Bulding skill for the toefl ibt transcripts part 2

blood flowing into your stomach slows down. Your muscles tighten up, ready for action. This is why, after consuming a big cup of coffee, you feel excited. You can feel your heartbeat increasing. You’re ready to do something, go somewhere, run, play, fight, conquer the world....or else start STUDYING to get ready for the next test! Skill C 01 Science W: We use microscopes to help us study cells. Because cells are so small, we can’t see them without magnification --- um, the ability to make them look bigger. The first microscopes were called light microscopes. They were pretty simple devices. They were also simple to use. Scientists first cut the cells, or specimens, into thin sections. Then they stained the specimens with different colored materials, called dyes. The dyes helped them see the specimens more clearly. Unfortunately, dyes often killed the cells, too. That limited what scientists could find out about the specimen. In recent years, we have developed more powerful microscopes. These help us view living specimens. One of these new microscopes is called the phase-contrast microscope. It’s made in such a way that part of the light passing through it moves more slowly than the rest of the light. We say this part of the light is “out of phase” with the rest of the light. This enables scientists to see differences in living specimens as light and shade. Another type of new microscope is the electron microscope. This uses electrons to form images, instead of light. Electrons travel in waves, similar to light, but their wavelengths are over 100,000 times shorter than those of light. Therefore, they can give much clearer magnification. Electron microscopes even allow scientists to take pictures of the cells they are studying! 02 Campus Life W: Hey Frank. If you could be any person in the world, who would you be? M: That’s easy. Bill Gates! W: Why? M: I’ll give you 30 billion reasons. Ha, ha. W: Ah, so it’s the money. M: Not totally. But the money is nice. I was reading that if you made all of Gates’ money one-dollar bills, and then laid them end-to-end, the line would stretch for almost six million kilometers. W: Wow! But what would you do with all that money? M: Gates gives a lot to the poor. He’s donated almost seven-and-a-half billion since the year 2000. I’d give away even more. W: Really? M: Sure! It costs about $240 a year to feed a starving child. So, Bill could save almost 121 million children. W: Hmm...why else do you like Gates? M: I admire his confidence. Did you know he earned a scholarship to Harvard, but left after two years to start Microsoft? That took courage! 03 History M: So, you’ve heard of the Gettysburg Address. But do you know the story behind it? The worst battle of the American Civil War was fought in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Northern Army fought back the Southern Army. The battle lasted three days. Afterward, the field was left covered with bodies of dead soldiers. In November 1863, President Abraham Lincoln came to Gettysburg. He was to speak at the opening of the cemetery there. Music played and soldiers saluted. Edward Everett, governor of Massachusetts, talked first for almost two hours. Then Lincoln stood up. He looked out over the valley. Then, he began to speak. He said they couldn’t do anything to make this place special. He said that the soldiers who had fought so hard had already done that. He said that everyone would soon forget what was spoken that day, but he said that what the soldiers did would never be forgotten. He said everyone should keep doing what these soldiers began. They should keep fighting for freedom for all the people. Then, they could make sure the soldiers didn’t die needlessly. The president’s speech only lasted two minutes! Everyone cheered and then left. Lincoln turned to Edward Everett. He said he thought he should have planned his speech better. Edward Everett didn’t agree. He said, “It was perfect. You said more in two minutes than I did in two hours.” Afterward, the newspapers said it was a great speech. And, as you know, Americans still remember it today. 04 Phys. Ed. W: Some people are surprised to know that walking is very good exercise. It seems very easy, but it does us a lot of good. It cleans the blood, tones up muscles, and strengthens bones. It even helps people lose weight. One study showed that fast walking keeps your heart healthy. Men who walked fast were 50 percent less likely to have heart disease. You don’t need much equipment to do it, and almost anyone, anywhere, at any time, can do it. It’s not difficult to plan walks into your day. You can walk to work, to catch a train, or to a park. You can walk to shops or enjoy walks in the country. It’s a great way to spend time with family and friends. People have some of their best conversations while walking. It’s best to do some stretches before and after you walk. Take short quick steps, stand straight, and take deep breaths. For basic health, it’s good to walk most days of the week. Walk for 20 to 30 minutes or more at a “talking pace.” To lose weight, walk for 30 to 45 minutes or more. Walk as many days as you can. Walk fast enough so that you finish slightly out of breath. To make your heart stronger, walk quickly for 20 minutes or more. If you can, walk where there are some small hills. Walk two or three times a week. Go as fast as you can, but enjoy yourself. Exercise should never be painful. 05 Campus Life W: Josh, what are you doing tonight? M: I have a biology class. What are you doing? W: Well, my friend’s sorority is having a party, but I don’t want to walk by myself in the dark. M: Why don’t you use Campus Escort? W: What’s that? M: Campus Escort is a free service that gives students rides. Other students drive you to the place you’re going. Transcripts 647 W: Really? It’s free? M: Sorry, no. Only one meal each meal period. If you want to treat M: Yep. Just call 874-SAFE and tell them what time you would like to be picked up. a friend, you can use your declining balance points. W: My what? W: But...will they escort me back home? M: Declining balance points. They work like an ATM card. At the M: Sure. There’s a car that will take you from your dorm room to the party, then back to your dorm. It runs 5 p.m. to 1 a.m. And there’s a small van that picks students up each hour at the student center and the mall. It runs from 6 p.m. to midnight. dining halls, you use the points like cash. You can buy food, snacks, or meals. Then the points are withdrawn from your declining balance account. All of our meal plans offer these points. W: What if I want to stay later? W: Um, OK. What happens when I run out of declining balance M: Call campus police for a free escort: 874-2121. M: points? You can buy more points at any time. Just go to the One Card 06 General Studies M: All right. Saturday’s the big day. Are you ready? Yes, Susan? W: Tests make me nervous. What can I do? M: Good question. It’s natural to be a little nervous before a test. The important thing is: don’t panic. You’ve studied hard for this test. You can pass it. Be confident! Relax! Now, you’re more likely to be relaxed if you are well prepared. Here are some tips. First, before you leave home, check to make sure you have everything you need. You should have your admission ticket. This was mailed to you last week. You should have two number-two pencils and a good eraser. You should have identification --- your student ID card, a driver’s license, or a passport. If you’re taking the math portion of the test, you should have a calculator. Second, know what you can’t bring to the test. You cannot bring a watch with a loud alarm. You cannot bring any food or drink. You cannot bring extra paper to write on. You cannot bring any books, notes, or dictionaries. You cannot bring compasses, rulers, protractors, or other aids --- except for the calculator. You cannot bring colored pens, pencils, or highlighters. You cannot bring cell phones or pagers. You cannot bring any portable tape recorders, walkmans, or headphones. Questions? W: Um...what if I uh, have to go to the bathroom during the test? M: You can’t. So go before! Don’t worry, there will be breaks after each section of the test. You’ll be able to go then. Chapter 2 Skill Review A-C 01 Campus Life office on the North Campus. We will bill your home through the Student Accounts office. 02 Geography W: We usually think of deserts as hot, dry, sandy places. And many deserts are. But actually, deserts come in several forms. Let’s learn about some of them. In defining a desert, we have to consider two factors. The first is the annual amount of rainfall. Deserts get less than 250 millimeters of rain or snow each year. The second factor is how much of that rain or snow evaporates --- that is, goes back into the atmosphere or is used up by plants. We call this loss of water “evaporation.” Simply stated, a desert is a place where evaporation is greater than rainfall or snowfall. Because so much water evaporates, most deserts are hot. But not all. The North and South poles, for instance, are cold deserts. They get less than 250 millimeters of snow each year, and the ground is permanently frozen. Wealso classify deserts by their location and main weather pattern. One example is trade wind deserts. Trade wind deserts are located between 30 degrees and 35 degrees north and south of the equator. The winds that blow over these areas are very strong. They blow away clouds, so more sun reaches the ground. Most of the major deserts in the world lie in the areas crossed by the trade winds. The Sahara Desert, in North Africa, is a trade wind desert. Temperatures there can reach 57 degrees Celsius. Another type of desert is the rain shadow desert. Rain shadow deserts lie next to tall mountains. As clouds rise over the mountains, they spill all of their rain or snow before they get to the other side. So, these deserts are formed in the “shadow” of the mountains. The Judean Desert in Israel is a rain shadow desert. So is a large part of the western United States called the Great Basin. Still another kind of desert is the coastal desert. Coastal deserts are on the western edges, or coasts, of continents. One coastal desert, the Atacama Desert of South America, is Earth’s driest M: All right. Here’s your student ID card. You’ll need to show this at every meal, or each time you buy something at a campus dining hall. desert. In the Atacama, there can be measurable rainfall only once every 50 years. W: Really? Hmm. That’s different than my old school. M: Yes, I imagine it is. We have a unique system here. Do you know about our meal plans? W: Meal plans? Uh, no. M: There are several different plans. You can choose to buy 9, 12, 15, or 18 meals each week. It depends on your schedule and eating habits. W: I see. Um, what if I buy the 15-meal plan and only eat 13 meals that week? Will I get 17 the next week? M: No, meals do not carry over into the next week. That’s why it’s important that you choose your meal plan carefully. W: What if I want to treat my friend? Can I use two meals at one time? 03 Business Writing M: Today, I’d like to give you some basic rules for writing a resumé. Let’s begin with spelling. Don’t use words you don’t know. Use a dictionary. Seems like a lot of trouble to get up, find a dictionary, and look up the word. But if you’re on the computer, you can look up words online. Do a spell check, but then read every word carefully. The spell check can’t catch every mistake. If you use “form” instead of “from,” it won’t catch it. So, use a spell check, but read everything yourself, too. And read carefully. If you read quickly, it’s easy to miss words that are misspelled. Have a friend read your resumé, too. 648 Transcripts Another thing, choose your words carefully. Some words sound alike but don’t mean the same thing, like these: personal means private, personnel means staff members. And use active tense like “directed staff” rather than passive tense like “was staff director.” The active tense gives a stronger feeling. Now, about grammar. In each part of your resumé, keep the same tense. The duties you do now should be in the present tense. Things you did in the past should be in the past tense. For example, let’s say you started your job several years ago in September. You might write on your resumé “September 2003 to present, manage office and staff,” or “teach at Canyon High School.” That means, “I manage” or “I teach” now. But if you’re listing a job you don’t have anymore “taught at Canyon High School” instead of “teach at Canyon High School.” Don’t give your sex, age, race, or marital status. How much money you made before is also personal information. Make your resumé look nice. Make it as simple as you can, too. Leave plenty of space, but try to make it just one page. Use a font like Times Roman that’s easy to read. Put your name, address, and telephone number on it and any letters. Use a good printer and print on only one side of white paper. Your resumé speaks for you. A professional-looking resumé tells an employer that you do things well. An employer may decide to see you or not because of it. 04 Economics W: Our world is so rich! All the people together make more than $31 trillion a year. In some countries, many people make more than $40,000 a year. But in other countries, many people make less than $700 a year. Of these, 1.2 billion earn less than $1.00 a day. Because of this, 33,000 children die every day in these poorer countries. Each minute, more than one woman dies in childbirth. Being poor keeps more than 100 million children out of school. Most of them are girls. Helping the poorer countries is a very big task --- especially because more people are born every year. In fifty years, there will be about 3 billion more people. The World Bank is a bridge between the rich and poor people. It’s making rich-country money into poor-country growth. It is one of the world’s biggest banks for poor countries. It’s helping them build schools and health centers, and get water and electricity. It’s helping protect the people’s surroundings. The low-income countries can’t usually borrow money in world markets. If they do, they have to pay very high interest rates. The World Bank gives them some money, low-interest loans, and interest-free credit. It helps them take care of the money, too. When the countries get loans, they have 35---40 years to pay them back. They can have ten extra years if they need it. In the year 2002, the bank agreed to give about $15 billion to low-income countries. For some of the poorest countries, AIDS is a very big problem. Some of this World Bank money is to help them fight this disease. If they don’t receive help, many more people will get the illness. The World Bank is not like other banks. It’s really a part of the United Nations. One hundred and eighty-four countries belong to it. These countries all put money into it and help maintain it. About 10,000 people work in World Bank offices. They are from nearly every country in the world. Its headquarters is in Washington, DC. But there are World Bank offices in 109 countries. Skill D 01 Campus Life W: Hi Tony! Where are you headed? M: Hey, Mary. I’m going to the campus gym to lift weights. Want to come? Um, there’s an aerobics class at 5 o’clock. W: Uh, no thanks. I’ve got to study for my chemistry mid-term. Maybe next time. How often do you go? M: I try to go three times a week. When I study, I sit too much. I don’t feel good unless my body gets some exercise, not just my mind. W: Do you usually just lift weights? M: No. I lift to get stronger. Then, I run on the treadmill to help my heart and lungs. Then, I jump rope or do aerobics to improve my balance and coordination. W: Wow! I wish I had that much discipline. M: Start slowly and do a little more each day. W: Thanks for the advice. Well, have fun. Maybe I’ll go next week. M: Bye! Good luck on your mid-term. 02 Physical Science W: Rocks wear down and break apart due to a process called weathering. There are two main types of weathering: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical weathering involves the disintegration, or destruction, of rocks by mechanical processes. These include the freezing and thawing of water in the crevices --- uh, holes and cracks ---of rocks. Also, the roots of plants can cause rocks to break apart. The tiny, hair-like roots grow into small cracks in rocks. Then, as the roots get bigger, the roots crack the rocks. Animals are also responsible for mechanical weathering. They burrow, or dig, into the rocks and the dirt around the rocks. Mechanical weathering is especially common in high altitudes, where it’s so cold that freezing and thawing happen every day. It’s also common in deserts, where there is little water and few plants. Chemical weathering involves the decomposition of rock by chemical changes or solution. This includes the processes of oxidation, carbonation, and hydration. For example, many iron minerals found in rocks are rapidly oxidized, meaning they can quickly turn to rust. It sounds funny, but rocks can rust or oxidize. Then, there is carbonation. Limestone is a rock that does this. Limestone is a type of rock that is dissolved by water, which contains carbonic acid. We’ll go into more detail about that reaction later. Anyway, chemical weathering takes place in warm, wet conditions. In general, chemical weathering is more common than mechanical weathering, although they usually act together. 03 Campus Life M: I just don’t get it! W: Get what? M: Professor Johnson’s biology lecture. I took notes, but I don’t understand them. W: You should go to a review session. M: A review session? W: Yeah. A review session is a discussion that’s led by a student who has already taken the class. They review the professor’s lecture and the homework assignments for each week. Then, they answer questions. M: It sounds like an extra class. Transcripts 649 W: You don’t have to go, but if you’re having trouble, a review session will help you a lot. I went to one last year when I had Professor Johnson’s class. Cross the wide Missouri O Shenandoah, I love your daughter M: Yeah? How did you do? Away, you rolling river W: I got an A-minus. For her I’ve crossed the rolling water M: Hmm. When is the review session? Away, I’m bound away W: Let’s see... You have your choice. You can go Monday from 5 Cross the wide Missouri to 6 p.m., or Tuesday from 3 to 4. M: I’ve got economics on Tuesday. I guess I could go Monday. Notice the dialog in the second verse. The white man tells his W: It’s up to you. lover’s father: “Oh Shenandoah, I love your daughter...for her I’ve M: I’ll think about it. crossed the rolling river.” Such dialog is typical of ballads. So, we have three characteristics of ballads so far. One, they tell a story. 04 Business M: Advertisements. They’re everywhere. You can’t hide from them. There’s no escape. Turn on the TV. There they are. Turn on the radio. There they are. Waiting for an elevator? There they are. Using your Two, they come from oral tradition. Three, they repeat simple words and use dialog. 06 Earth Science computer? There they are. Looking out your car window? Ahhhhhh! Ads, ads, ads! Aren’t you getting tired of them? M: Trade winds are a pattern of wind found in regions near the Earth’s equator. Do you remember what the equator is? W: Yes! Especially on my computer and on TV. I wish there weren’t so many of them. W: The imaginary circle around the middle of the Earth that divides the planet into the northern hemisphere and southern M: Well, would you believe you’ve actually seen more ads than you think? You’ve also been watching secret ads. Instead of regular ads, today we are seeing lots more of something called product placement. Product placement is like an ad that’s not an ad. It’s an advertisement in disguise. For example, how many of you have seen the movie Cast Away, with Tom Hanks? Mmmm, most of you. Which company does Toms Hanks work for at the start of the movie? hemisphere. M: Very good! Now, in the old days, sailors used to sail their boats back and forth across the equator on their way to trade things with other nations. They depended on the wind to get them there quickly. Hence the name, trade winds. The trade winds begin in regions called the Horse Latitudes. These are regions between 30 degrees and 35 degrees north and south of the equator. The winds in the Horse Latitudes are light, and the W: Fed Ex. weather there is hot and dry. Because of the light winds, trading M: Bingo! That’s a product placement. Fed Ex --- short for Federal Express ---got more publicity from that movie than it could have with hundreds of traditional ads. In another movie, The Firm, the main character drank a beer from Jamaica called Red Stripe. In the movie’s first week, sales of Red Stripe increased 50 percent.Product placement used to be limited to movies. Now, we see it on TV shows, video games, even in books. It’s an effective technique. But companies have to be careful. They want their products to be visible within a scene, but not the focus of attention. When done correctly, product placement can add a sense of realism to a movie or television show that something like a bottle simply marked “beer” cannot. ships would become stalled in the Horse Latitudes. Sailors were worried about running out of water, so they threw their horses into the sea. This way, they could drink the water meant for the horses. It also made their boats lighter, so they could go faster. The trade winds blow from the Horse Latitudes toward the equator. In the Northern Hemisphere, they blow from the northeast and are called the Northeast Trade Winds. In the Southern Hemisphere, they blow from the southeast and are called the Southeast Trade Winds. The trade winds between about 30 degrees latitude and the equator are steady and blow about 22 to 24 kilometers per hour. They can quickly propel ships across the ocean. 05 Music M: Today we’re going to learn about a kind of song called a ballad. A ballad is a song that tells a story. Usually, the story in a ballad is one that began with oral tradition. Parents passed it down to their children from generation to generation. Ballads are often sung in rhyme, like a poem. Unlike a poem, though, ballads do not use a lot of explanation. The words are usually simple, clear, and easy to read. There is not much emotion. And the motives of characters --- that is, why they do something --- is not usually told. One famous ballad from the 1800s is called “Shenandoah.” Um, S-H-E-N-A-N-D-O-A-H. It tells the story of a white man who was in love with an American Indian woman. She lived near the Missouri River, one of the two largest rivers in the United States. Listen to part of the song: The white man loved an Indian maiden Away, you rolling river With notions his canoe was laden Away, I’m bound away Skill E 01 Campus Life M: Excuse me. I’d like to buy a bicycle permit please. W: That will be four dollars. M: Here you are. And the permit will let me park my bike anywhere on campus? W: Yes. M: How long is the permit valid for? W: It’s valid for the next four years. OK, now I need your bicycle serial number. M: My serial number? Just a minute. Ah, here it is. A7-10023. W: All right. Next, I need some identification with your address on it. M: My address? Um, oh yeah. I have my driver’s license. W: Sure, your driver’s license will be fine...all right. Last but not least, you need to fill out this bicycle registration card. Then 650 Transcripts we’ll give you your permit. M: Here you are. at all. The bones in their heads haven’t come together as they should. That’s why their heads are too big. Their legs curve out. W: Thank you. Now, you need to make sure this permit is in plain sight on your bicycle. Attach it to the main frame, on the center post below the seat. If we can’t see it, you will have to pay a fine. The bones are too soft to stand on. These children didn’t get enough Vitamin D. Happily, we don’t see this too often any more. Vitamin D is not in most of the foods we eat. We get it mostly M: No problem. Thanks. from the sun. Ultraviolet rays from the sun transform something in our skin. It becomes what’s called previtamin D3. Inside our 02 Art W1: Today, we’re going to see how much you know about china. M1: It’s got the Great Wall. W2: And rice. M2: And chopsticks! W1: No, not that China. Yes, China is a country. But there’s another china-the kind you eat off of. This china is a fancy type of porcelain. Porcelain is a material used to make plates, cups, and bowls. When people get married in America, one of the oldest customs is for the bride and groom to choose which type of china they want for their new home. There are four main processes in creating china. These are clay making, mold making, glazing, and decorating. In the clay-making process, five ingredients are mixed together with water and shaped into tubes. These tubes are called pugs: P-U-G-S. In the mold-making process, plaster is poured into metal molds to make production molds. These production molds are then used to shape the pugs into plates, cups, and bowls. Next, comes the glazing process. Glaze is like liquid glass. When it’s heated, glaze forms a protective shell around each piece of china. Glaze is incredibly strong. A store in Canada once showed how strong china is by using four teacups to support a race car! Can you picture that---a heavy car with only one small cup under each wheel? After glazing, the china is ready for decorating. Here, artists use 85 patterns and 400 different shapes to make the china look beautiful. Then, it’s ready to be sold. 03 Campus Life M: I’d like to check out this book, please. W: May I please see your student ID card? M: I’m sorry, ma’am, it’s been stolen. It was in my wallet, which was stolen. W: I’m not allowed to check out any books for you without it. M: Oh, that’s great! What should I do now? W: You can download the form for a new student ID card from the computer. Fill it out and take it over to the Student Center. Actually, they can also give you the form there. M: Thanks. I don’t think I’ll bother. Doesn’t it cost $10.00? W: It does. You might just want to do it, though. You won’t be allowed to sit for exams without it. M: All right, I guess I’ll have to. I suppose they’ll want a passport photo too. W: Yes, and a copy of your identification --- driver’s license or passport. M: All right, I’ll go over there. Thanks ma’am. W: You’ll be glad to have it. Good luck! 04 Health M: Let’s begin our study of Vitamin D. It’s something we must have. Among other things, it helps our bodies use the important min-eral, calcium. Calcium makes our bones strong. It also helps our nerves and muscles work the way they should. Let’s open our textbooks to page 63. I’d like you to take a look at these pictures. As you can see, these children don’t look well bodies, it changes again. It becomes what’s called active vitamin D. With active vitamin D, our bones can make enough calcium to stay hard. Active vitamin D helps us have enough calcium for our nerves too. This helps us feel calm and sleep well. Today, many people need to have stronger bones. Many older people’s bones, especially, break far too easily. One main reason why is that people don’t get nearly enough sunlight. We close windows to stay warm in the winter. In summer, we close windows for air conditioning. But we really need time in the sunshine almost every day. 05 Computer Science W: I did a search on Google yesterday. It was amazing. I typed in “horses” and hit the search button. In less than a second, it showed me more than 32 million websites related to horses. Do you ever wonder how computers can think so fast? Well, I did another Google search, and I found out. Computer chips are based on something called Boolean logic. This is a type of thinking developed in the mid-1800s by George Boole --- B-O-O-L-E. Boolean logic maps information into bits and bytes. It begins with seven electronic pathways, called gates. The simplest gate is called a NOT gate. The NOT gate takes one bit of input, which we’ll label A, and produces an output, which we’ll label Q, that is exactly opposite. So, if input, A, is one, the output, Q, will be zero. If A is zero, Q will be one. Simple. Next is the AND gate. The idea behind an AND gate is this: if there are two bits of input, say, A and B, and if A and B are both the same, then the output, called Q, should be the same. After the NOT gate and the AND gate comes the OR gate. Its basic idea is, “If A or B is one, or if both A and B are one, then Q is also one.” The next two gates are called NAND and NOR. These two gates are simply combinations of an AND or an OR gate with a NOT gate. Now, next comes.... 06 Biology M: Let’s begin. Last week, we learned how most fish use their swim bladder to move around in the water. Remember, when the fish breathes oxygen, some of that oxygen goes into its bladder. This causes the fish to rise in the water. When it squeezes some of the gas out of its bladder, it sinks toward the bottom. So, it can move vertically --- go up and down --- kind of like a hot-air balloon. A shark is more like an airplane. Sharks don’t have a swim bladder, so they use their forward movement to control their vertical position. The tail is like the shark’s propeller. The shark swings it back and forth to move forward. In an airplane, this forward movement pushes air around the wings. For a shark, this forward movement pushes water around the fins. In both cases, the forward movement creates lift --- the airplane and shark both rise. Sharks have two pairs of fins on each side of their bodies. These fins are in about the same position as the main wings and tail wings on an airplane. The shark can position these fins at different angles. This changes the path of the water around them and Transcripts 651 ... - tailieumienphi.vn