BME310 Instructional objectives

1 BME310 Instructional objectives The following list of instructional objectives (IOs) contains a summary of the concepts, relationships, and skills presented in this course. These IOs should provide you with a guide for learning the material in the chapter indicated by the first number in each group. In open­book examinations during this course you should be able to: 1.1 Explain the specification values for an electrocardiograph. 1.2 Explain results when dynamic range is exceeded. 1.3 Distinguish accuracy and precision. 1.4 Calculate mean, standard deviation, standard deviation of the mean. 1.5 Calculate Poisson probability 1.6 Calculate sample size to achieve estimations with 95% confidence. 1.7 Calculate prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value. 2.1. Given resistivity, length, and area, calculate resistance. 2.2. Given resistor color bands, determine resistance. 2.3. Given voltage and resistance, calculate power. 2.4. Use Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws to calculate voltages. 2.5. Design an attenuator to yield a given fraction. 2.6. Design an adjustable attenuator. 2.7. Design a galvanometer shunt to measure 20 A. 2.8. Solve for unknown resistance using a Wheatstone bridge. 2.9. Calculate capacitor voltage change, given current. 2.10. Calculate capacitance, given permittivity, area and distance. 2.11. Calculate impedances of series and parallel impedances. 2.12. Calculate inductor voltage, given current. 2.13. Calculate voltage vs. time for first­order systems. 2.14. Calculate voltages across capacitors, given current and frequency. 2.15. Design inverting, noninverting, differential amplifiers. 2.16. Design comparators. 2.17. Design filters, given corner frequencies. 2.18. Design a timer given the duty cycle. 2.19. Convert decimal numbers to binary, octal and hexadecimal. 2.20. Design an analog­to­digital converter. 2.21. Explain results if the sampling theorem is not followed. 3.1. Give the equation for Beer’s law, define each term, and give units. 3.2. Explain the operation of a spectrophotometer and its purpose. List the components of a spectrophotometer. 3.3. Given a spectrophotometer sample concentration transmission and unknown concentration transmission, calculate the unknown concentration. 2 3.4. Define oxygen saturation and state the physiological meaning of SaO2. 3.5. Plot SaO2 versus PO2 and sketch it. 3.6. Describe how NADH is used to measure lactate concentration and why lactate concentration isn’t ascertained by measuring lactate directly. 3.7. Describe why creatinine is measured and the technique used to measure it. 3.8. Describe why and how to measure urea and the body fluids it can be measured in. 3.9. Describe why and how to measure glucose from a drop of blood. 3.10. Describe how to measure glucose in automated equipment. 3.11. Describe amperometry as used in the PO2 electrode. 3.12. Describe the most common enzymatic electrode method for measuring glucose. 3.13. Calculate the pH for a hydrogen ion concentration. 3.14. Draw a pH electrode and explain its principle of operation. Explain why its amplifier input impedance is important. Explain the relation of the CO2 electrode to the pH electrode. 3.15. Explain the principle of operation and give an example of use for flame photometry. 3.16. Explain the principle of operation and give an example of use for mass spectrometry. 3.17. Explain why and how CO2 is measured by infrared transmission spectroscopy. 3.18. Explain why and how N2 is measured by emission spectroscopy. 3.19. Explain why and how fluorometry is used. Describe one of the advantages of fluorometry. 3.20. Explain why and how chromatography is used. Explain the two principles that are the primary factors affecting interactions in chromatography. 3.21. Explain how the glucose sensor minimzes sensitivity to PO2 variations. 3.22. Explain why and how electrophoresis is used. List the factors that cause differential migration rates among the component molecules of a mixture. 3.23. Explain how protein purity is measured. 3.24. Explain how the DNA code is determined. 4.1. Describe how polymers are made more rigid. 4.2. Describe the three main structural components of cellular composites. 4.3. State the highest practical resolution of TEM and calculate the accelerating voltage required to achieve it. 3 4.4. Describe the principle and sample preparation for a TEM. 4.5. Describe the principle and sample preparation for a SEM. 4.6. Describe the principle and sample preparation for 2 modes of STM. 4.7. Describe the principle and sample preparation for 2 modes of SFM. Sketch the block diagram. 4.8. Describe the principle and sample preparation for XPS. 4.9. Describe the principle and sample preparation for AES. 4.10. Describe the principle and sample preparation for SIMS. 4.11. Describe the principle and sample preparation for ISS. 4.12. Describe the principle and sample preparation for dispersive infrared spectroscopy. Explain why the modulator improves performance. 4.13. Describe the principle and sample preparation for interferometric infrared spectroscopy. 4.14. Describe the principle and sample preparation for FT­IR. 4.15. Describe the principle and sample preparation for ATR. 4.16. Describe the principle and sample preparation for FTIR­ATR. 4.17. Describe the principle of the contact angle method. 4.18. Describe the principle of DSC. 4.19. Describe the principle of CD. 4.20. Describe the principle of TIRF. 4.21. Describe the principle of ellipsometry. 4.22. Describe the principle of autoradiography. 4.23. Describe the principle of radiolabeling. 4.24. Given the waveform for intensity I( ), sketch the autocorrelation function G( ). 4.25. We wish to view the topography of a biomaterial surface and the molecules that adsorb to it in a liquid. Select an instrument for imaging. Describe the principle and operation of your selected imaging instrument. 5.1. Explain how the Unopette system achieves accurate dilution. 5.2. Explain how the centrifugal analyzer tube expands the cell layers. 5.3. Calculate the hematocrit, given the mean corpuscular volume and the red blood cell count. 5.4. Explain why we measure red blood cell counts and how we do it, both with automated and manual techniques. 5.5. Given resistivity, cylindrical aperture diameter and length, calculate the resistance of a liquid filled aperture. 5.6. For a Coulter counter, use Poisson statistics to calculate the probability of 2 RBCs being counted as 1. 5.7. Explain how hydrodynamic focusing improves cell volume measurement. 5.8. Sketch the circuit used for measuring red blood cell (RBC) volume using impedance. Explain the reason for each circuit component. Sketch the resulting RBC histogram, label axes and units and explain how the circuit yields the histogram. 5.9. In the Technicon H*1 flow cytometer, given low­angle pulse height and high­angle pulse height, determine the corpuscular volume and corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. 5.10. Explain how cells are automatically sorted by type. 4 5.11. Explain why we measure hematocrit and how do it, both directly and indirectly. 5.12. Explain why we measure hemoglobin concentration and how we do it. 5.13. Explain why we measure white blood cell counts, and how we do it, both with automated and manual techniques. 5.14. Explain how white blood cell counts are determined manually using the Neubauer cytometer. 5.15. Explain why we would measure the differential white blood cell count, and how we do it, both with manual and automated techniques. 5.16. Explain why we measure platelet counts, and how we do it, both automatically and manually. 5.17. Describe the complete blood count. 5.18. Describe automated devices used to measure the complete blood count. 6.1 List the size of an atom, molecule, virus, and cell. 6.2 The object length of a microscope is 10 mm. Calculate the focal length for a magnification of 20. 6.3 Find the resolution of a microscope with an index of refraction of 1.2 and a cone angle of 80° that is operated at a wavelength of 770 nm. 6.4 Explain the meaning of the terms brightfield, darkfield, phase contrast and differential interference contrast in the field of microscopy. 6.5 Sketch a phase contrast microscope. Show the light paths and use these to explain how the phase contrast microscope achieves its improvement over a simpler microscope. Explain how the phase contrast microscope is changed to achieve a dark field. 6.6 Explain how a two­dimensional image of incident light is obtained in a solid­state camera. 6.7 Describe the term fluorescent probe as it applies to cell microscopy. 6.8 Explain the reason for using and the basic principles of operation of fluorescence microscopy. 6.9 Describe the effect of photobleaching in fluorescence microscopy. 6.10 The radiation counting system shown in Figure 6.10 has a voltage supply of 100 V. Sketch waveforms of voltage versus time for (1) left of the resistor, (2) right of the resistor, (3) right of the capacitor, when ionization by a radiation particle causes a voltage pulse. Name the electric circuit component that converts the analog voltage at the right of the capacitor to a digital signal suitable for input to a pulse counter. 6.11 A radiation detection system records 350 counts in 20 min. The detector has an efficiency of 0.93. Determine the actual number of decays per minute. 6.12 Explain the reason for using and the basic principles of operation of a confocal laser scanning microscope. 6.13 For a confocal laser scanning microscope, for fixed optics, explain how scanning is accomplished in the x, y, and z directions. For nonfixed optics that can deflect the scanning beam, sketch the location of the scanning mechanism. Explain how scanning is accomplished in the x, y, and z directions. 6.14 Explain the reason for using and the basic principles of operation of a two­photon excitation microscope. 5 6.15 Explain the reason for using and the basic principles of operation of deconvolution image processing. 6.16 Explain the reason for and the basic principles of measuring cell orientation. 6.17 Explain the reason for and the basic principles of measuring cell rolling velocity. 6.18 Explain the reason for and the basic principles of measuring cell pore size determination. 6.19 Explain the reason for and the basic principles of measuring cell deformation. 6.20 Explain the reason for and the basic principles of measuring cell shear stress. 6.21 Calculate the shear stress for water at 20 C in a cone and plate viscometer with a diameter of 10 cm, a separation gap of 1 mm at the circumference, and rotation at 1 revolution per second. Give units. 6.22 Explain the reason for and the basic principles of measuring cell adhesion. 6.23 Explain the reason for and the basic principles of measuring cell migration. 6.24 Explain the reason for and the basic principles of measuring cell uptake. 6.25 Explain the reason for and the basic principles of measuring cell protein secretion. 6.26 Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, calculate the fraction of mobile protein where F(–) = 4, F(+) = 1, F( ) = 2. 6.27 Explain the reason for and the basic principles of measuring cell proliferation. 6.28 Explain the reason for and the basic principles of measuring cell differentiation. 6.29 Explain the reason for and the basic principles of measuring cell signaling and regulation. 7.1. Calculate magnitude and sign of cell potential. 7.2. Describe what can cause an action potential. 7.3. Calculate the velocity of propagation for an action potential. 7.4. Explain how and why we measure the electroencephalograph. 7.5. Explain why and how we measure evoked potentials. 7.6. Calculate SNR for evoked potentials. 7.7. Explain the reason for an X­ray filter, collimator, grid and screen. 7.8. Describe the beam paths used in a CT scanner. 7.9. Explain how magnetic fields are varied to obtain information from a single line of tissue in an MRI scanner. 7.10. Describe the advantages of using nuclear medicine. 7.11. We wish to image the functionally active regions of the thyroid gland, which takes up iodine when functionally active. Explain the procedure and equipment used, including the detector type, localization method, and energy selection method. 7.12. Explain how a gamma camera forms an image. 7.13. Explain why and how we diagnose visual system disease. 7.14. Describe the placement of electrodes to measure horizontal direction of gaze in electro­ oculography. 7.15. Explain why and how pressure within the eyeball is measured. 7.16. For the Goldmann applanation tonometer, calculate the force in newtons when measuring a patient with normal ocular pressure. 7.17. Explain why and how we diagnose auditory system disease. 7.18. Explain why and how we measure dimension, force, and electrical activity of skeletal muscle. ... - tailieumienphi.vn