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- Khóa h c LTðH môn Ti ng Anh – Giáo viên: Vũ Th Mai Phương Các lo i m nh ñ (Ph n 2)
CÁC LO I M NH ð (PH N 2)
(TÀI LI U BÀI GI NG)
Giáo viên: VŨ TH MAI PHƯƠNG
4. M nh ñ tr ng ng ch nguyên nhân
M nh ñ tr ng ng ch lý do/nguyên nhân là m nh ñ b nghĩa cho m nh ñ chính b ng cách xác ñ nh lý
do/nguyên nhân mà hành ñ ng c a m nh ñ chính ñư c th c hi n.
M nh ñ tr ng ng ch lý do thư ng ñư c b t ñ u b ng các m t trong các liên t sau ñây: because, for,
since, as, inasmuch as, now that (ñ u có nghĩa là “b i vì”)
(Trong trư ng h p m nh ñ tr ng ng ch lý do thì as mang nghĩa là “B i vì”. Trong trư ng h p m nh ñ
ch th i gian thì as có nghĩa là “Khi”)
- Lưu ý 1:
a. Liên t ch lý do/nguyên nhân "for" thư ng không ñ ng ñ u câu
Ex: They cancelled the match for it rained heavily
Because she is old, she retires (v hưu)
Now that my mother has been away, I am cooking by myself. (be away: ñi xa)
b. Câu có ch a m nh ñ tr ng ng ch lý do s không thay ñ i v m t ng nghĩa khi ta b liên t ch
lý do (because, for, since, as, inasmuch as, now that) m nh ñ này và thêm liên t ch k t
qu (so) vào trư c m nh ñ kia.
Ex: It rained heavily so they cancelled the match.
She is old so she retires.
My mother has been away so I am cooking by myself.
c. ð di n t lý do, ta còn có th s d ng các gi i t sau ñây:
Because of
On account of
By dint of (thư ng dùng v i nghĩa t t) + Noun/V-ing
Due to (thư ng dùng v i nghĩa x u )
Owing to
By virtue of
Ex: - By dint of working hard, he earns much money
- Since he work hard, he earns much money
- Due to the snow, the train couldn't run
- Lưu ý 2: “IMPORTANT”
BA HÌNH TH C CHUY N M NH ð THÀNH DANH T / DANH ð NG T
a. N u 2 m nh ñ cùng ch ng , ta l y ñ ng t chính c a m nh ñ ñó thêm –ing
Ex: Because she is old, she retires
- Because of being old, she retires
- Because of her old age, she retires
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- Khóa h c LTðH môn Ti ng Anh – Giáo viên: Vũ Th Mai Phương Các lo i m nh ñ (Ph n 2)
b. N u 2 m nh ñ khác ch ng và ñ ng t chính là "be", ta bi n tính t sau ñó thành danh t
Ex: - Because her child is ill, she stays at home.
- Because of her child's illness, she stays at home.
c. N u 2 m nh ñ khác ch ng và ñ ng t chính là ñ ng t thư ng, ta bi n ñ ng t ñó thành danh
t
Ex: - Because it rained heavily, they cancelled the match.
- Because of the heavy rain, they cancelled the match.
BT: ð i gi i t (Prep) thành liên t (Conj)
1. By dint of working hard, he earns much money (TH1)
ð chuy n câu thì ph i xác ñ nh ñ y ñ các y u t sau: S (He); V (work) và Tense (HTð)
Since he works hard, he earns much money
2. Due to the snow, the trains couldn't run. (TH2)
So it snowed, the trains couldn't run
3. Because she is a daughter of a rich man, he wants to marry her. (TH3)
Because of the fact that she is a daughter of a rich man, he wants to marry her
“Because of the fact that” # “Because”
Because of the fact that+ Clause
Because of her father's wealth, he wants to marry her
* Khi ta thêm “the fact that” vào sau các gi i t : because of, on account of, by dint of, due to, owing
to, by wirtue of…thì chúng có th ñư c s d ng gi ng như các liên t , t c là theo sau nó là m nh ñ .
- Lưu ý 3:
HÌNH TH C ð O NG ð NH N M NH NGHĨA C A M NH ð TR NG NG CH LÝ DO
Adj/Adv + as + sub + verb + main clause
Ex: 1. Because she is old, she retires
Old as she is, she retires
2. They cancelled the match for it rained heavily
They cancelled the match heavily as it rained
3. Because she is a careful driver, she never cause accidents
Because she drives carefully, she never cause accidents
Carrefully as she drives, she never cause accidents
5. M nh ñ tr ng ng ch s như ng b
M nh ñ tr ng ng ch quan h tương ph n/như ng b là m nh ñ ñ b nghĩa cho m nh ñ chính b ng
cách xác ñ nh quan h tương ph n/như ng b ñ i v i m nh ñ chính.
Nh ng m nh ñ này ñư c b t ñ u b ng:
Nhóm 1: Although; Though; Even though (m c dù)
Nhóm 2: While (trong khi); Meanwhile; Whereas (trong khi ñó)
Nhóm 3: However; Whatever; Whoever; Wherever (cho dù như th nào, cho dù cái gì, cho dù ai, cho
dù ñâu...)
Lưu ý: Trong ng pháp truy n th ng thì liên t “Though” thư ng không ñ ng ñ u câu, “Even
though” có nghĩa m nh nh t.
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- Khóa h c LTðH môn Ti ng Anh – Giáo viên: Vũ Th Mai Phương Các lo i m nh ñ (Ph n 2)
* Nhóm 1: Although; Though; Even though (m c dù)
Ex: Although he is old, he is very active
They are playing football though it rains heavily
- Lưu ý
a. ð di n t quan h tương ph n, ta còn có th s d ng các tr ng t sau ñây: However, Nevertheless,
Nonetheless
Ex: - He is old. However, he is very active.
- He is old. He is, however very active.
- He is old. He is very active, however.
b. Câu có ch a m nh ñ tr ng ng ch quan h tương ph n ñư c b t ñ u b ng: “Although, Though,
Even though”s không thay ñ i v m t ng nghĩa khi ta b các liên t ñó và thêm “but” vào trư c m nh
ñ kia.
Ex: He is old but he is very active.
c. ð di n t quan h tương ph n ta còn có th s d ng các gi i t sau ñây:
Despite
In spite of + Noun/V-ing b t ch p/m c dù
Regardless of
Ex: 1. Although he is old, he is very active
Despite being old, he is very active
his old age, he is very active
2. Although she is kind, he doesn't like to work with her
In spite of her kindness, he doesn't like to work with her
3. They are playing football though it rains heavily
Despite the heavy rain, they are playing football
* Khi ta thêm "the fact that" vào sau các gi i t trên thì chúng ñư c s d ng như các liên t
Ex: Although her little son is going to school for the first time tomorrow she is very calm
(calm (a): bình tĩnh)
In spite of the fact that her little son is going to school for the first time tomorrow, she is very calm.
d. Hình th c ñ o ng ñ nh n m nh nghĩa c a m nh ñ tr ng ng ch quan h tương ph n b t ñ u
b ng Although, Though, Even though
Adv/Adj + as/though + sub + verb + main clause
Ex: Although he is old, he is very active
Old as he is, he is very active
“as” có 2 nghĩa là “m c dù” và “b i vì”. Khi dùng thì chú ý vào nghĩa c a m nh ñ chính ñ d ch cho
phù h p.
Ex: They are playing football though it rains heavily
They are playing football heavily as/though it rains.
e. Khi “Though” ñ ng ñ u câu thì nó là liên t có nghĩa là “m c d u”
Khi “Though/However” ñ ng cu i câu thì nó là tr ng t có nghĩa là “tuy nhiên”
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- Khóa h c LTðH môn Ti ng Anh – Giáo viên: Vũ Th Mai Phương Các lo i m nh ñ (Ph n 2)
Ex: Although/though he worked hard, he didn't earn enough for his living
He worked hard. He didn't earn enough for his living, though (adv)
however (adv)
* Nhóm 2: While (trong khi), Meanwhile và Whereas (trong khi ñó)
Ex: - While yesterday was sunny, today is rainy
- While my mother loves Korean film, my father hates them
- Yesterday was sunny whereas today is rainy
- The price of vegetables goes up whereas that of fruit goes down.
* Nhóm 3: However; Whatever; Whoever; Wherever; Even if (cho dù)
Ex: He can't solve the problem even if it is not very difficult
No matter how
However + adv/adj + S + verb + main clause
It doesn't matter how
(Cho dù + adv/adj....)
Ex: No matter how busy my mother is, she always takes care of us carefully
No matter how carefully he types, he sometimes makes mistakes
No matter what/which/who/when/where
Whatever/Whichever/Whoever/Wherever/Whenever + (Noun) + Sub + Verb +
It doesn't matter what/which/who/where/when Main clause
(Khi có “noun” thì chúng ta ch dùng cho What/Which/Who còn không ñúng trong trư ng h p When,
Where)
Ex: - No matter what shirt you choose, you will have to pay 10USD for each
- Whoever she is, she must obey traffic laws
It doesn't matter who, she must obey traffic laws
- Wherever you go, whatever you do, I'll be right here waiting for you.
6. M nh ñ tr ng ng ch cách th c
M nh ñ tr ng ng ch th cách là m nh ñ b nghĩa cho m nh ñ chính b ng cách xác ñ nh cách th c mà
hành ñ ng c a m nh ñ chính ñư c th c hi n.
M nh ñ tr ng ng ch th cách thư ng ñư c b t ñ u b ng: as (như là), as if, as though (dư ng như)
Ex: You should make the cakes as I have instructed you.
- Lưu ý:
1. Phân bi t gi a “as” và “like”
a. As là liên t nên: As + Clause (như là)
b. Like là gi i t nên: Like + Noun/V-ing (gi ng như) ≠ Unlike (không gi ng như)
Ex: - Like many boys, she is fond of football (be fond of: yêu thích)
- Unlike cows, tigers eat meat
- As you have known, she lives next door to me (next door to: ngay bên c nh, sát vách)
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- Khóa h c LTðH môn Ti ng Anh – Giáo viên: Vũ Th Mai Phương Các lo i m nh ñ (Ph n 2)
2. Cách dùng “As if/As though” (dư ng như)
a. Khi m nh ñ sau “As if” di n t m t gi thi t có th x y ra trong th c t , thì c a m nh ñ ñó s ñư c
hòa h p theo các nguyên t c thông thư ng.
Ex: It is cloudy. It looks as if it .
a. is rainning c. is going to rain
b. will rain d. all are correct
b. Khi m nh ñ sau “As if” di n t trái v i th c t :
Hi n t i: Thì c a m nh ñ ñó s ñư c chia quá kh gi ñ nh (bàng thái cách)- Past subjunctive có
hình th c gi ng thì quá kh ñơn nhưng n u ñ ng t là “be” thì ta ph i dùng “were” cho t t c các ngôi
Ex: - His mother is crying as if she were a baby (m c a anh y ñang khóc như con nít)
- She often sings along us as though she could sing well (theo ý tác gi là cô y hát không hay)
Quá kh : Thì c a m nh ñ ñó ñư c chia quá kh hoàn thành
Ex: -Yesterday, his mother cried as if she had been a baby
- Last night she ran as though a ghost had chased her.
Tương lai: ð ng t c a m nh ñ ñ ng sau s ñư c chia c u trúc Would + bare inf
Ex: He often acts as if he would be the Prime Minister.
Giáo viên: Vũ Th Mai Phương
Ngu n : Hocmai.vn
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