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ground floor 148 guide
grumble / r mbəl/ to complain in a
a big house or institution The police grumble
searched the school grounds for the bad-tempered way, especially regularly
weapon. The village fair is held in the and often about unimportant things
grounds of the hospital. 2. reasons He’s always grumbling about the music
Does he have any grounds for com- from the flat above.
plaint? What grounds have you got guarantee / rən ti / noun 1. a legal
guarantee
for saying that? document in which someone states that
ground floor / raυnd flɔ / noun a something is going to happen The
ground floor
travel agent could not give a guarantee
floor in a building which is level with
that we would be accommodated in the
the street
hotel mentioned in the brochure. 2. a
group / ru p/ noun 1. a number of peo-
group
promise I can’t give you any guaran-
ple together a group of houses in the tee of success. í verb to give a firm
valley Groups of people gathered in promise that something will work, that
the street. She is leading a group of something will be done I can guaran-
businessmen on a tour of Italian facto- tee that the car will give you no trouble.
ries. There are reduced prices for We can almost guarantee good weath-
groups of 30 and over. 2. a way of clas- er in the Caribbean at this time of year.
sifying things These drugs belong to (NOTE: guarantees – guaranteeing –
the same group. 3. people playing music guaranteed)
together He plays in a jazz group.
guard / ɑ d/ noun 1. a person who pro-
guard
She’s the lead singer in a pop group.
tects, often a soldier Security guards
grow / rəυ/ verb 1. (of plants) to live and
grow
patrol the factory at night. 2. the man in
develop There was grass growing in charge of a train The guard helped my
put my bike into his van. í verb to watch
the middle of the road. Roses grow
well in our garden. 2. to make plants someone or somewhere carefully to pre-
grow He grows all his vegetables in vent attacks or escapes The prison is
his garden. We are going to grow guarded at all times. to be on your
some cabbages this year. 3. to become guard to try to be ready for an unpleas-
ant surprise You always have to be on
taller or bigger He’s grown a lot taller
your guard against burglars.
since I last saw him. The profit has
guerrilla / ə rlə/, guerilla noun a sol-
grown to £1m. The town’s population guerrilla
is growing very fast. (NOTE: grows – dier who is not part of a regular national
growing – grew / ru / – grown army
/ rəυn/) guess / es/ noun an attempt to give the
guess
grow up phrasal verb to become an right answer or amount Go on – make
a guess! At a guess, I’d say it weighs
adult
about 10 kilos. í verb to try to give the
growing / rəυŋ/ adjective 1. becom-
growing
right answer or amount I would guess
ing bigger in size or amount 2. becom-
it’s about six o’clock. Neither of them
ing stronger or more extreme growing
guessed the right answer. He guessed
fear of war
right. I’ve bought you a present – shut
grown / rəυn/ adjective full size
grown
What your eyes and guess what it is.
silly behaviour from a grown man!
guest / est/ noun 1. a person who is in-
guest
growth / rəυθ/ noun an increase in size
growth
vited to come to your home or to an
the rapid growth of the population event We had a very lively party with
since 1980 They measured the tree’s dozens of guests. None of the guests
growth over the last fifty years. left the party early. 2. a person staying
in a hotel Guests are requested to va-
grubby / r bi/ adjective so dirty as to
grubby
cate their rooms before midday.
be unpleasant A grubby little boy
guidance / ad(ə)ns/ noun advice
This is trial version
guidance
asked for money. He was wearing a
guide / ad/ noun 1. a person who shows
guide
grubby old shirt. (NOTE: grubbier –
you the way They used local farmers
grubbiest)
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guidebook 149 gym
as guides through the forest. 2. a person him dead. 2. a small piece of equipment
who shows tourists round a place The which you hold in your hand to spray a
guide showed us round the castle. The substance such as paint or glue A
museum guide spoke so fast that we spray gun gives an even coating of
couldn’t understand what she was say- paint. to jump the gun to start too
ing. 3. a book which gives information quickly The new law comes into effect
a guide to Athens a guide to the but- in a month’s time, but some shops have
terflies of Europe í verb 1. to show already jumped the gun.
someone the way to somewhere She gunman / nmən/ noun a man armed
gunman
guided us up the steps in the dark. 2. to with a gun The gunman pulled out a
show tourists round a place He guided revolver and started shooting. (NOTE:
us round the castle and told us about its The plural is gunmen.)
history.
t/ noun the tube in which food is
gut
gut /
guidebook / adbυk/ noun a book
guidebook
digested as it passes through the body
with information about a place
He complained of a pain in the gut.
guilty / lti/ adjective 1. who has com-
guilty
guts / ts/ plural noun courage
guts
mitted a crime He was found guilty of
(informal ) She had the guts to tell the
murder. The jury decided she was not
boss he was wrong.
guilty. 2. feeling unhappy because you
gutter / tə/ noun 1. the side of a road
gutter
have done something wrong I feel
very guilty about not having written to where water can flow Pieces of paper
you. (NOTE: guiltier – guiltiest) and leaves were blowing about in the
guitar / tɑ / noun a musical instrument gutter. 2. an open pipe under the edge of
guitar
a roof for catching rain It rained so
with six strings, played with the fingers
hard the gutters overflowed.
He plays the guitar in a pop group.
gulf / lf/ noun an area of sea partly sur- guy / a/ noun 1. a man (informal ) She
guy
gulf
rounded by land the Gulf of Mexico married a guy from Texas. The boss is
gum / m/ noun 1. glue She spread a very friendly guy. Hey, you guys,
gum
come and look at this! 2. a model of a
gum on the back of the photo and stuck
man burnt on Bonfire Night, November
it onto a sheet of paper. 2. the flesh
5th The children are collecting
around the base of your teeth Brush-
clothes to make a guy. Penny for the
ing your teeth every day is good for your
guy!
gums. í verb to stick something with
gym /d m/ noun 1. a place with special
glue She gummed the pictures onto a gym
sheet of paper. (NOTE: gums – gum- equipment, or a large hall as in a school,
ming – gummed) for indoor sports and physical training
n/ noun 1. a weapon which
gun /
gun
I go to the gym twice a week to exercise.
shoots bullets The robber pulled out a 2. physical exercises, especially as an
gun. She grabbed his gun and shot activity at school
This is trial version
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H
h /etʃ/, H noun the eighth letter of the al- way there! The post office is about
h
halfway between the station and our
phabet, between G and I
house.
habit / h bt/ noun something that
habit
hall /hɔ l/ noun 1. a room just inside the
hall
someone does regularly He has the
entrance to a house, where you can
habit of biting his fingernails.
leave your coat Don’t wait in the hall,
had /əd, həd, h d/ past tense and past
had
come straight into the dining room.
participle of have
She left her umbrella in the hall. 2. a
hail /hel/ noun frozen rain I thought
hail
large room where large numbers of peo-
the hail was going to break the wind- ple can come together The children
screen. í verb to fall as frozen rain It have their dinner in the school hall.
hailed for ten minutes and then the sun
halt /hɔ lt/ noun a complete stop í verb
halt
came out.
to stop something The cars halted
hair /heə/ noun 1. a mass of long fibres
hair
when the traffic lights went red. We
growing on your head She has long are trying to halt experiments on live
brown hair or her hair is long and animals.
brown. She always brushes her hair
halve /hɑ v/ verb to reduce something by
halve
before washing it. You must get your
half Because the town has no cash, its
hair cut. He’s had his hair cut short.
budget has been halved.
Use some hair spray to keep your hair
ham /h m/ noun meat from a pig which
ham
in place. 2. one of the fibres growing on
has been treated, e.g. with salt She cut
the body of a human or animal Waiter,
three slices of ham. We had a ham and
there’s a hair in my soup! The cat has
tomato salad. She had a ham sand-
left hairs all over the cushion. He’s
wich for lunch.
beginning to get some grey hairs.
hamburger / h mb ə/ noun a piece
hairdresser / heədresə/ noun a person
hamburger
hairdresser
of minced beef grilled and served in a
who cuts and washes your hair
toasted roll
hairstyle / heəstal/ noun the way in
hairstyle
hammer / h mə/ noun a tool with a
hammer
which your hair has been cut or ar-
heavy head for knocking nails She hit
ranged
the nail hard with the hammer. í verb 1.
half /hɑ f/ noun 1. one of two parts which
half
to knock something such as a nail into
are the same in size She cut the orange
something such as a piece of wood with
in half. One half of the apple fell on
a hammer It took him a few minutes to
the carpet. Half of six is three. 2. (in
hammer the tent pegs into the ground. 2.
sport) one of two parts of a match Our
to hit something hard, as with a hammer
team scored a goal in the first half. We
He hammered the table with his fist.
thought we were going to win, and then
She hammered on the door with her
they scored in the final minutes of the
stick.
second half.
hand /h nd/ noun 1. the part of the body
hand
half past / hɑ f pɑ st/ phrase 30 min-
half past
at the end of each arm, which you use
utes after an hour
for holding things She was carrying a
half-term / hɑ f t m/ noun a short hol-
half-term
cup of tea in each hand. She held out
This is trial version
iday in the middle of a school term her hand, asking for money. they
halfway / hɑ f we/ adverb in the mid-
halfway
walked along hand in hand they
dle Come on, we’re more than half- walked holding each other by the hand
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handbag 151 hard
handy / h ndi/ adjective practical and
2. one of the two long parts on a clock
handy
which move round and show the time. useful to come in handy to be useful
The minute hand is longer than the hour The knife will come in handy when we
hand. í verb to pass something to are camping.
someone Can you hand me that box? hang /h ŋ/ verb to attach one thing to
hang
She handed me all her money. to another so that it does not touch the
give or lend someone a hand with
ground Hang your coat on the hook
something to help someone with
behind the door. He hung his umbrella
something Can you lend a hand with
over the back of his chair. We hung the
moving the furniture? He gave me a
painting in the hall. The boys were
hand with the washing up. to shake
hanging upside down from a tree.
hands to hold someone’s hand to show
(NOTE: hangs – hanging – hung
you are pleased to meet them or to show
/h ŋ/)
that an agreement has been reached
hang around phrasal verb to wait in a
The visitors shook hands and the meet-
certain place without doing anything
ing started.
much
hand in phrasal verb to give something
hang on phrasal verb to wait If you
to someone such as a teacher or a police-
hang on a few minutes you will be able
man We handed in the money we had
to see her.
found.
happen / h pən/ verb 1. to take place
happen
hand over phrasal verb to give some-
The accident happened at the traffic
thing to someone She handed over all
lights. How did the accident happen?
the documents to the lawyers.
Something happened to make all the
handbag / h ndb / noun a small bag
handbag
buses late. He’s late – something must
which a woman carries to hold small
have happened to him. 2. to happen
things such as money or make-up
to someone or something to have an ef-
handicap / h ndik p/ noun 1. a phys-
handicap
fect on someone or something What’s
ical or mental condition which makes happened to his brother since he left
ordinary activities difficult (dated ) 2. school? as it happens, as it hap-
something which puts you at a disad- pened completely by chance As it
vantage Not being able to drive is a happens I have the car today and can
handicap in this job. give you a lift. It so happened that my
handkerchief / h ŋkətʃf/ noun a
handkerchief
wife bumped into her at the supermar-
piece of cloth or thin paper for wiping ket.
your nose (NOTE: The plural is hand- happily / h pli/ adverb in a happy way
happily
kerchiefs or handkerchieves.)
happiness / h pinəs/ noun a feeling of
happiness
handle / h nd(ə)l/ noun a part of some-
handle
being happy
thing which you hold in your hand to
happy / h pi/ adjective 1. (of people)
happy
carry something or to use something I
very pleased I’m happy to say we’re
turned the handle but the door didn’t
getting married next month. I’m so
open. Be careful, the handle of the fry-
happy to hear that you are better.
ing pan may be hot. The handle has
She’s very happy in her job. 2. (of
come off my suitcase. He broke the
events) pleasant It was the happiest
handle off the cup. í verb to move by
day of my life.
hand Be careful when you handle the
harbour / hɑ bə/ noun a place where
bottles of acid. harbour
handsome / h ns(ə)m/ adjective a boats can come and tie up The ship
handsome
came into harbour last night.
handsome man or boy has an attractive
face Her boyfriend is very handsome. hard /hɑ d/ adjective 1. not soft If you
hard
(NOTE: usually used of men rather than have back trouble, you ought to get a
This is trial version
women) hard bed. The ice cream is rock hard
handwriting / h ndratŋ/ noun writ-
handwriting
or hard as a rock. The cake she made
ing done by hand is so hard I can’t bite into it. 2. not easy
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hardly 152 head
Some of the questions were very hard. thing She had a hatred of unfair treat-
It’s hard to stay happy when bad ment.
things happen. í adverb 1. strongly haul /hɔ l/ verb to pull something with
haul
He hit the nail hard. It’s snowing very effort They hauled the boat up onto
hard. 2. with a lot of effort They the beach.
worked hard to finish the order on time.
have /həv, əv, h v/ verb 1. to own
have
She always tries hard. it’s hard to
something She has a lot of money.
say it’s difficult to know It’s hard to
They have a new green car. She has
say if it’s going to rain or not.
long dark hair. The house has no tele-
hardly / hɑ dli/ adverb almost not Do
hardly
phone. Do you have a table for three,
you know her? – Hardly at all. We please? 2. to take or eat something
hardly slept a wink last night. She Have you had any tea? She has sugar
hardly eats anything at all. in her coffee. They had a meal of
hardware / hɑ dweə/ noun tools and
hardware
bread and cheese. She had her break-
pans used in the home I bought the fast in bed. 3. to play a game of some-
paint in a hardware shop. thing They had a game of tennis. I
harm /hɑ m/ noun damage done to peo- had a long walk. 4. to arrange for some-
harm
thing to be done for you I must have
ple or animals He didn’t mean to do
my hair cut. She’s having the house
any harm or He meant no harm.
painted. 5. used to form the present and
There’s no harm in having a little drink
past perfect form of verbs Have they
before you go to bed. í verb to physical-
finished their work? She has never
ly affect something or someone in a bad
been to Paris. They had finished sup-
way Luckily, the little girl was not
per when we arrived. I haven’t seen
harmed. The bad publicity has
him for two days. If she had asked me
harmed our reputation.
I would have said no. 6. used to intro-
harmful / hɑ mf(ə)l/ adjective which
harmful
duce good wishes to someone Have a
causes damage
nice day! Have a good trip! (NOTE:
harmless / hɑ mləs/ adjective which
harmless
has – having – had)
does not upset or hurt anyone
have got phrasal verb 1. to own some-
harsh /hɑ ʃ/ adjective 1. severe The
harsh
thing She’s got dark hair. Have you
prosecutor asked for a harsh sentence to
got a table for three, please? They’ve
fit the crime. 2. rough He shouted in a
got a new green car. The house hasn’t
harsh voice.
got a telephone. They haven’t got
harvest / hɑ vst/ noun picking crops
harvest
enough to eat. 2. used to mean ‘must’
The corn harvest is in August. í verb to Why have you got to go so early?
pick crops The corn will be ready to She’s got to learn to drive.
harvest next week. They have started hay /he/ noun dried grass used to feed
hay
harvesting the grapes in the vineyard. animals such as cows
has /əz, həz, h z/ 3rd person singular
has
he /hi, hi / pronoun referring to a man or
he
present of have boy, and some animals He’s my broth-
hat /h t/ noun a piece of clothing which
hat
er. He and I met in Oxford. He’s eat-
you wear on your head Take your hat en all my pudding. Don’t be fright-
off when you go into a church. He’s ened of the dog – he won’t hurt you.
bought a Russian fur hat for the winter. him, his (NOTE: When it is the object,
hate /het/ verb to dislike someone or
hate
he becomes him: He hit the ball or The
ball hit him. When it follows the verb to
something very much I think she
be, he usually becomes him: Who’s
hates me, but I don’t know why. I hate
being late. í noun a very strong feeling that? – It’s him, the man who borrowed
my knife.)
of not liking someone Her eyes were
This is trial version
full of hate. head /hed/ noun 1. the top part of the
head
hatred / hetrd/ noun a very strong
hatred
body, where your eyes, nose, mouth and
feeling of not liking someone or some- brain are He says he can relax by
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headache 153 heating
heap /hi p/ noun a pile
standing on his head. She hit her head heap
a heap of coal
on the cupboard door. 2. your brain; in- Step over that heap of rubbish. í verb
telligence She has a good head for fig- to pile things up A pile of presents
ures. He tried to do the sum in his were heaped under the Christmas tree.
head. If we all put our heads together Boxes were heaped up on the station
we might come up with a solution. 3. the platform.
first place An old lady was standing at
hear /hə/ verb 1. to notice sounds with
hear
the head of the queue. His name
your ears He heard footsteps behind
comes at the head of the list. 4. the most
him. You could hear the sound of
important person She’s head of the
church bells in the distance. I heard
sales department. The head waiter
her drive up in the car. Can you hear
showed us to our table. 5. one person, or
him singing in the bath? 2. to listen to
one animal, when counting She count-
something Did you hear the talk on
ed heads as the children got onto the
the radio? I heard it on the BBC news.
coach. There are fifty head of sheep in
3. to get information I hear he’s got a
the flock. í verb to go towards some-
new job. Have you heard that the
thing She headed immediately for the
manager has resigned? We have not
manager’s office. The car headed east
heard from them for some time. (NOTE:
along the motorway. He’s heading to-
hears – hearing – heard /h d/)
wards the Channel ports. She’s head-
hearing / hərŋ/ noun the ability to hear
ing for trouble. to shake your head
hearing
to move your head from side to side to Bats have a very sharp sense of hear-
mean ‘no’ She asked him if he wanted ing. She has hearing difficulties.
any more coffee and he shook his head. (NOTE: no plural)
headache / hedek/ noun a pain in your
headache
heart /hɑ t/ noun 1. a main organ in the
heart
head I’ve got a bad headache. body, which pumps blood around it
headline / hedlan/ noun words in large
headline
She isn’t dead – her heart’s still beating.
letters on the front page of a newspaper The doctor listened to his heart. He
Did you see the headlines about the has had heart trouble for years. 2. your
accident? feelings and emotions My heart sank
headquarters /hed kwɔ təz/ noun the
headquarters
when I realised that he hadn’t read my
letter. 3. a centre or middle The res-
main offices of a large organisation
taurant is in the heart of the old town. 4.
Several people were arrested and taken
one of the red sets in a game of cards,
to police headquarters. Abbreviation
with a symbol shaped like a heart My
HQ
last card was the ten of hearts. (NOTE:
head teacher / hed ti tʃə/ noun a man
head teacher
The other red suit is diamonds; clubs
or woman who is in charge of a school
and spades are the black suits.)
heal /hi l/ verb to make someone or
heal
heat /hi t/ noun 1. the state of being hot
heat
something healthy again, or to become
The heat of the sun made the ice
healthy again She claims to be able to
cream melt. 2. the amount of heat pro-
heal people through touch. This
duced by an oven or heating system
should help the wound to heal. (NOTE:
Cook the vegetables over a low heat. 3.
Do not confuse with heel.)
one part of a sports competition There
health /helθ/ noun the fact of being well
health
are two heats before the final race. í
or being free from any illness He has
verb to make something hot Can you
enjoyed the best of health for years.
heat the soup while I’m getting the table
Smoking is bad for your health.
ready? The room was heated by a
healthy / helθi/ adjective 1. not ill
healthy
small electric fire. Heat the milk to
He’s healthier than he has ever been. 2.
room temperature.
making you stay fit and well the
This is trial version heating / hi tŋ/ noun a way of keeping
heating
healthiest place in England She’s
keeping to a healthy diet. (NOTE: a place such as a house or an office
warm
healthier – healthiest)
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heaven 154 helpful
helicopter / helkɒptə/ noun an aircraft
heaven / hev(ə)n/ noun a beautiful
heaven helicopter
with a set of large flat blades on top that
place believed by some people to be
spin round, making it rise straight up in
where good people go after death She
the air
believes that when she dies she will go
to heaven. for heaven’s sake an ex- hell /hel/ noun 1. a place where some
hell
pression showing you are annoyed, or people believe bad people are sent after
that something is important What are they die Medieval pictures show hell
you screaming for? – It’s only a little as a burning place. 2. a very unpleasant
mouse, for heaven’s sake. For heav- place or experience It’s hell working
en’s sake try to be quiet, we don’t want in the office these days. 3. used to em-
the guards to hear us! good heavens phasise what you are saying (informal )
an expression showing you are sur- What the hell’s been going on here?
prised Good heavens! It’s almost 10 Am I going to lend you £50? Am I hell!
o’clock! (NOTE: Using expressions that include
heavily / hevli/ adverb 1. with force
heavily
the word hell is offensive to some peo-
ple.)
He sat down heavily on the little chair.
2. to a great extent; very much The he’ll /hil, hi l/ short form he will
he’ll
company was heavily criticised in the
hello /hə ləυ/ interjection used as a greet-
hello
press. She is heavily in debt. It
ing She called hello from the other
rained heavily during the night.
side of the street. Hello Mary! I’m
heavy / hevi/ adjective 1. weighing a lot
heavy
glad to see you. When you see her, say
This suitcase is so heavy I can hardly hello to her from me. (NOTE: also
lift it. She’s heavier than I am. 2. in spelled hallo, hullo.)
large amounts There has been a heavy
helmet / helmt/ noun a solid hat used as
helmet
demand for the book. There was a
a protection
heavy fall of snow during the night.
help /help/ noun 1. something which
help
The radio says there is heavy traffic in
makes it easier for you to do something
the centre of town. to be a heavy
She was washing the floor with the
smoker to smoke a lot of cigarettes to
help of a big mop. Do you need any
be a heavy drinker to drink a lot of al-
help with moving the furniture? She
cohol
finds the word-processor a great help in
hedge /hed / noun a row of bushes
hedge
writing her book. Her assistant is not
planted and kept in an even shape to
much help in the office – he can’t type or
form a screen round a field or garden
drive. 2. the act of making it easier for
There is a thick hedge round the church-
someone to do something People
yard.
were calling for help from the ruins of
heel /hi l/ noun 1. the back part of the
heel
the house. The nurses offered help to
foot After walking, she got sore heels. people injured in the accident. í verb to
2. the back part of a sock or shoe He’s make it easier for someone to do some-
got a hole in the heel of his sock. She thing He helped the old lady up the
always wears shoes with high heels or steps. The government wants to help
high-heeled shoes. small businesses. Your father can help
you with your homework. One of my
height /hat/ noun 1. a measurement of
height
friends helped me move the piano into
how high something is or how tall some-
the bedroom.
one is The height of the bridge is only
helper / helpə/ noun a person who helps
helper
three metres. 2. the highest point
looking down on the city from the someone do a particular job or task, es-
heights around 3. a time of great activity pecially without being paid
It is difficult to find hotel rooms at the helpful / helpf(ə)l/ adjective useful or
helpful
height of the tourist season.
This is trial version giving help to someone She made
held /held/ past tense and past participle
held
some helpful suggestions. They were
of hold very helpful when we moved house.
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helping 155 high
helping / helpŋ/ noun an amount of The manager wrote to me herself. Did
helping
your sister enjoy herself? She’s too
food for one person The helpings in
young to be able to dress herself.
this restaurant are very small. Chil-
hesitate / heztet/ verb to be slow to
dren’s helpings are not as large as those
hesitate
for adults. speak or make a decision He hesitated
helpless / helpləs/ adjective not able to for a moment and then said ‘no’.
helpless
She’s hesitating about whether to ac-
do anything to make a bad situation bet-
cept the job.
ter
hiccup / hk p/, hiccough noun 1. a
hen /hen/ noun an adult female chicken
hiccup
hen
sudden high sound that you sometimes
The hens were scared by the fox.
make in your throat, e.g. if you have
Look, one of the hens has laid an egg!
been eating too quickly She had an at-
hence /hens/ adverb in the future Five
hence
tack of hiccups. He got the hiccups
months hence, the situation should be
from laughing too much. 2. a small thing
better.
which goes wrong There has been a
her /ə, hə, h / object pronoun referring
her
slight hiccup in the delivery of our sup-
to a female There’s a parcel for her in plies. í verb to make a hiccup She
reception. Did you see her? He told patted him on the back when he sudden-
her to go away. í adjective belonging ly started to hiccup. He hiccupped so
to a female, a ship or a country Some- loudly that everyone in the restaurant
one has stolen all her luggage. Have stared at him. (NOTE: hiccups – hic-
you seen her father? The dog doesn’t cupping – hiccupped)
want to eat her food. France is help-
hidden / hd(ə)n/ adjective which can-
hidden
ing her businesses to sell more abroad.
not be seen or found easily There’s a
herb /h b/ noun a plant used to give fla-
herb
hidden safe in the wall behind his desk.
vour to food, or as a medicine They say there’s some hidden treasure
herd /h d/ noun a group of animals, es-
herd
in the castle.
pecially cows Herds of cattle were hide /had/ verb 1. to put something
hide
grazing on the hillside. (NOTE: The where no one can see or find it She hid
word herd is usually used with cattle; the presents in the kitchen. They kept
for sheep, goats, and birds, the word to some gold coins hidden under the bed.
use is flock.) Someone has hidden my car keys. 2.
here /hə/ adverb 1. in this place I’ll sit
here
to put yourself where no one can see or
here in the shade and wait for you. find you They hid in the bushes until
Here are the keys you lost. I’ll put the the police car had gone past. Quick!
book down here next to your computer. Hide behind the door! (NOTE: hides –
hiding – hid /hd/ – has hidden
They have been living here in England
/ hd(ə)n/)
for a long time. 2. to this place Come
here at once! Can you bring the chairs hideous / hdiəs/ adjective extremely
hideous
here, please? Here comes the bus! unpleasant to look at Where did she
here you are take this Here you are, get that hideous dress?
today’s newspaper!
hiding / hadŋ/ noun a situation in
hiding
hero / hərəυ/ noun 1. a brave man The
hero
which you have put yourself where no
hero of the fire was the man who man- one can find you He stayed in hiding
aged to rescue the children from an up- for three days until the soldiers left the
stairs room. 2. the main male character village. They decided to go into hiding
in something such as a book, play or for a time until the police called off their
film The hero of the story is a little search.
boy. (NOTE: The plural is heroes.)
high /ha/ adjective 1. far above other
high
hers /h z/ pronoun belonging to her
hers
things Everest is the highest mountain
This is trial version
That watch is hers, not mine. in the world. The new building is 20
herself /ə self, hə self/ pronoun used
herself
storeys high. The kitchen has a high
for referring back to a female subject ceiling. The door is not high enough
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highly 156 hit
for us to get the wardrobe into the bed- That hinge squeaks – it needs some
oil. They lifted the door off its hinges.
room. height (NOTE: High is used
hint /hnt/ noun 1. something you say
with figures: the mountain is 1,000 me- hint
tres high. High also refers to things that reveals information in an indirect
that are a long way above the ground: way He didn’t give a hint as to where
a high mountain, high clouds. For peo- he was going on holiday. 2. a piece of
ple and narrow things like trees use advice or a suggestion She gave me
tall: a tall man.) 2. large in quantity some useful hints about painting furni-
the high level of unemployment in the ture. I don’t know what to give her for
country He earns a high income. her birthday – have you any hints? í
High prices put customers off. The car verb to say something in a way that
shakes when going at high speeds. makes people guess what you mean
The price of petrol is higher every year. She hinted that her sister was pregnant.
í adverb above; up in the air The sun
hip /hp/ noun the part of the body where
hip
rose high in the sky. The bird flew your legs join your waist The tailor
higher and higher. (NOTE: higher – measured him round the hips. í adjec-
highest) tive very fashionable (slang) That’s a
highly / hali/ adverb used before some
highly
very hip shirt she’s wearing.
hire / haə/ verb 1. (of a borrower ) to pay
adjectives to mean ‘very well’ highly hire
priced meals The restaurant has been money to use something for a time
highly recommended. Their employ- She hired a car for the weekend. He
ees are not very highly paid. was driving a hired car when the acci-
dent happened. 2. to employ someone to
highway / hawe/ noun a main public
highway
work for you We’ve hired three more
road A footbridge was built over the
sales assistants. They hired a small
highway.
company to paint their offices. í noun
hijack / had k/ verb to take control of
hijack
the act of paying money to rent some-
a vehicle by force The men hijacked thing such as a car, a boat or a piece of
the lorry and left the driver by the road. equipment
They hijacked an aircraft and ordered
his /z, hz/ adjective belonging to him
his
the pilot to fly to Moscow.
He’s lost all his money. Have you met
hilarious /h leəriəs/ adjective very
hilarious
his mother? Our dog wants his food.
funny I thought the play was hilari- í pronoun belonging to him That
ous. watch is his, not mine.
historical /h stɒrk(ə)l/ adjective re-
hill /hl/ noun a piece of high land
historical
hill
lating to history He likes books of his-
The hills are covered with
(informal )
torical interest.
spring flowers. If you climb to the top
history / hst(ə)ri/ noun 1. the study of
of the hill you will get a good view of the
history
valley. the past He is studying Greek history.
She failed her history exam. She
him /m, hm/ object pronoun referring
him
teaches history at London University. 2.
to a male Tell him there’s a letter wait-
a book which tells the story of what hap-
ing for him. Have you spoken to him
pened in the past He wrote a history of
today? That’s him! – The man with
the French Revolution.
the beard.
hit /ht/ noun someone or something that
hit
himself /m self, hm self/ pronoun
himself
is very popular, e.g. a song, a film or a
used for referring back to a male subject performer The song rapidly became a
I was served by the manager himself. hit. The play was a West End hit.
The doctor has got flu himself. Did She was a hit with the old people’s club.
your brother enjoy himself? í verb 1. to knock something or some-
This is trial version
hinge /hnd / noun a piece of metal used
hinge
one The car hit the tree. She hit him
to hold something, e.g. a door, window on the head with a bottle. She hit the
or lid, so that it can swing open and shut ball so hard that we couldn’t find it. I
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hoard 157 hold-up
hit my head on the cupboard door. 2. to to keep someone inside The prisoners
cause someone to realise something It were held in police cells overnight.
(NOTE: holds – holding – held /held/)
suddenly hit her that now she was di-
vorced she would have to live alone. to hold your breath to keep air in
your lungs, e.g. in order to go under wa-
(NOTE: hits – hitting – hit)
ter She held her breath under water
hit back phrasal verb 1. to hit someone
for a minute. We’re all holding our
who has hit you They hit him so hard
breath to see if he wins a gold medal. í
that he was unable to hit back. 2. to do
noun 1. the bottom part of a ship or an
something as a reaction to something
aircraft, in which goods or luggage are
When the supermarket chain lowered
stored You can’t take all that luggage
their prices, the other chains hit back by
with you – it has to go in the hold. 2. the
lowering prices too. He hit back at the
act of keeping something tightly in your
inspectors, saying that their report was
hand He lost his hold on the ladder.
biased.
Keep tight hold of the bag, we don’t
hoard /hɔ d/ noun a store of something
hoard
want it stolen. to get hold of someone
such as food or money, which has been
to manage to contact someone by tele-
collected They discovered a hoard of
phone I tried to get hold of the doctor
gold coins in the field. í verb to buy and
but he was out.
store supplies of something essential
hold on phrasal verb 1. to hold some-
that you think you will need in a crisis
thing tightly She held on to the rope
Everyone started hoarding fuel during
with both hands. Hold on to your
the strike.
purse in the crowd. Hold on tight,
hobby / hɒbi/ noun an enjoyable activity
hobby
we’re turning! 2. to wait Hold on a
which you do in your spare time (NOTE:
moment, I’ll get my umbrella. Do you
The plural is hobbies.)
want to speak to the manager? Hold on,
hockey / hɒki/ noun a team game played
hockey
I’ll find him for you.
on grass, where you try to hit a small
hold out phrasal verb 1. to move
ball into your opponents’ goal using a
something towards someone Hold out
long stick which is curved at the end
your plate to be served. He held out
He played in the hockey team at school.
his hand but she refused to shake it. 2. to
hoist /hɔst/ verb to lift something or
hoist
manage to be strong enough The cas-
someone using special equipment or a
tle held out for ten weeks against a huge
lot of force The box was hoisted up on
enemy army.
a rope. It’s time to hoist the flag.
hold up phrasal verb 1. to lift someone
hold /həυld/ verb 1. to keep something or
hold
or something He held up his hand.
someone tight, especially in your hand
He held the little boy up so that he could
She was holding the baby in her arms.
see the procession. 2. to support some-
She held her ticket between her teeth
thing The roof is held up by those pil-
as she was carrying suitcases in both
lars. 3. to make someone or something
hands. Hold tight – the machine is go-
late The planes were held up by fog.
ing to start. He held the bag close to
Government ministers are holding up
his chest. 2. to be large enough to con-
the deal. 4. to use a gun to make some-
tain a certain quantity of things or peo-
one give up all their money Six gun-
ple The bottle holds two litres. The
men held up the security van.
box will hold four pairs of shoes. Will
hold-up / həυld p/ noun 1. a delay; an
hold-up
the car hold eight people? The plane
occasion on which something is later
holds 250 passengers. 3. to make an
than planned Long hold-ups are ex-
event happen They are holding a party
pected because of road works on the
for their wedding anniversary. The
motorway. There’s been a hold-up
meeting will be held next Tuesday in the
This is trial version
town hall. 4. to own something She and the goods won’t arrive till next
holds a valid driving licence. He week. 2. an occasion on which a person
holds the record for the 2000 metres. 5. with a gun steals money from someone
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hole 158 hood
The gang carried out three hold-ups is Birmingham. Send the letter to my
home address, not to my office.
in the same day.
homework / həυmw k/ noun work
homework
hole /həυl/ noun an opening or a space in
hole
which you take home from school to do
something You’ve got a hole in your
in the evening Have you finished your
sock. We all peeped through the hole
maths homework? I haven’t got any
in the fence. Rabbits live in holes in
homework today, so I can watch TV.
the ground.
(NOTE: no plural)
holiday / hɒlde/ noun 1. a period when
holiday
honest / ɒnst/ adjective 1. telling the
honest
you do not work, and sometimes go and
truth He was honest with the police
stay in a different place When are you
and told them what he had done. 2.
taking your holiday or When are you
tending to tell people the truth; treating
planning to go on holiday? He’s go-
people fairly I wouldn’t buy a car
ing to Spain on holiday. We always
from that garage – I’m not sure they’re
spend our holidays in the mountains.
completely honest.
How many days’ holiday do you have
honestly / ɒnstli/ adverb 1. in an open
honestly
each year? 2. a day on which most peo-
and honest way 2. used to express a feel-
ple do not work because of laws or reli-
ing of being annoyed Honestly, you
gious rules The office is closed for the
might have told me sooner!
Christmas holiday.
honesty / ɒnsti/ noun the quality of be-
honesty
hollow / hɒləυ/ adjective with a hole in-
hollow
ing honest I admire him for his hones-
side a hollow log If you tap the box
ty in saying the job was too difficult for
it sounds hollow.
him.
holy / həυli/ adjective relating to religion
holy
honey / h ni/ noun a sweet substance
honey
or the church They went to ask a holy
produced by bees I like honey on
man his advice.
toast. Greek cakes are often made
home /həυm/ noun 1. the place where
home
with honey.
you live or where your parents live honeymoon / h nimu n/ noun a holi-
honeymoon
Their home is a flat in the centre of Lon- day taken immediately after a wedding
don. Will you be at home tomorrow They went on their honeymoon to
evening? When do you leave home for Corsica.
work in the morning? I like to go
honor / ɒnə/ noun, verb US spelling of
honor
home for the holidays. to make your-
honour
self at home to behave as if you were in
honour / ɒnə/ noun 1. the practice of
honour
your own home He lay down on my
acting according to what you think is
sofa, opened a bottle of beer, and made
right He’s a man of honour. 2. some-
himself at home. 2. a house They are
thing that you are proud of It is an
building fifty new homes on the edge of
honour for me to be invited here today.
the village. 3. a house where people are
í verb 1. to show your respect for
looked after My aunt has moved to an
someone to honour the dead 2. to give
old people’s home. 4. at home (in
someone an award to show that you re-
sports) on the local sports ground
spect them He was honoured by the
Our team is playing at home next Satur-
university. 3. to do what you promised
day. í adverb towards the place where
He honoured the agreement and gave
you usually live We’ve got to go home
the staff a pay rise.
now. He usually gets home by 7
hood /hυd/ noun 1. a loose piece of
hood
o’clock. Don’t send it – I’ll take it
home with me. If you don’t want to clothing to cover your head He has a
walk, you can always take the bus home. blue coat with a hood. 2. a folding roof
(NOTE: used without a preposition: He on something such as a car or pram
This is trial version
went home or She’s coming home.) í Let’s put down the hood, it’s very hot. 3.
adjective referring to where you live or US a metal cover for the front part of a
where you were born My home town car, covering the engine He lifted the
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hoof 159 hot
hood to see what was wrong with the which you blow into a piece of music
motor. for horn and orchestra
horrible / hɒrb(ə)l/ adjective extremely
hoof /hu f/ noun the part of the foot of a
horrible
hoof
unpleasant The victims of the fire had
horse, cow and many other animals
(NOTE: The plural is hooves /hu vz/.) horrible injuries. He’s a horrible little
boy. We had a horrible meal at the
hook /hυk/ noun 1. a bent piece of metal
hook
restaurant.
for hanging things on Hang your coat
horrified / hɒrfad/ adjective fright-
horrified
on the hook behind the door. 2. a very
ened or shocked
small piece of thin bent metal, attached
horror / hɒrə/ noun the fact or feeling of
to a line for catching fish The fish ate horror
the worm but didn’t swallow the hook. being very frightened He couldn’t
hop /hɒp/ verb 1. to jump on one leg hide his horror at hearing the news.
hop
She has a horror of spiders. Everyone
He hurt his toe and had to hop around
watched in horror as the planes collid-
on one foot. 2. (of a bird or animal ) to
ed.
jump with both feet together Magpies
horse /hɔ s/ noun a large animal used for
horse
were hopping across the grass. The
frog hopped onto the lily pad. (NOTE: riding or for pulling vehicles She was
hops – hopping – hopped) í noun 1. riding a black horse. The coach was
a little jump Magpies walk in a series pulled by six white horses. He’s out on
of little hops. 2. a short flight It’s only his horse every morning.
a short hop from London to Paris. hospital / hɒspt(ə)l/ noun a place
hospital
hope /həυp/ verb to want and expect
hope
where sick or hurt people are looked af-
something to happen We all hope our ter She was taken ill at work and sent
team wins. She’s hoping she will soon to hospital. When is she due to go into
be able to drive a car. I hope it doesn’t hospital? He was in hospital for sev-
rain. í noun the fact of wanting and ex- eral days after the accident.
pecting something to happen Our host /həυst/ noun 1. a person who has
host
only hope is that she will get better invited guests The host asked his
soon. They have given up all hope of guests what they wanted to drink. 2. the
rescuing any more earthquake victims. landlord of a hotel or inn, also some-
hopeful / həυpf(ə)l/ adjective confident
hopeful
times of a restaurant 3. the person who
introduces and talks to the guests on a
that something will happen We are
TV or radio show He had been a host
hopeful that the company will accept
on a Saturday evening TV show. 4. a
our offer.
host of a large number of We face a
hopeless / həυpləs/ adjective 1. unlike-
hopeless
host of problems. í verb 1. to act as host
ly to get better; impossible to improve
at a party The company hosted a re-
The invoices are in a hopeless mess. 2.
ception for two hundred guests. 2. to be
not at all skilful at something She’s
the centre where something takes place
hopeless at tennis. He’s hopeless
Barcelona hosted the Olympic
when it comes to mending cars.
Games. 3. to organise and manage web-
horizon /hə raz(ə)n/ noun the line in
horizon
sites for other people
the distance where the earth and the sky
hostage / hɒstd / noun a person who
hostage
meet
is captured and held by someone or an
horizontal / hɒr zɒnt(ə)l/ adjective
horizontal
organisation, which threatens to kill him
flat; level with the ground or her unless their demands are met
Three of the hostages will be released
horn /hɔ n/ noun 1. a sharp pointed bone
horn
tomorrow. 1. 2. He was held hos-
growing out of an animal’s head That
tage for more than a year by the rebels.
bull’s horns look very dangerous. 2. a
This is trial version hot /hɒt/ adjective 1. very warm; with a
hot
piece of equipment on a car that makes
a loud noise to warn people of some- high temperature The weather is very
thing 3. a metal musical instrument hot in June, but August is the hottest
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hot dog 160 humor
month. If you’re too hot, take your How do you switch off the cooker?
coat off. Plates should be kept hot be- Can you tell me how to get to the rail-
fore serving the meal. heat 2. (of way station from here? I don’t know
food ) full of spices, giving you a burn- how he does it. 2. showing or asking
ing feeling in your mouth This curry about things such as the age, size or
is particularly hot. He chose the hot- quantity of something How big is
test dish on the menu. their house? How many people are
there in your family? She showed us
hot dog / hɒt dɒ / noun a snack consist-
hot dog
how good she was at skiing. How old
ing of a hot sausage in a long piece of
is your little boy? How far is it to the
bread
church? 3. showing surprise How
hotel /həυ tel/ noun a building where
hotel
cold it is outside! How different it is
travellers can rent a room for the night, from what I remember!
eat in a restaurant or drink in a bar
however /haυ evə/ adverb but
however
We
They are staying at the Grand Hotel.
never go out on Saturdays – however,
I’ll meet you in the hotel lobby. All the
this week we’re going to a wedding. í
hotel rooms in the town are booked.
conjunction in whatever way Do it
hour /aυə/ noun a period of time which
hour
however you like.
lasts 60 minutes The train journey
howl /haυl/ verb to make a long loud high
howl
takes two hours. It’s a three-hour
sound like a wolf The wolves howled
flight to Greece. The train travels at
outside the cabin. The wind howled in
over 150 miles an hour.
the chimney. í noun a long loud cry
house1 /haυs/ noun 1. a building in
house
Howls of disappointment came from the
which someone lives He has bought a
fans.
house in London. He has a small flat
hug /h / noun the act of putting your
hug
in town and a large house in the country.
arms round someone and holding them
All the houses in our street look the
close to you She ran to the little girl
same. 2. a part of a Parliament The
and gave her a hug. í verb to throw
British Parliament is formed of the
your arms around someone The play-
House of Commons and the House of
ers hugged each other when the goal
Lords. The American Congress is
was scored. (NOTE: hugs – hugging –
formed of the House of Representatives
hugged)
and the Senate.
house2 /haυz/ verb to provide a place for huge /hju d / adjective of a very large
huge
house
someone or something to stay or be kept size Huge waves battered the ship.
His collection of old cars is housed in The concert was a huge success. Fail-
a barn. We have been asked if we can ing the test was a huge disappointment
house three students for the summer for him.
term. (NOTE: houses – housing – hum /h m/ verb 1. to make a low sound
hum
housed) like a bee Bees were humming around
household / haυshəυld/ noun the peo-
household
the hive. 2. to sing without words If
ple living together in a house you don’t know the words of the nation-
housework / haυsw k/ noun the work al anthem, you can always hum the tune.
housework
(NOTE: hums – humming – hummed)
of keeping a house clean (NOTE: no plu-
human / hju mən/ adjective relating to
human
ral)
housing / haυzŋ/ noun houses people
housing
Pub-
humble / h mbəl/ adjective feeling or
lic housing has to meet certain stand- humble
ards. acting as if you are not as important as
hover / hɒvə/ verb to hang in the air
hover
other people Seeing how much work
she does for charity makes me feel very
without moving forward flies hover-
humble. (NOTE: humbler – humblest)
This is trial version
ing over the surface of a pool
how /haυ/ adverb 1. showing or asking humor / hju mə/ noun US spelling of
humor
how
the way in which something is done humour
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humorous 161 hyphen
humorous / hju mərəs/ adjective fun- ry up with the food – we’re getting hun-
humorous
gry.
ny in a quiet way, making people smile
hunt /h nt/ verb 1.
rather than laugh humorous stories
hunt
to hunt for some-
Some of her comments were rather hu- thing to search for something We’re
morous. hunting for a cheap flat. The police
humorously / hju mərəsli/ adverb in a
humorously
are hunting for the driver of the car. 2.
to chase wild animals for food or sport
humorous
Our cat is not very good at hunting
humour / hju mə/ noun 1. the ability to
humour
mice. They go to Scotland every year
make situations seem funny He has a
to hunt deer. (NOTE: You hunt animals,
good sense of humour. She has abso-
but you hunt for things.) í noun a
lutely no sense of humour. Want to
search The hunt for new offices has
meet male, aged 30 – 35, with a good
just started.
sense of humour (GSOH). 2. a general
hunter / h ntə/ noun a person who
hunter
feeling or mood I am in no humour to
talk about holidays just now. His good hunts animals
humour lasted until the end of the party.
hurricane / h rkən/ noun a tropical
hurricane
hump /h mp/ noun 1. a raised part on
hump
storm with strong winds and rain (NOTE:
the back of a person or animal Arabi- In the Far East called a typhoon; in
an camels have only one hump, while the Indian Ocean called a cyclone.)
Bactrian camels have two. 2. a small
hurry / h ri/ verb to go somewhere or do
hurry
raised part in the ground They have
something fast She hurried across the
built humps in the road to slow down the
room. You’ll have to hurry if you want
traffic.
to catch the last post. There’s no need
hundred / h ndrəd/ noun the number
hundred
to hurry – we’ve got plenty of time.
100 The church is over a hundred (NOTE: hurries – hurrying – hurried)
years old. My grandfather will be a
hurry up phrasal verb to go or do
hundred next month. Do I have to tell
something faster Hurry up – we’ll be
you a hundred times to stop that noise?
late for the film. Can’t you get the
(NOTE: In numbers hundred does not
cook to hurry up? I’m getting hungry!
change and is followed by and when
hurt /h t/ verb to have pain, or to cause
hurt
reading: 491 = four hundred and nine-
someone to feel pain My tooth hurts.
ty-one; 102 = a hundred and two. Note
No one was badly hurt in the accident.
also: a hundred and one (101), three
Where did you hurt yourself? (NOTE:
hundred and six (306) but the hun-
dred and first (101st), the three hun- hurts – hurting – hurt)
dred and sixth (306th), etc.) hun- husband / h zbənd/ noun a man to
husband
dreds of very many Hundreds of whom a woman is married Her hus-
birds were killed by the cold weather.
band is Scottish. He’s the doctor’s
Hundreds of people caught flu last win-
husband.
ter. They came in their hundreds to
hut /h t/ noun a small rough wooden
hut
visit the grave.
house
hundredth / h ndrədθ/ adjective relat-
hundredth
hygiene / had i n/ noun the science of
hygiene
ing to number 100 in a series Tomor-
being and keeping things clean
row is his hundredth birthday.
hygienic /ha d i nk/ adjective clean
hygienic
hung /h ŋ/ past tense and past participle
hung
and safe because all germs have been
of hang
destroyed
hungry / h ŋ ri/ adjective feeling that
hungry
hyphen / haf(ə)n/ noun a printing sign
This is trial version
hyphen
you need to eat You must be hungry
(-) used to show that two words are
after that game of football. I’m not
very hungry – I had a big lunch. Hur- joined
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I
identity /a dentti/ noun someone’s
i /a/, I noun the ninth letter of the alpha-
i identity
name and personal details He
bet, between H and J
changed his identity when he went to
I1 /a/ pronoun used by a speaker when
I
work for the secret services.
talking about himself or herself She
idle / ad(ə)l/ adjective not doing any-
idle
said, ‘I can do it’, and she did it. He
thing He’s the idlest man I know – he
told me I could go home early. She
never does any work at all.
and I come from the same town. I said
if /f/ conjunction 1. showing what might
I was going to be late. (NOTE: When it is
if
the object of a verb, I becomes me: I happen If it freezes tonight, the paths
gave it to him – he gave it to me; I hit will be slippery tomorrow. If I’m in
him – he hit me. When it follows the London, I’ll come and see you. If he
verb be, I usually becomes me: Who is had told me you were ill, I’d have come
it? – It’s me!) to see you in hospital. If I won the lot-
tery, I would take a long holiday. 2. used
I /a/ noun the Roman numeral for one or
2
I
in asking questions Do you know if
first King Charles I
the plane is late? I was wondering if
ice /as/ noun water which is frozen and
ice
you would like to have some tea.
has become solid When water freezes,
ignorance / nərəns/ noun a state of
ignorance
it turns into ice. Would you like ice in
not knowing to keep someone in ig-
your drink? (NOTE: no plural: some ice,
norance of something not to tell some-
a lump of ice)
one about something The soldiers
ice cream /as kri m/ noun a frozen
ice cream
were deliberately kept in ignorance of
sweet food made from cream and fruit, the dangers facing them.
chocolate, nuts, etc.
ignorant / nərənt/ adjective not
ignorant
icy / asi/ adjective covered with ice Be
icy
knowing anything
careful, the pavement is icy. ignore / nɔ / verb not to notice some-
ignore
idea /a də/ noun a thought which you
idea
one or something deliberately She ig-
have about something nored the red light and just drove
ideal /a dəl/ adjective perfect; extreme- straight through. When we met he just
ideal
ignored me.
ly suitable This is the ideal site for a
ill /l/ adjective sick; not well Stress can
ill
factory. The cottage is an ideal place
make you ill. If you’re feeling ill you
for birdwatching.
ought to see a doctor. to fall ill to be-
identical /a dentk(ə)l/ adjective ex-
identical
come ill She fell seriously ill and we
actly the same The twins wore identi-
thought she was going to die. to be
cal clothes for the party. Their politi-
taken ill to become ill suddenly He
cal opinions are identical.
was taken ill while on holiday in
identify /a dentfa/ verb 1. to recog-
identify
Greece.
nise a person or thing and to be able to
illegal / li (ə)l/ adjective against the
illegal
say who or what they are Can you
law It is illegal to serve alcohol to
identify what sort of rock this is? She
people under 16.
was able to identify her attacker. 2. to
illegally / li əli/ adverb in an illegal
illegally
state that something belongs to you
This is trial version way
Each person was asked to identify his or
illness / lnəs/ noun a medical condition
illness
her baggage. (NOTE: identifies – iden-
which makes you unwell She devel-
tifying – identified)
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illustrate 163 imply
oped a serious illness. A lot of the staff will receive immediate attention. 2.
are absent because of illness. (NOTE: closest, or right next to you He had to
share his book with his immediate
The plural is illnesses.)
neighbour.
illustrate / ləstret/ verb to put pictures
illustrate
immediately / mi dətli/ adverb very
immediately
into a book The book is illustrated
with colour photographs of birds. soon, or very soon after an event He
got my letter, and wrote back immedi-
illustration / lə streʃ(ə)n/ noun a pic-
illustration
ately. As soon as he heard the news he
ture in a book The book has 25 colour
immediately phoned his wife.
illustrations.
immoral / mɒrəl/ adjective not follow-
immoral
image / md / noun 1. a picture of
image
ing the usual principles of good behav-
someone or something I want the por-
iour
trait to be a faithful image of my mother.
impact1 / mp kt/ noun 1. a strong ef-
impact
2. a picture produced by something such
as a mirror or a computer The mirror fect The TV documentary had an
throws an image onto the paper. Can strong impact on the viewers. 2. an in-
this software handle images in that for- stance of two things coming together
mat? Can you adjust the projector? with force The car was totally
The image on the screen is out of focus. crushed by the impact of the collision.
on impact as soon as contact is made
imaginary / m d n(ə)ri/ adjective
imaginary
The plane burst into flames on impact
not real; part of a story
with the ground.
imagination / m d neʃ(ə)n/ noun
imagination
impact2 /m p kt/ verb to impact on
impact
the ability to think of things that are not
something to have a strong effect on
part of your own immediate life She
something The fall in the value of the
let her imagination run riot in her sto-
currency will impact strongly on busi-
ries for children.
nesses.
imagine / m d n/ verb to think of
imagine
impatience /m peʃ(ə)ns/ noun a lack
impatience
something that is not part of your own
of the ability to wait for things in a calm
immediate life Imagine yourself sit-
way
ting on a beach in the hot sun. She
impatient /m peʃ(ə)nt/ adjective una-
impatient
thought she had heard footsteps, and
then decided she had imagined it. ble to wait for something in a calm way;
in a hurry to do something We were all
imitate / mtet/ verb to copy some-
imitate
impatient for the film to start. He’s
thing or someone The company imi-
very impatient with anyone who works
tates its competitors by making very
slowly.
similar products. í to behave as some-
impatiently /m peʃ(ə)ntli/ adverb in
impatiently
one else does, often to make other peo-
ple laugh He made us all laugh by im- an impatient way
itating the head teacher’s way of walk- implication / mpl keʃ(ə)n/ noun 1.
implication
ing. the possible effect of an action What
imitation / m teʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. a copy
imitation
will be the implications of the election
made of something 2. an act of copying results for public spending? 2. with the
someone’s behaviour in order to make fact of being involved in a crime or
other people laugh She does a very something that is morally wrong The
good imitation of the Queen. í adjec- newspaper revealed his implication in
tive made to appear to be something else the affair of the stolen diamonds. 3. a
more valuable a necklace of imitation suggestion that something such as a crit-
pearls The bag is made of imitation icism is true although it has not been ex-
leather. pressed directly I resent the implica-
tion that I knew anything about the re-
immediate / mi diət/ adjective 1. very
immediate
This is trial version port in advance.
soon He wrote an immediate letter of
imply /m pla/ verb to suggest some-
imply
complaint. You didn’t expect an im-
mediate reply, did you? Your order thing without saying it directly He im-
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- Basic.fm Page 164 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM
impolite 164 inch
plied that he knew where the papers had service will improve. It poured down
been hidden. The lawyer implied that all morning, but in the afternoon the
the witness had not in fact seen the acci- weather improved a little.
dent take place. (NOTE: implies – im-
improvement /m pru vmənt/ noun 1.
improvement
plying – implied)
a process of becoming better, or of mak-
impolite / mpə lat/ adjective rude; not
impolite
ing something better There has been
polite no improvement in the train service
import /m pɔ t/ verb to bring goods into
import
since we complained. 2. a change that
you make so that something is better
a country The company imports tele-
vision sets from Japan. This car was than before They carried out some im-
imported from France. provements to the house. We are plan-
ning some home improvements such as a
importance /m pɔ təns/ noun the fact
importance
new kitchen. The new software is a
of being important Do not attach too
great improvement on the old version.
much importance to what he says. The
in /n/ preposition, adverb 1. used for
bank attaches great importance to the in
deal. showing place He lives in the country.
important /m pɔ tənt/ adjective 1.
important
In Japan it snows a lot during the win-
ter. She’s in the kitchen. He’s still in
having a great effect; mattering very
much It’s important to be in time for bed. Don’t stand outside in the pour-
the interview. I have to go to London ing rain. 2. at home, in an office, at a
for an important meeting. He left a file station Is the boss in? He isn’t in
containing important papers in the taxi. yet. My husband usually gets in from
2. (of a person) in a high position He work about now. The train from Bir-
has an important job. She’s an impor- mingham is due in at 6.30. 3. used for
tant government official. He was pro- showing time In autumn the leaves
moted to a more important position. turn brown. On holiday there was
impossible /m pɒsb(ə)l/ adjective nothing to do in the evenings. She was
impossible
born in 1999. He ate his meal in five
which cannot be done It’s impossible
minutes. We went for a skiing holiday
to do all this work in two hours. Get-
in January. 4. used for showing time in
ting skilled staff is becoming impossible.
the future I’ll be back home in about
impress /m pres/ verb to make some-
impress
two hours. She should arrive in twenty
one feel admiration or respect Her
minutes’ time. 5. fashionable This
rapid response to the request impressed
year, short skirts are in. 6. used for
her boss. She was impressed by his
showing a state or appearance He was
skill with the paintbrush. The military
dressed in black. She ran outside in
government organised the display to im-
her dressing gown. We’re in a hurry.
press the neighbouring states.
The words are set out in alphabetical
impression /m preʃ(ə)n/ noun an ef-
impression
order.
fect on someone’s mind Blue walls
inability / nə blti/ noun the state of
inability
create an impression of coldness. The
being unable to do something His in-
exhibition made a strong impression on
ability to make decisions causes prob-
her.
lems.
impressive /m presv/ adjective im-
impressive
inch /ntʃ/ noun a measure of length
inch
pressing people He had a series of im-
pressive wins in the chess tournament. equal to 2.54 centimetres a three-and-
The government staged an impressive a-half-inch disk Snow lay six inches
display of military hardware. deep on the ground. She is five foot six
improve /m pru v/ verb 1. to make
improve
inches tall (5’6’’). foot (NOTE: The
plural is inches. With numbers inch is
something better We are trying to im-
This is trial version usually written with the symbol ": a 3½’’
prove our image with a series of TV
disk; He is 5’ 9’’.; say: ‘a three and a
commercials. 2. to get better The gen-
eral manager has promised that the bus half inch disk’, ‘He’s five foot nine’)
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incident 165 indoor
incident / nsd(ə)nt/ noun 1. some- independence / nd pendəns/ noun
incident independence
thing which happens, especially some- 1. freedom from rule by another country
thing unpleasant Last year six hun- The colony achieved independence
dred incidents of oil pollution were re- ten years ago. Scotland is aiming for
ported. 2. a violent action or independence in the next few years. 2. a
disturbance that occurs somewhere state of not needing help from anyone
There were several incidents during the else She’s eighteen and is looking for-
demonstration. ward to a life of independence from her
incidentally / ns dent(ə)li/ adverb
incidentally
family.
used for mentioning something new in a independent / nd pendənt/ adjective
independent
conversation 1. free, not ruled by anyone else Slov-
include /n klu d/ verb to count some-
include
enia has been independent since 1991.
one or something along with others 2. not owned by a group, not controlled
The waiter did not include service in the by the state The big chains are forcing
bill. The total is £140, not including the independent shops to close down. 3.
insurance and handling charges. not needing help from anyone else
There were 120 people at the wedding if She’s eighteen and wants to be inde-
you include the children. pendent of her family.
including /n klu dŋ/ preposition tak-
including
index / ndeks/ noun 1. a list, usually in
index
ing something together with something alphabetical order, showing the pages
else The total comes to £25.00 includ-
on which different subjects appear in a
ing VAT.
book Look up the references to Lon-
income / nk m/ noun an amount of
income
don in the index. (NOTE: The plural in
money which you receive, especially as this sense is indexes) 2. a regular re-
pay for your work Their weekly in- port which shows rises and falls in
come is not really enough to live on. things such as prices and unemployment
incorrect / nkə rekt/ adjective wrong,
incorrect
The economic indices look very prom-
not correct ising at the moment. (NOTE: The plural
in this sense is indices)
increase1 /n kri s/ noun an instance of
increase
indicate / ndket/ verb to show some-
indicate
something becoming larger an in-
crease in tax or a tax increase an in- thing Can you indicate the position of
crease in the cost of living the enemy camp on this map? The lat-
increase2 / nkri s/ verb 1. to rise or to est figures indicate a fall in the number
increase
of unemployed men.
grow The price of oil has increased
twice in the past year. 2. to make a level indignant /n d nənt/ adjective feel-
indignant
or amount higher The boss increased ing offended or angry because of an un-
her salary. Rail fares have been in- fair situation I was really indignant
creased by 10%. when I found out how much my col-
increased /n kri st/ adjective larger or
increased
league earned.
higher than before These increased
indirectly / nd rektli/ adverb not di-
indirectly
rail fares mean that we cannot afford to
rectly
travel so much.
individual / nd vd uəl/ noun a single
individual
increasingly /n kri sŋli/ adverb more
increasingly
person We welcome private individu-
and more He found it increasingly dif-
als as well as groups. í adjective sin-
ficult to keep up with the workload at the
gle, for a particular person We treat
office. His future with the company
each individual case on its merits. We
looks increasingly doubtful.
provide each member of the tour group
indeed /n di d/ adverb (for emphasis)
indeed
with an individual itinerary.
This is trial version
really Thank you very much indeed
indoor / ndɔ / adjective inside a build-
indoor
for inviting me to stay. They have been
very kind indeed to their daughter. ing an indoor swimming pool
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indoors 166 initial
indoors /n dɔ z/ adverb inside a build- fluence of alcohol. í verb to make
indoors
someone or something change She
ing Let’s go indoors. Mum was in-
was deeply influenced by her old teach-
doors, reading.
er. The moon influences the tides.
industrial /n d striəl/ adjective relat-
industrial
The price of oil has influenced the price
ing to the production of goods The
of industrial goods.
Midlands is the main industrial region
inform /n fɔ m/ verb to tell someone
inform
in Britain.
something officially Have you in-
industry / ndəstri/ noun the production
industry
formed the police that your watch has
of goods and the provision of services,
been stolen? I regret to inform you
or the companies involved in this activi-
that your father has died. We are
ty Oil is a key industry. The car in-
pleased to inform you that your offer
dustry has had a good year. The gov-
has been accepted.
ernment is helping industry to sell more
informal /n fɔ m(ə)l/ adjective 1. re-
informal
products abroad. The tourist industry
laxed, not formal Dress casually – the
brings in a lot of foreign currency.
party will be informal. The guide gave
(NOTE: The plural is industries.)
us an informal talk on the history of the
infamous / nfəməs/ adjective famous
infamous
castle. 2. (of language) used when talk-
for being bad or unpleasant Tourists
ing to friends and family
were warned not to go near the infa-
information / nfə meʃ(ə)n/ noun a
information
mous back street moneychangers.
set of facts about something She
infant / nfənt/ noun a young baby
infant
couldn’t give the police any information
infatuation /n f tjueʃ(ə)n/ noun a
infatuation
about how the accident happened.
sudden strong feeling of love for some- She gave me a very useful piece or bit of
one, especially someone you do not information. For further information,
know very well or someone who does please write to Department 27.
not love you
informed /n fɔ md/ adjective having a
informed
infect /n fekt/ verb to pass on a disease
infect
lot of information, or having the latest
or infection to someone He was in- information
fected with the disease when he was
infuriate /n fjυəriet/ verb to make
infuriate
abroad on holiday.
someone very angry Slow service in
infection /n fekʃən/ noun a disease
infection
restaurants always infuriates him.
which spreads from one person to an-
ingenious /n d i niəs/ adjective very
ingenious
other Her throat infection keeps com-
clever It was an ingenious plan.
ing back. He was sneezing and
ingredient /n ri diənt/ noun a materi-
ingredient
spreading infection to other people in
al or substance which you use to make
the office. She seems to catch every lit-
something Make sure you’ve got all
tle infection there is.
your ingredients together before you
infectious /n fekʃəs/ adjective (of an
infectious
start cooking.
illness or an emotion such as fear )
inhabit /n h bt/ verb to live in a place
inhabit
likely to be passed from one person to
another This strain of flu is highly in- inhabitant /n h bt(ə)nt/ noun a per-
inhabitant
fectious. He’s a great music teacher son who lives in a particular place
and his enthusiasm for jazz is very infec-
initial / nʃ(ə)l/ adjective first The in-
initial
tious.
itial stage of the project went off
infinitive /n fntv/ noun the basic
infinitive
smoothly. My initial reaction was to
form of a verb, usually shown with ‘to’ say ‘no’. He started the business with
influence / nfluəns/ noun the ability to
influence
an initial sum of £500. í verb to write
change someone or something; an effect the first letters of your name on a docu-
He has had a good influence on the ment to show you have read and ap-
This is trial version
other staff in the department. The in- proved it Can you initial each page of
fluence of the moon on the tides. He the contract to show that you have ap-
was charged with driving under the in- proved it? Please initial the agree-
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- Basic.fm Page 167 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM
initially 167 instance
ment at the place marked with an X. various branches is fed automatically
into the head office computer.
(NOTE: initials – initialling – ini-
tialled) inquiry /n kwaəri/ noun 1. a formal in-
inquiry
initially / nʃ(ə)li/ adverb at the begin-
initially
vestigation into a problem a govern-
ment inquiry into the police force A
ning Initially we didn’t like the new
public inquiry will be held about plans
flat, but we have got used to it now.
to build another airport. 2. a question
initiative / nʃətv/ noun a decision
initiative
about something I refer to your in-
which is intended to solve a problem
quiry of May 25th. All inquiries
The government has proposed various
should be addressed to this department.
initiatives to get the negotiations mov-
He made an inquiry about trains to
ing again.
Edinburgh. (NOTE: also spelt enquiry.
injection /n d ekʃən/ noun the act of
injection
The plural is inquiries.)
putting a liquid into the body using a insect / nsekt/ noun a small animal
insect
needle The doctor gave him a flu in- with six legs and a body in three parts
jection. A butterfly is a kind of insect. Insects
injure / nd ə/ verb to cause pain or
injure
have eaten the leaves of the cabbages.
damage to a part of the body He in- She was stung by an insect.
jured his back playing rugby. He was insert1 /n s t/ verb to put something
insert
badly injured in a car accident. inside something else She inserted
injured / nd əd/ noun hurt The in-
injured
another sentence into the letter. He in-
jured girl had fallen off her bike. serted each leaflet into an envelope.
Insert a coin into the slot.
injury / nd əri/ noun damage to your
injury
insert2 / ns t/ noun a paper which is
insert
body He never really recovered from
put inside something The invitation
his football injury. She received se-
card had an insert with a map showing
vere back injuries in the accident.
how to get to the hotel.
(NOTE: The plural is injuries.)
inside /n sad/ adverb in a house or oth-
inside
ink /ŋk/ noun the liquid in a pen
ink
He
er building Come on inside – it’s cold
has ink marks on his shirt. The ink
in the street. It rained all afternoon,
won’t come off the tablecloth. She
so we just sat inside and watched TV.
wrote comments on his work in red ink.
Is there anyone there? – The house
inland / nlənd/ adverb away from the
inland
seems quite dark inside. í preposition
coast of a country If you go inland in There was nothing inside the bottle.
from the port, you soon get into the for-
She was sitting inside the car, reading
est.
a book. I’ve never been inside his of-
inn /n/ noun a small hotel
inn
fice.
inner / nə/ adjective inside insist /n sst/ verb to state firmly He
inner insist
Go
through that arch and you will come to insisted that he had never touched the
the inner courtyard. Heat is conduct- car. She insisted that she should be
ed from the inner to the outer layer of paid compensation for the delay.
the material. inspect /n spekt/ verb to look at some-
inspect
innocent / nəs(ə)nt/ adjective not
innocent
thing closely She inspected the room
to see if it had been cleaned properly.
guilty He was found to be innocent of
inspector /n spektə/ noun a senior of-
the crime. In English law, the accused inspector
is always presumed to be innocent until ficial who examines something closely
he is proved to be guilty. install /n stɔ l/ verb to put a piece of
install
innovative / nəvetv/ adjective new
innovative
equipment into the place where it will
in a way that has not been tried before operate It took the plumber a week to
a very innovative design
This is trial version install the new central heating system.
input / npυt/ noun information that is instance / nstəns/ noun an example
input instance
put into a computer The input from the There have been several instances of
www.adultpdf.com
nguon tai.lieu . vn
