Báo cáo dự án khoa học: IMPROVEMENT OF OPERATOR SKILLS AND TECHNOLOGY IN SMALL RURAL SAWMILLS IN VIETNAM (Sawmillers Survey Report)

Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development CARD Project Report 027/06/VIE IMPROVEMENT OF OPERATOR SKILLS AND TECHNOLOGY IN SMALL RURAL SAWMILLS IN VIETNAM Sawmillers Survey Report Date October 2008 Table of Contents Executive Summary and Commentary.....................................................................................6 1. 2. 3. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.3.1. 3.3.2. 3.3.3. 3.4. 3.4.1. 3.4.2. 3.4.3. 3.5. 3.5.1. 3.5.2. 3.5.3. 3.6. 3.6.1. 3.6.2. 3.6.3. 3.7. 3.7.1. 3.7.2. 3.7.3. 3.7.4. 3.7.5. 3.8. 3.9. 3.10. 3.10.1. 3.10.2. 3.10.3. 3.10.4. 3.11. 3.12. 3.12.1. 3.12.2. 3.12.3. 3.12.4. 3.12.5. 3.12.6. 3.12.7. 3.12.8. 3.12.9. 3.13. 3.13.1. 3.13.2. Introduction ............................................................................................................15 Method.....................................................................................................................15 Survey Results:........................................................................................................16 BUSINESS INFORMATION 16 TYPE OF BUSINESS 16 BUSINESS FINANCING 17 Northern Region 17 Central Region 17 Southern Region 17 VALUE OF BUSINESS 18 Northern Region 18 Central Region 19 Southern Region 19 BUSINESS OPERATION 19 Northern Region 19 Central Region 20 Southern Region 20 BUSINESS EXPANSION PLANS 21 Northern Region 21 Central Region 22 Southern Region 23 EQUIPMENT/MACHINERY 24 Vertical bandsaws. 24 Horizontal Bandsaws 25 Circular Saws 26 Saw sharpening equipment 27 Drying Kiln 28 EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY MODIFICATION 28 UPGRADING OF MACHINERY 28 IS ANY FURTHER PROCESSING OF SAWN TIMBER CARRIED OUT BY THE BUSINESS? 29 Air Drying 29 Kiln Drying 29 Preservation of timber 30 Production of products. 30 DO YOU HAVE ANY PROBLEMS WITH KILN DRYING? 31 LOG SUPPLY 31 How long are logs kept for before sawing? 31 How many different suppliers of logs do you have? 32 Do you have any problems with supply? 33 Do you have problems with log quality? 33 Do you have problems with decay in logs? 34 Do you have problems with log staining? 35 Do you have problems with the diameter of the logs? 35 What is the distance from your supplier? 36 What is the length of the logs supplied? 36 LOGS DIAMETERS, VOLUMES SAWN AND PRICE 36 Acacia species 36 Eucalypts 37 CARD Project Report 027/06/VIE IMPROVEMENT OF OPERATOR SKILLS AND TECHNOLOGY IN SMALL RURAL SAWMILLS IN VIETNAM Sawmillers Survey Report 3.13.3. Other plantation species 37 3.13.4. Imported logs 41 3.13.5. Species not specified 41 3.14. SAWN TIMBER 42 3.15. THE VALUE OF THE SAWN TIMBER IN VIETNAM D/MONTH 43 3.16. END USE OF SAWN TIMBER. 43 3.17. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR SAWN TIMBER. 46 3.17.1. Do your customers have quality requirements? 46 3.17.2. Do they have sawing tolerances? 46 3.17.3. Is there a limit to the amount of defects? 46 3.17.4. Is there a limit to the amount of stains? 47 3.17.5. Are there any other quality requirements? 47 3.18. WASTE 47 3.18.1. Slabs 48 3.18.2. Rejected Timber 48 3.19. WORKERS 48 3.19.1. Total number of workers. 48 3.19.2. Fulltime workers. 48 3.19.3. Workers aged less than 15 years old. 48 3.19.4. Workers aged between 15 and 24. 49 3.19.5. Workers aged between 25 and 40. 49 3.19.6. Workers aged over 40 years old. 49 3.19.7. Part-time workers. 49 3.19.8. Workers less than 15 years old. 49 3.19.9. Workers between 15 and 24. 49 3.19.10. Workers aged between 25 and 40. 49 3.19.11. Workers older than 40 years. 49 3.20. SAFETY 49 3.20.1. Have any workers had injuries in the last 5 years? 50 3.20.2. Type of injuries 50 3.20.3. Cut 50 3.20.4. Break 50 3.20.5. Strain 50 3.20.6. Crush 50 3.20.7. Other. 50 3.20.8. Position of these injuries. 50 3.20.9. Head 50 3.20.10. Body 50 3.20.11. Arm/hand 50 3.20.12. Leg/foot 51 3.20.13. Eyes 51 3.20.14. Other 51 3.20.15. Did the injury cause loss of working time? 51 3.20.16. How long was the loss of time? 51 3.20.17. Was the injury permanent? 51 3.20.18. Could the person return to work? 51 3.21. TRAINING. 51 3.21.1. Has anyone from your business attended any formal training other than on the job training? 51 3.21.2. Number of people who have attended training. 51 3.21.3. Are you interested in having anyone from your business attending training? 51 3.21.4. Are there any problems with the current training 52 3.21.5. What training would you be interested in having? 52 3.22. DO YOU HAVE CONCERNS FOR THE FUTURE OF YOUR BUSINESS- 52 3.22.1. Skills 52 2 CARD Project Report 027/06/VIE IMPROVEMENT OF OPERATOR SKILLS AND TECHNOLOGY IN SMALL RURAL SAWMILLS IN VIETNAM Sawmillers Survey Report 3.22.2. 3.22.3. 3.23. 3.23.1. 3.23.2. 3.24. 3.24.1. 3.24.2. 3.24.3. 3.24.4. 3.25. 3.25.1. 3.25.2. 3.25.3. 3.25.4. Knowledge 53 Attitudes 53 HOW GOOD IS THE OPERATION OF YOUR SAWMILL IN TERMS OF: 53 Efficiency (productivity) 53 Effectiveness (meeting the customers’ requirements) 53 IN TERMS OF YOUR BUSINESS 54 What do you think are the constraints for your business succeeding now? 54 What do you think will be the constraints for your business succeeding in the future?55 What are the major issues that affect your business now? 56 What are the major issues that will affect your business in the future? 57 WHAT ARE THE DRIVERS IN YOUR BUSINESS? 58 What are your businesses strengths? 58 What is your businesses weakness? 59 What are the opportunities for your business? 60 What are the threats to your business? 61 List of tables and Figures Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Table 5. Table 6. Table 7 Table 8. Table 9. Table 10. Table 11. Table 12. Table 13. Table 14. Table 15. Table 16. Table 17. Table 18. Percentage number of sawmills operating full time. 6 End uses of acacia sawn timber in Vietnam by region. 8 Past training experience by sawmills 9 Ranking of training topics 10 No. of years that sawmills had been in operation by region (North, Central and South Vietnam) by ownership type 17 Sources of funding for rural sector sawmills (millions VDN.). 18 Estimated Value of each sawmilling business (millions VDN.). 19 Maximum minimum and average storage times for logs 32 The difference methods by which sawmill obtain logs 32 The problems sawmillers have with log supplies 33 Range of Acacia log diameters sawn by volume and prices paid / m3 38 Range of eucalyptus log diameters sawn by volume and prices paid / m3 38 Range of “other species” log diameters sawn by volume and prices paid / m3 39 Range of native species log diameters sawn by volume and prices paid / m3 40 Range of Non specified species log diameters sawn by volume and prices paid / m3 41 Range of Acacia log diameters sawn by volume and prices paid / m3 42 Value of sawn timber (,000,000VDN) 43 End use of sawn Timber as percentage of production 45 3 CARD Project Report 027/06/VIE IMPROVEMENT OF OPERATOR SKILLS AND TECHNOLOGY IN SMALL RURAL SAWMILLS IN VIETNAM Sawmillers Survey Report Figure 1: Meeting with officials in Bin Dinh to discuss the survey....................................14 Figure 2: Map of Vietnam showing regions where the survey was undertaken ..............15 Figure 3:(a) Mr Chien undertaking survey with sawmiller (b) Survey being lead by Mr Ngoc in the work area of the sawmill...................................................................................16 Figure 4: Some sawmillers have diversified and also made furniture. An occupational hazard for this sawmill was wondering cattle. ....................................................................22 Figure 5: Typical Vertical sawmill with carnage that moves the logs past the saw.........25 Figure 6 (a) & (b): Typical horizontal sawmill with operators pushing the saw over the log which is fixed to timber base blocks...............................................................................25 Figure 7: Horizontal bandsaw mill being manufactured near HCMC.............................26 Figure 8: Typical circular saw benches with no guarding, riving knife or fences...........26 Figure 9: Sharpening a bandsaw freehand on grinding wheel. .........................................27 Figure 10: Typical grind used to sharpen bandsaw blades................................................27 Figure 11: A metal and cardboard sun shade has been fitted this was not considered to be a modification by the owner.............................................................................................28 Figure 12: Two methods of air drying typical for sawmills in Vietnam ...........................29 Figure 13: Kiln being hand unloaded onto a wheelbarrow................................................30 Figure 14: Pressure treatment vessel in large sawmill, exporting to china. .....................30 Figure 15: Furniture produced at sawmills.........................................................................31 Figure 16: Inside a kiln the (a) empty kiln viewing fans and heat exchangers (b) looking in the door into a kiln loaded with timber. ..........................................................................31 Figure 17: A log supply typical of sawmiils using garden trees.........................................32 Figure 18: The log is showing the release of growth stresses.............................................33 Figure 19: The log is not straight – therefore recovery is low if straight timber is to be produced..................................................................................................................................34 Figure 20: Problems with water in the log yard increases the likelihood of staining and / or decay. ..................................................................................................................................34 Figure 21: Log with sap stain................................................................................................35 Figure 22: Sawmill using very short acacia logs (900mm).................................................35 Figure 23: large diameter and long length acacia logs obtained from 20 year-old plantation. The sawmiller paid a premium price for these logs........................................36 Figure 24: (a) Acacia trees planted at My Son (b) Accassia logs cut for use in construction.............................................................................................................................37 Figure 25: Pine plantation being thinned and logs ready to be delivered to a sawmill...38 Figure 26: Typical plantation of eucalyptus........................................................................40 Figure 27: Imported logs at very large sawmill near MCMC............................................41 Figure 28: Acacia being used for furniture..........................................................................42 Figure 29: Coffin manufacture in Northern region using local species............................43 Figure 30: A chair manufactured at a sawmill, domestic furniture produced when sawmill activity was slow.......................................................................................................44 Figure 31: (a): Flooring using local species. (b) Flooring drying in sawmill..................45 Figure 32: Timber being used in a new building, built in traditional style in Hoi An.....46 Figure 33: Knots have been filled to use timber with defects.............................................46 Figure 34: splitting and shrinkage are a problem. This board has been filled but is continuing to open up.............................................................................................................47 Figure 35: Timber off cuts to be used as fuel wood being loaded onto a trailer pulled by a motorbike.............................................................................................................................47 Figure 36: Pallets can be produced from waste or in many cases as the main production for sawmills using low grade logs..........................................................................................48 4 ... - tailieumienphi.vn