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- Khóa h c LTðH môn Ti ng Anh – Giáo viên: Vũ Th Mai Phương Các lo i m nh ñ (Ph n 3)
CÁC LO I M NH ð (Ph n 3)
(TÀI LI U BÀI GI NG)
Giáo viên: VŨ TH MAI PHƯƠNG
7. M nh ñ tr ng ng ch ñi u ki n
Là m nh ñ b nghĩa cho m nh ñ chính b ng cách xác ñ nh ñi u ki n mà hành ñ ng c a m nh ñ chính
ñư c th c hi n.
M nh ñ tr ng ng ch ñi u ki n thư ng ñư c b t ñ u b ng m t trong nh ng liên t ho c c m t sau:
if
unless
or/ otherwise
supposed (that)/ supposing (that) gi s , n u
provided (that)/ providing (that) v i ñi u ki n là, mi n là
as/ so long as mi n là
on condition that v i ñi u ki n r ng
Câu có ch a m nh ñ tr ng ng ch ñi u ki n thư ng ñư c g i là câu ñi u ki n (conditional sentence).
Câu ñi u ki n trong ti ng Anh thư ng ñư c phân thành 3 lo i chính sau ñây:
A. Type I
Di n t m t gi thi t có th x y ra th c t .
Ex: If you study hard, you will pass the next exam.
Some of us will get wet if it rains.
(M nh ñ ph # M nh ñ tr ng ng ch ñi u ki n # M nh ñ “if”)
If you have been waiting since 8 a.m., please come on.
If they are playing football, let’s go there to cheer them up (cheer (v): c vũ)
- Lưu ý:
Trong câu ñi u ki n lo i 1, m nh ñ ph thư ng ñư c chia thì Hi n t i ñơn và m nh ñ chính thư ng
ñư c chia thìTương lai ñơn. Tuy nhiên tùy theo ng c nh, các m nh ñ c a câu ñi u ki n lo i 1 có th
ñư c chia các thì khác n a.
Ex: If you have finished reading the novel, I’d rather have it back.
You should wait for him if he is having a rest.
B. Type II
Di n t m t gi thi t trái v i th c t hi n t i.
Ex: If pigs had wings, they would fly.
If I were a bird, I would be a white pigeon.
- Lưu ý:
Trong câu ñi u ki n lo i 2, m nh ñ ph thư ng ñư c chia quá kh gi ñ nh (Past subjunctive – Là thì
quá kh ñơn ñ i v i ñ ng t thư ng, n u là ñ ng t là “be” dùng “were” cho t t c các ngôi) và m nh ñ
chính thư ng ñư c chia c u trúc: would/ should/ could/ might + bare inf
Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trư ng chung c a h c trò Vi t T ng ñài tư v n: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 1 -
- Khóa h c LTðH môn Ti ng Anh – Giáo viên: Vũ Th Mai Phương Các lo i m nh ñ (Ph n 3)
Ex: Translate into Vietnamese
1. N u cô y n ng thêm m t ít n a, cô y có th làm c nh sát.
If she were a little heavier, she could be a policewoman.
2. N u là hoa tôi s là m t ñóa hư ng dương.
If I were a flower, I would be a sunflower.
3. Chúng ta s b ư t n u bây gi tr i mưa.
We would be wet if it rained now.
C. Type III
Di n t m t gi thi t trái v i th c t quá kh .
Ex: - If I had been you yesterday, I would have done it.
- If he had studied hard, he could have passed last year’s exam.
He couldn’t pass last year’s exam because he didn’t study hard.
- Lưu ý:
Trong câu ñi u ki n lo i 3, m nh ñ ph thư ng ñư c chia thì quá kh hoàn thành và m nh ñ
chính thư ng ñư c chia c u trúc: would/ should/ could/ might + have + pp
Ex: Translate into Vietnamese
1. N u ngư i Hy L p không phát minh ra bánh xe thì n n văn minh c a h có th ñã không phát tri n
m nh.
If the ancient Greeks had not invented the wheel, their civilization would not have developed so much.
2. Nhi u ngư i có l ñã không ch t n u M không t n công Ir c.
Many people wouldn’t have died if the US hadn’t attacked Iraq.
D. Chú ý
a. B ng tóm t t các thì thư ng g p 2 m nh ñ c a 3 lo i câu ñi u ki n
TYPE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONDITION MAIN CLAUSE
I. Simple present Simple future
II. Past subjunctive would/ should/ could/ might + bare inf
(Simple past – “be” for “were” for all persons)
III. Past perfect would/ should/ could/ might + have + pp
b. D ng bài t p câu ñ ng nghĩa có liên quan ñ n câu ñi u ki n
Ex:
- She doesn’t ride the bus to work every day because it is crowded.
=> If …(gi thi t trái v i hi n t i)
If the bus were not crowded, she would ride it to work every day.
- They didn’t take raincoats so they got wet.
If they had taken raincoats, they couldn’t have got wet.
Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trư ng chung c a h c trò Vi t T ng ñài tư v n: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 2 -
- Khóa h c LTðH môn Ti ng Anh – Giáo viên: Vũ Th Mai Phương Các lo i m nh ñ (Ph n 3)
- Because she typed the report carelessly, there were many mistakes.
If they hadn’t typed the report carefully, there couldn’t have been many mistakes.
c. Khi 2 m nh ñ c a cùng 1 câu ñi u ki n di n t 2 gi thi t 2 th i ñi m khác nhau
(hi n t i và quá kh ) thì 2 m nh ñ ñó thu c v 2 lo i câu ñi u ki n khác nhau (Lo i 2 và Lo i 3).
Ex:
- She is tired nowhi n t i because she stayed up late last nightquá kh .
If she hadn’t stayed up late last night, she couldn’t be tired.
- Because the police recognized his car, the thief is in prison now.
If the police hadn’t recognized his car, the thief wouldn’t be in prison now.
- Because they lost their passports last week, they are having trouble now.
If they hadn’t lost their passports last week, they wouldn’t be having trouble now.
- The man was wearing his seatbelt when the accident happened, so he is not in hospital now.
If the man hadn’t been wearing his seatbelt when the accident happened, he would be in hospital now.
d. Các hình th c ñ o ng ñ nh n m nh nghĩa c a 3 lo i câu ñi u ki n
* Lo i 1
Ex:
- If you go on a picnic next week, I will join you.
Should you go on a picnic next week, I will join you.
- They will cancel the show if it rains.
They will cancel the show should it rain.
- If you are late, you will be punished.
Should you be late, you will be punished.
* Lo i 2
Ex:
- If I were a bird, I would be a white pigeon.
Were I a bird, I would be a white pigeon.
- Pigs would fly if they had wings.
Pigs would fly did they have wings.
- She lives near the school so she walks to school.
=> Did…(ð o ng )
If she didn’t live near the school, she couldn’t walk to school.
Did not she
she not
(Lưu ý: N u ñ o ng câu ph ñ nh, ta có th ñưa “not” ra trư c ch ng ho c ñưa “not” ra sau ch ng .
“Did not” trong trư ng h p này không ñư c vi t t t thành “didn’t”.)
* Lo i 3
Ex:
- If our team had played better, they could have won the match.
Had our team played better, they could have won the match.
- Because she had read the books, they finished the test.
=> Had…
If she hadn’t read the books, she couldn’t have finished the test.
Had she not read the books, she couldn’t have finished the test.
Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trư ng chung c a h c trò Vi t T ng ñài tư v n: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 3 -
- Khóa h c LTðH môn Ti ng Anh – Giáo viên: Vũ Th Mai Phương Các lo i m nh ñ (Ph n 3)
e. Ngoài các liên t “IF” m nh ñ tr ng ng ch ñi u ki n còn có th ñư c b t ñ u b ng
* Unless (Tr phi, n u không)
Ex: Unless it rains, we’ll go on picnic next weekend.
If it doesn’t rain, we’ll go on picnic next weekend.
- Trong ph n l n các trư ng h p, “unless” có th thay th b ng “if” và c u trúc ph ñ nh c a m nh ñ sau
nó.
Ex: + If you don’t water the trees, they will die.
Unless you water the trees, they will die.
+ If we miss the train, we’ll be late for the concert.
=> Unless…
If we don’t catch the train, we’ll be late for the concert.
Unless we catch the train, we’ll be late for the concert.
* Or/ otherwise (N u không)
Ex: - You should take an umbrella with you, or you will get wet.
=> Should…
If you don’t take an umbrella, you will get wet.
Should not you (you not) take an umbrella, you will get wet.
- He wore the raincoat. Otherwise he would have got wet.
=> Had…
Because he wore the raincoat, he did not get wet.
If he hadn’t worn the raincoat, he would have got wet.
Had not he (he not) worn the raincoat, he would have got wet.
- They swam very fast. Or they couldn’t have won the prize.
They won the prize because they swam very fast.
* As/ so long as = provided/ providing + (that) (Mi n là)
Ex: As/ So long as you tell us the truth, we will help you.
* Supposed/ supposing (that) + clause (Gi s r ng)
Ex: Supposed (supposing) (that) you had been in her shoes, what…
a. would you have done c. would you have be doing
b. would you do d. you would have done
* On condition that + clause (V i ñi u ki n r ng)
Ex: On codition that you fill the car up with petrol, I will lend you it.
f. ð di n t quan h ta còn có th s d ng các gi i t quan h sau ñây
But for + Noun (N u không vì, n u không nh )
Without
(Thư ng ñư c dùng trong câu ñi u ki n lo i 2 ho c lo i 3)
It be for + noun (“Nh ” ho c “Vì”)
If it be not for + noun # But for (N u không vì)
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- Khóa h c LTðH môn Ti ng Anh – Giáo viên: Vũ Th Mai Phương Các lo i m nh ñ (Ph n 3)
Ex: But for his help, we could never have finished the project.
=> Had…
If he had not helped us, we could never have finished the project.
Had not he (he not) helped us, we could never have finished the project.
If it hadn’t been for his help, we could never have finished the project.
Had not it (it not) been for his help, we could never have finished the project.
- Without her money, they could not have bought the house.
If it had not been her money, they couldn’t have bought the house.
- But for TV, we would not know what to do at nights.
=> If…
If it weren’t for TV, we would not know what to do at nights.
Thank to TV, we know what to do at nights.
- But for the teacher’s encouragement, he would not have taken part in the contest.
Had it not (not it) been for the teacher’s encouragement, he would not have taken part in the contest.
If the teacher had not encouraged him, he would not have taken part in the contest.
Had the teacher not (not teacher) him, he would not have taken part in the contest.
Giáo viên: Vũ Th Mai Phương
Ngu n : Hocmai.vn
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