COMPARING MEDIA SYSTEMS THREE MODELS OF MEDIA AND POLITICS

Comparing Media Systems THREE MODELS OF MEDIA AND POLITICS Daniel C. Hallin University of California Paolo Mancini Universita` di Perugia published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Daniel C. Hallin and Paolo Mancini 2004 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2004 Printed in the United States of America Typefaces Minion 11/13 pt. and Centaur System LT X2ε [TB] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data available ISBN 0 521 83535 6 hardback ISBN 0 521 54308 8 paperback Contents List of Figures and Tables List of Acronyms Preface 1 Introduction Part I. Concepts and Models 2 Comparing Media Systems 3 The Political Context of Media Systems 4 Media and Political Systems, and the Question of Differentiation Part II. The Three Models 5 The Mediterranean or Polarized Pluralist Model 6 The North/Central European or Democratic Corporatist Model 7 The North Atlantic or Liberal Model Part III. The Future of the Three Models 8 The Forces and Limits of Homogenization 9 Conclusion Bibliography Index page viii xi xiii 1 21 46 66 89 143 198 251 296 307 329 vii List of Figures and Tables FIGURES 3.1 Relation Between Literacy Rate in 1890 and Newspaper Circulation in 2000 page 64 4.1 Relation of Individual Cases to the Three Models 70 6.1 Left-Right Positions of German and Swedish Media 182 TABLES 2.1 Newspaper Sales per 1,000 Adult Population, 2000 23 2.2 Gender Differences in Newspaper Reach, 2000 24 2.3 Proportion of Public Watching or Reading News Every Day, and the Ratio of Television to Newspaper Consumption, European Union Countries, 2001 25 2.4 Public Broadcasting Systems 42 3.1 Consensus vs. Majoritarian Politics 51 3.2 Effective Number of Political Parties and Index of Polarization, Average Figures for 1945–89 60 4.1 The Three Models: Media System Characteristics 67 4.2 The Three Models: Political System Characteristics 68 5.1 Functions of Paragraphs in U.S. and French News Stories 99 5.2 Party-Press Parallelism in Italian Newspaper Readership, 1996 102 5.3 Party-Press Parallelism in Spanish Newspaper Readership, 1993 105 6.1 Political Activity among Norwegian Journalists, 1970s 157 6.2 Political Affiliations of Danish Newspapers 179 6.3 Contrasting Stories on Immigration in the Danish Press 184 viii List of Figures and Tables 7.1 Party-Press Parallelism in British Newspaper Readership 213 7.2 Contrasting Stories on Immigration in the British Press 214 7.3 Percent of U.S. Cities with Competing Daily Newspapers 220 9.1 Pattern of Variation in Four Media System Dimensions 299 ix ... - tailieumienphi.vn