adopt /ə dɒpt/ verb 1. to take someone
adopt
dresses, telephone numbers and email
legally as a son or daughter They have
addresses
adopted a little boy. 2. to decide to start
adequate / dkwət/ adjective 1.
adequate
using something The book has been
enough for a purpose We don’t have adopted for use in all English classes.
adequate supplies for the whole journey. We need to adopt a more flexible ap-
His salary alone is barely adequate. proach.
2. only just satisfactory
adore /ə dɔ / verb to like someone or
adore
adhesive /əd hi sv/ adjective able to
adhesive
something very much
stick to things í noun a substance adult / d lt/ noun a fully-grown person
adult
which sticks things together í adjective 1. fully grown an adult ti-
adjacent /ə d es(ə)nt/ adjective very
adjacent
ger 2. relating to a mature person or
close to or almost touching something people adult fiction
My office is in an adjacent building. advance /əd vɑ ns/ verb to move for-
advance
adjective / d ktv/ noun a word
adjective
ward The police slowly advanced
across the square. í noun 1. a move-
which describes a noun In the phrase
ment forwards The police have made
‘a big black cloud’, ‘big’ and ‘black’
some advances in their fight against
are both adjectives.
crime. The team made an advance
adjust /ə d st/ verb to make a slight
adjust
into their opponents’ half. 2. money
change to something I need to adjust
paid as a loan or as a part of a payment
this belt a bit. to adjust to something
to be made later í adjective done before
to become used to something How are
something happens She made an ad-
you adjusting to being a parent?
vance payment of £3000. in advance
admiration / dmə reʃ(ə)n/ noun re-
admiration
earlier than the time something happens
spect for someone or something You must phone in advance to make
an appointment. They asked us to pay
admire /əd maə/ verb to consider
admire
£200 in advance.
someone or something with approval
advanced /əd vɑ nst/ adjective which
advanced
He was admired for his skill as a violin-
ist. We admired the view from the bal- is studied at a higher level He’s stud-
cony. ying advanced mathematics. She’s
studying for an advanced degree.
admission /əd mʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. the act
admission
advantage /əd vɑ ntd / noun some-
advantage
or fact of being allowed to go in to a
place Admission to the exhibition is thing which will help you to be success-
free on Sundays. My friend was re- ful Being able to drive a car is an ad-
fused admission to the restaurant be- vantage. Knowledge of two foreign
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cause he was not wearing a tie. no ad- languages is an advantage in this job.
mission no one can enter 2. a statement She has several advantages over the
saying that something bad is true Her other job candidates. to take advan-
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adventure 6 afraid
tage of something to profit from ral: use some advice or, for one item, a
something They took advantage of the piece of advice)
cheap fares on offer. to take advan- advise /əd vaz/ verb 1. to suggest to
advise
tage of someone to get something un- someone what they should do He ad-
fairly from someone to (good or vised her to save some of the money. 2.
best) advantage in a way that helps to tell someone officially that something
someone or something appear especial- has happened (formal ) They advised
ly good She used her knowledge of us that the sale of the house had been
Italian to good advantage. completed.
adventure /əd ventʃə/ noun a new, ex-
adventure
adviser /əd vazə/, advisor noun some-
adviser
citing and dangerous experience I one who helps people to make decisions
must tell you about our adventures in about what to do
the desert.
aerial / eəriəl/ noun a piece of equipment
aerial
adverb / dv b/ noun a word which
adverb
for receiving radio or TV signals
applies to a verb, an adjective, another
aeroplane / eərəplen/ noun a vehicle
aeroplane
adverb or a whole sentence In the sen-
which flies in the air, carrying passen-
tence ‘He walked slowly, because the
gers or goods
snow was very thick.’ both ‘slowly’ and
affair /ə feə/ noun 1. something which is
affair
‘very’ are adverbs.
relevant to one person or group of peo-
adverse / dv s/ adjective (of condi-
adverse
ple only That’s his affair – it’s nothing
tions) unpleasant and unwanted an
to do with me. It’s an affair for the po-
adverse reaction adverse effects
lice. His business affairs were very
advert / dv t/ noun same as adver-
advert
complicated. 2. a sexual relationship
tisement with someone who is not your husband
advertise / dvətaz/ verb to make or wife He’s having an affair with his
advertise
boss’s wife. 3. an event The party is
sure that people know that something is
just a family affair. 4. an event or situa-
for sale, or that something is going to
tion that shocks people The whole
happen The company is advertising
sorry affair was on the front page of the
for secretaries. Did you see that the
newspapers for days. í plural noun af-
restaurant is advertising cheap meals
fairs situations or activities relating to
on Sundays? I saw this watch adver-
public or private life
tised in the paper.
affect /ə fekt/ verb to have an influence
affect
advertisement /əd v tsmənt/ noun
advertisement
on someone or something The new
an announcement which tries to make
regulations have affected our business.
sure that people know that something is
Train services have been seriously af-
for sale, or that something is going to
fected by the strike.
happen
affection /ə fekʃən/ noun a feeling of
affection
advertising / dvətazŋ/ noun the act
advertising
liking someone, especially a friend
of making sure that people know that
She always spoke of him with great af-
something is for sale, or that something
fection.
is going to happen The company has
afford /ə fɔ d/ verb to have enough mon-
afford
increased the amount of money it spends
on advertising. They spent millions on ey to pay for something How will you
the advertising campaign. afford such an expensive holiday? be
unable to afford, can’t afford to be un-
advice /əd vas/ noun an opinion that
advice
able to accept something because it
someone gives you about what you
might cause you a problem I can’t af-
should do He went to the bank manag-
ford a delay of more than three weeks.
er for advice on how to pay his debts.
afraid /ə fred/ adjective 1. frightened of
afraid
They would not listen to the doctor’s ad-
This is trial version
vice. My grandfather gave me a very something or someone I am afraid of
useful piece of advice. His mother’s snakes. He is too afraid to climb the
advice was to stay in bed. (NOTE: no plu- ladder. 2. to be afraid (that) to be
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after 7 agreement
aged /ed d/ adjective with the age of
1
sorry to say I’m afraid that all the aged
cakes have been sold. You can’t see a girl aged nine She died last year,
the boss – I’m afraid he’s ill. Have aged 83.
you got a pocket calculator? – No, I’m
aged2 / ed d/ adjective very old an
aged
afraid not.
aged man
after / ɑ ftə/ preposition 1. following or
after
agency / ed ənsi/ noun an office which
agency
next in order to If today is Tuesday,
represents another firm an advertising
the day after tomorrow is Thursday.
agency
They spoke one after the other. What’s
agenda /ə d endə/ noun a list of points
agenda
the letter after Q in the alphabet? af-
for discussion what’s on the agenda?
ter you you go first 2. later than We
what are we going to discuss? í a set of
arrived after six o’clock. We don’t let
things that someone plans to do top of
the children go out alone after dark. í
your agenda what someone wants most
conjunction later than a time After the
A holiday is top of my agenda at
snow fell, the motorways were blocked.
present.
Phone me after you get home. (NOTE:
after is used with many phrasal verbs: agent / ed ənt/ noun a person who
agent
to look after, to take after, etc.) af- works for or represents someone else
ter all 1. in spite of everything Every- Our head office is in London but we
thing was all right after all. 2. the fact is have an agent in Paris.
He should be OK; after all, he is
aggression /ə reʃ(ə)n/ noun a feeling
aggression
eighteen now.
of anger against someone that is ex-
afternoon / ɑ ftə nu n/ noun the time
afternoon
pressed, especially in physical force
between midday and the evening He an act of aggression an attack on some-
always has a little sleep in the after- one
noon. There is an afternoon flight to
aggressive /ə resv/ adjective ready
aggressive
Paris. Can we meet tomorrow after-
to attack someone
noon?
aggressively /ə resvli/ adverb as if
aggressively
afterwards / ɑ ftəwədz/ adverb later
afterwards
wanting to attack someone
We’ll have lunch first and go shopping
ago /ə əυ/ adverb in the past
afterwards.
ago
He
again /ə en/ adverb 1. another time phoned a few minutes ago. This all
again
happened a long time ago. (NOTE: ago
He had to take his driving test again.
always follows a word referring to
again and again several times, usually
time.)
in a firm or determined way The po-
agree /ə ri / verb 1. to say yes or give
lice officer asked the same question agree
again and again. 2. back as you were permission After some discussion he
before Although I like going on holi- agreed to our plan. (NOTE: You agree to
day, I’m always glad to be home again. or on a plan.) 2. to say or show that you
against /ə enst/ preposition 1. so as to
against
have the same opinion as someone else
Most of the group agreed with her
touch He was leaning against the
suggestion.
wall. She hit her head against the low
doorway. 2. in opposition to England agreement /ə ri mənt/ noun 1. the act
agreement
is playing against South Africa tomor- or fact of thinking the same to reach
row. It’s hard cycling uphill against an agreement or to come to an agree-
the wind. They went against his ad- ment on salaries Agreement between
vice. the two sides is still a long way off.
age /ed / noun the number of years
age
they are in agreement with our plan
which you have lived She is thirty they agree with our plan We discussed
years of age. He looks younger than the plan with them and they are in
This is trial version
his age. í plural noun ages a very long agreement. 2. a contract to draw up or
time (informal ) I’ve been waiting here to draft an agreement We signed an
for ages. It took us ages to get served. agreement with the Italian company.
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ahead 8 alive
ahead /ə hed/ adverb 1. in front has a fleet of ten aircraft. (NOTE: The
ahead
Our
plural is aircraft: one aircraft, six air-
team was losing, but now we are ahead
craft.)
again. Run on ahead and find some
airfare / eəfeə/ noun the amount of mon-
seats for us. You need to go straight
airfare
ahead, and then turn left. 2. in future ey a passenger has to pay to travel on an
My diary is filled with appointments for aircraft
six weeks ahead. 3. before We try to air force / eə fɔ s/ noun a country’s mil-
air force
fill the vacancies at least three weeks itary air organisation
ahead of /ə hed ɒv/ 1. in
ahead.
airline / eəlan/ noun a company which
airline
front of Ahead of us was a steep hill.
takes people or goods to places in air-
They ran on ahead of the others. 2. in
craft The airline has been voted the
a future time You have a mass of work
most popular with business travellers.
ahead of you. 3. before (informal )
He’s an airline pilot.
They drafted in extra police ahead of the
airplane / eəplen/ noun US an aircraft
airplane
international match.
airport / eəpɔ t/ noun a place where air-
aid /ed/ noun 1. help, especially money,
airport
aid
craft land and take off You can take
food or other gifts given to people living
the underground to the airport. We
in difficult conditions aid to the earth-
are due to arrive at Heathrow Airport at
quake zone an aid worker (NOTE: This
midday.
meaning of aid has no plural.) in aid
alarm /ə lɑ m/ noun 1. a loud warning
of in order to help We give money in
alarm
aid of the Red Cross. They are collect- sound An alarm will sound if someone
ing money in aid of refugees. 2. some- touches the wire. to raise the alarm
thing which helps you to do something to warn everyone of danger 2. same as
kitchen aids í verb 1. to help some- alarm clock í verb to frighten some-
thing to happen 2. to help someone one I don’t want to alarm you, but
aim /em/ noun what you are trying to do there’s a police car parked outside your
aim
house.
His aim is to do well at school and
alarm clock /ə lɑ m klɒk/ noun a clock
alarm clock
then go to university. One of our aims
is to increase the speed of service. í which rings a bell to wake you up
verb 1. to plan to do something We album / lbəm/ noun 1. a large book 2.
album
aim to go on holiday in June. 2. to point a collection of songs on a CD, cassette
a gun at someone or something He or record
was aiming or aiming a gun at the po-
alcohol / lkəhɒl/ noun a substance in
alcohol
liceman.
drinks such as beer or wine that can
air /eə/ noun 1. a mixture of gases which
air
make people drunk They will not
cannot be seen, but which is all around serve alcohol to anyone under the age of
us and which every animal breathes 18.
His breath was like steam in the cold air.
alcoholic / lkə hɒlk/ adjective relat-
alcoholic
2. the air the space around things and
ing to alcohol
above the ground He threw the ball up
alert /ə l t/ adjective watching or listen-
alert
into the air. (NOTE: These meanings of
ing carefully, ready to notice something
air have no plural.) í adjective refer-
alike /ə lak/ adjective very similar í ad-
alike
ring to a method of travelling or sending
goods using aircraft new air routes verb in a similar way My sister and I
by air in an aircraft I don’t enjoy trav- just don’t think alike. The change will
elling by air. It’s quicker to send the affect rich and poor alike.
letter by air. í verb to make a room or alive /ə lav/ adjective 1. living He was
alive
clothes fresh by giving them more air still alive when he was rescued from the
Let’s open the windows to air the room. burning building. When my grandfa-
This is trial version
aircraft / eəkrɑ ft/ noun a vehicle which
aircraft
ther was alive, there were no supermar-
flies in the air The passengers got into kets. (NOTE: not used in front of a noun:
or boarded the aircraft. The airline the fish is alive but a live fish.) 2. lively
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all 9 alphabetical
The holiday village really comes alive Jack has been my closest ally in the
at night. to come alive to become campaign.
ally2 /ə la/ verb to ally yourself with
busy and active ally
all /ɔ l/ adjective, pronoun everything or or to someone to join forces with some-
all
one The unions have allied them-
everyone They all or All of them like
selves with the opposition. (NOTE: allies
coffee. All trains stop at Clapham
– allying – allied)
Junction. Did you pick all (of) the to-
almost / ɔ lməυst/ adverb nearly
almost
matoes? Where are all the children?
í adverb 1. completely The ground London is almost as far from here as
was all white after the snow had fallen. Paris. She’s almost as tall as I am.
I forgot all about her birthday. 2. all She’ll eat almost anything. Hurry up,
by yourself all alone You can’t do it it’s almost time for the train to leave.
all by yourself. I’m all by myself this alone /ə ləυn/ adjective 1. with no one
alone
evening – my girlfriend’s gone out. all else She lives alone with her cats.
along right from the beginning all at He was all alone in the shop. 2. only
once suddenly all in 1. tired out 2. She alone knew the importance of the
including everything all of a sudden message. í adverb without other people
suddenly all over 1. everywhere over We don’t let the children go out alone
something 2. finished all right well after dark. I don’t like travelling
She was ill yesterday but she’s all right alone. leave alone 1. not to disturb
now. all the same in spite of this someone Leave your sister alone,
I’m not really keen on horror films, but she’s trying to read. 2. to stop touching
I’ll go with you all the same. or playing with something Leave the
allergic /ə l d k/ adjective suffering cat alone, it doesn’t like being stroked.
allergic
Leave those keys alone, the noise is
from or referring to an allergy to be
annoying me. to go it alone to do
allergic to to react badly to a substance
something, especially a business activi-
Many people are allergic to grass pol-
ty, without help from anyone
len. She is allergic to cats.
along /ə lɒŋ/ preposition 1. by the side
along
allergy / ləd i/ noun a bad reaction to
allergy
of He has planted fruit trees along
a substance which makes you sneeze, or
both sides of the garden path. The riv-
makes your skin itch, e.g. She has an
er runs along one side of the castle. 2. in
allergy to household dust. The baby
a straight forward direction She ran
has a wheat allergy.
along the pavement. Walk along the
allow /ə laυ/ verb to let someone do
allow
street until you come to the post office.
something She allowed me to borrow I was just driving along when I caught
her book. Smoking is not allowed in sight of my brother. 3. to a place John
the restaurant. You are allowed to came along after about five minutes.
take two pieces of hand luggage onto the Is it ok if I bring a friend along?
plane. aloud /ə laυd/ adverb in a voice which
aloud
allowance /ə laυəns/ noun 1. an
allowance
can be easily heard
alphabet / lfəbet/ noun a series of let-
amount of money paid to someone reg- alphabet
ularly a weekly allowance 2. an ters in a specific order, e.g. A, B, C, etc
amount of money which you are al- G comes before H in the alphabet.
lowed to earn without paying tax on it 3. If you’re going to Greece on holiday,
to make allowances for to take some- you ought to learn the Greek alphabet.
thing into account You must make al- alphabetical / lfə betk(ə)l/ adjec-
alphabetical
lowances for his age. tive relating to the alphabet in alpha-
ally1 / la/ noun 1. a country which
ally
betical order in order of the first letter
works together with another, especially of each word The words in the dic-
This is trial version
in a war (NOTE: The plural is allies.) 2. tionary are in alphabetical order. Sort
someone who is willing to support you out the address cards into alphabetical
in something you want to achieve order of the people’s names.
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already 10 amount
already /ɔ l redi/ adverb before now or hot in tropical countries. 3. frequently,
already
especially when someone finds it an-
before the time mentioned I’ve al-
noying She’s always asking me to
ready done my shopping. It was al-
lend her money.
ready past ten o’clock when he arrived.
am /əm, m/ 1st person present singular
am
also / ɔ lsəυ/ adverb in addition to some-
also
of be
thing or someone else that has been
a.m. / e em/ adverb before midday I
a.m.
mentioned He’s a keen cyclist and his
sister also likes to cycle when she can. have to catch the 7 a.m. train to work
She sings well and can also play the vi- every day. Telephone calls made be-
olin. (NOTE: also is usually placed be- fore 6 a.m. are charged at the cheap
fore the main verb or after a modal or rate. (NOTE: a.m. is usually used to
auxiliary verb.) show the exact hour and the word
alter / ɔ ltə/ verb to become different, or o’clock is left out)
alter
amazement /ə mezmənt/ noun great
amazement
make something different, especially in
small ways or in parts only They surprise To his amazement he won
wanted to alter the terms of the contract first prize.
after they had signed it. The shape of amazing /ə mezŋ/ adjective 1. very
amazing
his face had altered slightly. surprising It was amazing that she
alteration / ɔ ltə reʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. the
alteration
never suspected anything. 2. extremely
interesting and unusual It was an
act of becoming different or of making
amazing experience, sailing so far from
something different 2. something that
land at night.
has been, or needs, changing She
ambition / m bʃ(ə)n/ noun a wish to
made some alterations in the design. ambition
alternate1 /ɔ l t nət/ adjective every
alternate
do something special His great ambi-
tion is to ride on an elephant.
other one We see each other on alter-
ambulance / mbjυləns/ noun a van
nate Sundays. ambulance
alternate2 / ɔ ltənet/ verb to keep which carries sick or injured people to
alternate
hospital When she fell down the stairs,
changing from one particular position or
her husband called an ambulance.
state to another
American /ə merkən/ adjective relat-
alternative /ɔ l t nətv/ adjective 1. in
American
alternative
ing to America or to the United States
place of something else If the plane is
among /ə m ŋ/, amongst /ə m ŋst/
full, we will put you on an alternative
among
flight. Do you have an alternative so- preposition 1. surrounded by or in the
lution? 2. following a different way middle of He was standing among a
from usual í noun something which crowd of tourists. 2. between a number
you do instead of something else Now of people in a group Let’s share the
that she’s ill, do we have any alternative cake among us. 3. in addition to other
to calling the holiday off? people or things Jack was there,
although /ɔ l ðəυ/ conjunction in spite among others.
although
amount /ə maυnt/ noun a quantity of
amount
of the fact that Although it was freez-
ing, she didn’t put a coat on. I’ve nev- something such as money The amount
er been into that shop although I’ve of- in my bank account has reached £1000.
ten walked past it. We spent a large amount of time just
waiting. a certain amount some but
altogether / ɔ ltə eðə/ adverb taking
altogether
not a lot Painting the house will take
everything together The food was £10
a certain amount of time.
and the drinks £5, so that makes £15 al-
together. The staff of the three shops amount to phrasal verb 1. to make a
come to 200 altogether. total of My year’s savings amount to
always / ɔ lwez/ adverb 1. every time less than £1000. 2. to be similar or equal
always
This is trial version to something I think what he said
She is always late for work. Why
amounts to a refusal to take part. 3. to
does it always rain when we want to go
amount to the same thing to mean the
for a walk? 2. all the time It’s always
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amuse 11 annoying
not straight The shop front is at an an-
same, to be the same Whether he took
gle to the road.
cash or free holidays, it all amounts to
angrily / ŋ rli/ adverb in an angry
angrily
the same thing. The remaining prob-
way He shouted angrily when the
lems don’t amount to much.
amuse /ə mju z/ verb 1. to make some- children climbed over the fence.
amuse
angry / ŋ ri/ adjective upset and an-
one laugh This story will amuse you.
angry
to amuse yourself to play or get noyed, and sometimes wanting to harm
pleasure from what you are doing The someone The shopkeeper is angry
children amused themselves quietly with the children because they broke his
while their parents talked. 2. to make window. He gets angry if the post is
the time pass pleasantly for someone late. I am angry that the government
How can we amuse the children on the is doing nothing to prevent crime.
journey? When the cashier still hadn’t arrived at
amusement /ə mju zmənt/ noun 1. a midday the boss got even angrier.
amusement
(NOTE: angrier – angriest)
feeling of pleasure caused by something
animal / nm(ə)l/ noun a living thing
animal
that is funny 2. to someone’s amuse-
ment making someone feel pleasure in that moves independently I love hav-
a funny situation Much to her amuse- ing animals as pets. (NOTE: animal may
ment, the band played ‘Happy Birthday include humans in scientific contexts.)
to you!’. 3. a way of passing the time ankle / ŋkəl/ noun the part of the body
ankle
pleasantly They had planned several where your leg joins your foot
visits for the guest’s amusement.
anniversary / n v s(ə)ri/ noun the
anniversary
amusing /ə mju zŋ/ adjective funny
amusing
same date as an important event that
an /ən, n/ a
an
happened in the past
announce /ə naυns/ verb to say some-
analysis /ə n ləss/ noun a close exam-
announce
analysis
thing officially or in public He an-
ination of the parts or elements of some-
nounced his resignation. She an-
thing job analysis to make an anal-
nounced that she would be standing for
ysis of the sales or a sales analysis to
parliament.
carry out an analysis of the market po-
tential (NOTE: The plural is analyses /ə announcement /ə naυnsmənt/ noun a
announcement
n lsi z/.) statement made in public The manag-
ancient / enʃənt/ adjective very old, or ing director made an announcement to
ancient
the staff. There were several an-
belonging to a time long ago He was
nouncements concerning flight chang-
riding an ancient bicycle.
es.
and /ən, ənd, nd/ conjunction used to
and
annoy /ə nɔ/ verb to make someone feel
annoy
join two words or phrases All my un-
slightly angry or impatient Their rude
cles and aunts live in the country. The
behaviour really annoyed us.
children were running about and sing-
annoyance /ə nɔəns/ noun a feeling of
ing. Come and sit down next to me.
annoyance
(NOTE: and is used to say numbers af- being slightly annoyed There was a
ter 100: ‘seven hundred and two tone of annoyance in her voice.
(702)’) and so on, and so forth, annoyed /ə nɔd/ adjective slightly an-
annoyed
and so on and so forth with other gry or impatient He was annoyed with
similar things He talked about plants, his neighbour who had cut down one of
flowers, vegetables, and so on. his trees. I was annoyed to find some-
anger / ŋ ə/ noun a feeling of being
anger
one had stolen my mobile phone.
very annoyed He managed to control annoying /ə nɔŋ/ adjective making
annoying
his anger. She couldn’t hide the anger you angry or impatient I find it very
she felt. annoying that the post doesn’t come be-
This is trial version
angle / ŋ əl/ noun a corner where two
angle
fore 10 o’clock. How annoying! I for-
lines meet She planted the tree in the got to buy the milk. The baby has an
angle of the two walls. at an angle annoying cough which won’t go away.
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nguon tai.lieu . vn