Báo cáo khoa học: Improvement of Vietnamese vegetable production using GAP principles for seed and seedling production and superior hybrid varieties (MS3)

Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development CARD Project Progress Report 025/06VIE CARD 025/06 Improvement of Vietnamese vegetable production using GAP principles for seed and seedling production and superior hybrid varieties MS3: BASELINE SURVEY Introduction This baseline survey was split into two key components, and was initially conducted from June 2007 and completed in June 2008. In June18-8 July 2007, Spooner-Hart and Nicetic, with FAVRI staff, conducted a baseline study of seed and seedling producers in the Red River Delta, Central Coast and Lam Dong and HCM city. They also conducted an initial survey of sub-PPD staff in a number of the designated project provinces. They also surveyed the Hanoi vegetable markets and Metro, which was done in collaboration with staff from CARD 06/028. Further surveys of identified project FFS sites were conducted in December 2007 and June 2008, and discussions/surveys with trainers and nursery industry personnel at the Lam Dong workshops in June 2008. A survey of Metro, and its attitude to GAP and “safe” tomatoes and cucumbers, was also finally completed in April 2008, and we received it in June 2008. This was an activity which had been delayed from the previous milestone report. In June 2007 Spooner-Hart and Nicetic with FAVRI staff, conducted a baseline study of seed and seedling producers and sub-PPD staff in 3 regions of Viet Nam: the Red River Delta, (Hung Yen and Vinh Phuc provinces) Central Coast (Quang Nam and Da Nang) and Lam Dong. In each province, survey questionnaires were used to gather information from tomato, cucumber producers and seedling producers, using a Participatory Rural Apppraisal (PRA) approach. Data collected included current crop varieties grown, key pests and diseases, and yield and quality and costs and returns. In addition, the knowledge, skills, attitudes and practices of the target farmers to GAP in the context of vegetable production was also assessed. The interview forms for seedling producers and farmers are presented as Appendix 1. The baseline study also investigated key markets and market requirements for cucumbers and tomatoes in Ha Noi, via visits to the Ha Noi vegetable markets at Long Bien and the supermarket chain Metro Cash and Carry, in Ha Noi. The Metro visit was facilitated through collaboration with personnel from project CARD 06/028. 2 Findings The estimated areas of tomatoes and cucumbers grown in provinces associated with CARD 06/025 are presented in Appendix 3. Tomatoes The survey showed that there were significant differences in all aspects of seedling and field crop production for tomatoes between the regions. In the Central Coast (Quang Nam, Da Nang provinces), seed and seedling production was done entirely by farmers themselves on a small scale to supply their household demand. This meant that seedling production was around 500-several thousand. Production was not in a net house, and seedlings were not grafted, despite bacterial wilt being recognised as a problem. There are 2 seasons, with transplanting commonly in December-March, and April-September, with the crop lasting for approximately 2.5 months. The most commonly grown tomato was the local, open-pollinated variety BOM. Seed was normally produced by the farmers from their previous crop. Tomato fields were commonly between 360-720 m2. The major pest and disease problems were bacterial wilt fruit caterpillar and TYLCV, with flooding in autumn also frequently causing major crop losses. Interestingly, there was no understanding of the relationship between TYLCV and its vector, silverleaf whitefly, Bemesi tabaci. In some districts in Quang Nam (e.g. Phuong truong Xuan in Tam Ky), one district identified location for FFS, most farmers had ceased growing tomatoes because of regular crop failure from bacterial wilt. Average yield is around 20 tonnes/ha. Tomatoes are sold locally (in Da Nang sometimes also to supermarkets), at a price of 4-5000 VND/kg. In Quang Nam, the prices received for tomatoes are generally lower (closer to 2000-3000 VND/kg), and the sub-PPD estimated an average return to farmers would be around 300,000 VND/60m2 (50,000,000 VND/ha). There is the opportunity for future market expansion as a result of recent developments in Hon La Economic Zone Quang Ngai province as well as the Dung Quat Industrial Zone and Chu Lai Open Economic Zone in Quang Nam. In Da Nang, the majority of tomato and cucumber farmers were women (probably because men could find jobs in Da Nang city), whereas in Quang Nam, there was a higher proportion of male farmers. 3 In the Red River Delta (RRD), all three provinces surveyed had seedling production on a medium scale (e.g., Van Lam district - Hung Yen province and Vinh Tuong district - Vinh Phuc province). Here, seedling producers produced between several hundred thousand to several million tomato seedlings, generally to supply growers within their province. Production was in a mesh or shadehouse, but in the ground. Grafting was not practised. However, a very small number of farmers purchased grafted tomato seedlings from FAVRI (through its commercial arm, CIDHOP). There were a range of tomato varieties grown in the RRD. More than 90% of farmers bought F1 hybrid tomato seed from the local agents, who were normally supplied pesticides, and sometimes fertilisers. These agents also sometimes provided farmers with advice on crop production and selection of pesticides. Popular varieties included Perfect 89 (August plantings) (Syngenta), P375 (November) (Known You seed Co) VL642, VL2003, VL2004 and VL2910 (Lotus Seed Co.), and Savior (Syngenta). Only a few farmers in RRD (approximately 2%) produced open-pollinated tomato seeds for their own use. Small plantings of cherry tomatoes also occurred in Ha Nam and Vinh Phuc; these were mainly used for processing. Size of tomato fields was commonly 350-1000 m2. There are normally two tomato crops per year in most RRD provinces. The main season commences in September-October, with transplanting occurring then, and harvesting completed in December-January. The off season crop is transplanted in Feb-March, with harvest finishing in May-June. The major pests and diseases were late blight, TYLCV and bacterial wilt, with fruit caterpillar being a problem in some districts. Heavy rain and waterlogging also affected crop production in some provinces, and crops in provinces near Ha Noi were sometimes totally flooded. Reported yields varied, depending on locality and season. Yield was commonly reported to be around 30 tonnes/ha although much higher yields of 40-80 tonnes/ha in were reported for some districts in Ha Nam and Vinh Phuc. Fruit was generally sold locally, but was also sold to wholesalers where it made its way to the Ha Noi markets. Prices for tomatoes varied from as low as 1500 VND/kg, due to market oversupply, but were commonly around 3000 VND/kg. Prices were highly volatile, and depended on season, weather (including flooding), availability of fruit from Lam Dong and China, and earliness within the season. It was reported that in Ha Nam farmers in a good season could receive up to 120 million VND/ha. Costs of production of non- grafted tomatoes were estimated by sub-PPD staff to be approximately 40% of 4 returns, excluding labour. In Ha Noi and Hai Phong, the majority of tomato and cucumber farmers were women, as males had other jobs in the cities. Lam Dong province in the Central Highlands is the largest production area for tomatoes in Vietnam. As a result, specialized and professional seedling production is undertaken on a large scale. There are at least 40 seedling producers in Lam Dong. They commonly produce from several million-12 million tomato seedlings per annum, with all of them growing other vegetable seedlings too. All producers have large net houses, and seedling production is in trays. Usually, more than 40% of tomato seedlings are grafted to bacterial wilt-resistant tomato rootstock. Seedlings are sold mainly in Lam Dong, but orders are also transported outside the province. The most commonly produced tomato variety is Anna (Seminis), because of its yield, size, oval shape and uniform deep red colour. Size of tomato fields is larger than the other regions, and is commonly several thousand square metres. Most crops are field planted, but increasingly are being produced in net houses or greenhouses. Tomato crops may be grown all year round, but the main (Spring-Summer) crop is transplanted around February-March, and is completed in June-July. The Autumn- Winter crop is normally transplanted around August, and is completed in December. Major problems are bacterial wilt, late blight in rainy season crops, and the viruses TYLCV and TSWV. Yield is normally more than 60-80 tonnes/ha, but can be over 120 tonnes/ha in well-managed crops. Tomatoes are commonly sold to agents or collectors, for distribution throughout Vietnam, but particularly Ho Chi Minh City. They are also exported to Cambodia. Prices to farmers vary, but are normally around 3500-4000 VND/kg. Cucumbers The survey showed that there were significant differences in many aspects of field production of cucumbers between the regions. In all regions, however, cucumbers are generally sown at seed, and are not transplanted. First harvest occurs around 35 days after sowing and harvesting continues for approximately 8 weeks, although this varies slightly with variety, season and district. There was, however a difference in varieties of cucumbers grown for the fresh market between the different regions and even provinces. The major reason for this was the appearance of the cucumbers and local 5 ... - tailieumienphi.vn