Cooperative Climate

Cooperative Climate ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACTION IN EAST ASIA Edited byTaishi Sugiyama and Stephanie Ohshita Cooperative Climate ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACTION IN EAST ASIA Edited byTaishi Sugiyama and Stephanie Ohshita Cooperative Climate:Energy Efficiency Action in East Asia ©2006 Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry; University of San Francisco; and International Institute for Sustainable Development Published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development for Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan (http://criepi.denken.or.jp/ en/); and the University of San Francisco, United States (http://www.usfca.edu/). The International Institute for Sustainable Development contributes to sustain-able development by advancing policy recommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change and energy, measurement and assessment,and sustainable natural resources management.Through the Internet, we report on international negotiations and share knowledge gained through col-laborative projects with global partners, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity building in developing countries and better dialogue between North and South. IISD’s vision is better living for all—sustainably; its mission is to champion inno-vation, enabling societies to live sustainably. IISD is registered as a charitable organization in Canada and has 501(c)(3) status in the United States.IISD receives core operating support from the Government of Canada, provided through the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and Environment Canada; and from the Province of Manitoba.The Institute receives project funding from numerous gov-ernments inside and outside Canada, United Nations agencies, foundations and the private sector. International Institute for Sustainable Development 161 Portage Avenue East, 6th Floor Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3B 0Y4 Tel.: +1 (204) 958-7700 Fax: +1 (204) 958-7710 Web site: http://www.iisd.org Cooperative Climate: Energy Efficiency Action in East Asia Edited by Taishi Sugiyama and Stephanie Ohshita ISBN 1-895536-92-8 Available online at http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2006/cooperative_climate.pdf About the cover: Examples of energy-efficient products (top to bottom): fluores-cent ceiling lamp; induction heating cooker; heat-pump washing machine (by Panasonic); Hybrid car “Prius”(by Toyota). Image of map from iStockphoto. Printed on 100% post-consumer recycled paper. ii Cooperative Climate:Energy Efficiency Action in East Asia Tableof Contents Acronyms ix Executive Summary xi Part I:Introduction 1 Chapter 1.Climate Change,Asian Economy,Energy and Policy 5 by Taishi Sugiyama 1.1 Global Climate Policy at a Crossroads 5 1.2 Changing International Relationships in Asia:Economic 7 Development,International Cooperation and Technology Transfer 1.3 Policy Development and Regulatory Harmonization: Opportunities 8 Chapter 2.The Need for Energy Efficiency Cooperation 11 by Taishi Sugiyama,Gørild Heggelund and Takahiro Ueno 2.1 What Energy Efficiency Can Do for East Asia – and the Planet 11 2.2 Domestic Political Context of Energy Conservation – Increasing 14 Political Attention A. China’s current energy policy and political setting 14 B. Current energy efficiency policies in East Asia 18 C. Why domestic policies are the key to promoting 25 energy efficiency 2.3 Common Interests in Energy Efficiency:Beyond the 26 Climate Policy Stalemate 2.4 Why the CDM Cannot Deliver Massive Energy Savings 27 A. Brief history of the CDM 28 B. Can the CDM deliver energy efficiency? 29 2.5 Conclusion 32 PartII:Existing Energy Efficiency Cooperation in East Asia 35 Chapter 3.Cooperation Structure:The Growing Role of 39 Independent Cooperation Networks by Stephanie Ohshita,Steve Wiel and Gørild Heggelund 3.1 Experience from Bilateral Cooperation 40 3.2 Experience from Multilateral Institutions 45 3.3 Possibilities for Regional Cooperation 51 3.4 A New Model:Independent,International Cooperation Networks 56 3.5 Conclusions:The Growing Role of Independent 61 Cooperation Networks iii Cooperative Climate:Energy Efficiency Action in East Asia Chapter 4.Cooperation Mechanisms:A Shift Toward Policy 63 Development Cooperation by Stephanie Ohshita 4.1 Forms of International Cooperation on Energy Efficiency 63 and Conservation 4.2 Lessons Learned from Technology Cooperation and 66 Development Assistance 4.3 How Policy Development Cooperation Works 71 4.4 A Shift Toward Policy Development Cooperation 74 4.5 Conclusion:Policy Development Cooperation that Builds 76 Capacity,Creates Incentives and Transforms Markets for Energy Efficiency Chapter 5.Cooperation Targets:From Industry to Energy Services 79 by Stephanie Ohshita,Alan Meier,Steve Wiel and Gørild Heggelund 5.1 Industry Looms Large:Still Significant Potential for Energy Savings 81 5.2 Appliance Energy Efficiency:Saving Billions,One Watt at a Time 83 5.3 From the Ground Up:Building Efficiency 86 5.4 Serving End-Users:Creating Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) 87 and Energy Management Companies (EMCs) 5.5 Improving Government Efficiency:Cooperation on Public Sector 89 Procurement Policies 5.6 Integrated Strategies:Multi-Sectoral Efforts 91 5.7 Conclusion:Opportunities and Challenges in Cooperation Targets 93 PartIII.Proposal for a New Energy Efficiency Policy Development Fund 95 Chapter 6.The Fund Proposal 99 by Taishi Sugiyama,Steve Wiel,Alan Meier and Jonathan Sinton 6.1 Key Design Issues 99 A. Requirements of the Fund 99 B. Political agreement 100 C. Modality of the Fund 101 D. Project coverage by the Fund 103 6.2 The Policy Development Fund 104 A. The Fund Proposal 104 B. Example projects 107 C. Political feasibility with key stakeholders 117 D. Cost-effectiveness of the Fund 123 E. A future scenario 124 6.3 Summary 126 References 131 iv ... - tailieumienphi.vn