Xem mẫu

04/01/2016 C H A P T E R 17 Đầu tư MACROECONOMICS SIXTH EDITION N. GREGORY MANKIW PowerPoint® Slides by Ron Cronovich © 2007 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved Trong chương này, chúng ta sẽ học… Các lý thuyết tìm cách giải thích mỗi một loại hình đầu tư Lý giải tại sao đầu tư có quan hệ ngược chiều với lãi suất Yếu tố gì làm dịch chuyển đường đầu tư Tại sao đầu tư tăng trong giai đoạn bùng nổ và giảm trong giai đoạn suy thoái CHƯƠNG 17 Đầu tư - Investment slide 1 Ba loại hình đầu tư Đầu tư tài sản cố định chi tiêu về trang thiết bị và cơ sở hạ tầng để sử dụng trong sản xuất. Đầu tư bất động sản mua sắm nhà mới. Đầu tư hàng tồn kho CHƯƠNG 17 Đầu tư - Investment slide 2 1 04/01/2016 Đầu tư ở Mỹ và các bộ phận của đầu tư Billions 2000 of 1996 1750 dollars 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0 -250 Total investment Business fixed investment Residential investment Change in inventories 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 CHƯƠNG 17 Đầu tư - Investment slide 3 Understanding business fixed investment The standard model of business fixed investment: the neoclassical model of investment Shows how investment depends on MPK interest rate tax rules affecting firms CHƯƠNG 17 Đầu tư - Investment slide 4 Two types of firms For simplicity, assume two types of firms: 1. Production firms rent the capital they use to produce goods and services. 2. Rental firms own capital, rent it to production firms. In this context, “investment” is the rental firms’ spending on new capital goods. CHƯƠNG 17 Đầu tư - Investment slide 5 2 04/01/2016 The capital rental market Production firms must decide how much capital to rent. Recall from Chap. 3: real rental price, R/P capital supply Competitive firms rent capital to the point where MPK = R/P. equilibrium rental rate K CHƯƠNG 17 Đầu tư - Investment capital demand (MPK) K capital stock slide 6 Factors that affect the rental price For the Cobb-Douglas production function, the MPK (and hence equilibrium R/P ) is Y = AK  1− P = MPK = A(L K )1− The equilibrium R/P would increase if: K (e.g., earthquake or war) L (e.g., pop. growth or immigration) A (technological improvement, or deregulation) CHƯƠNG 17 Đầu tư - Investment slide 7 Rental firms’ investment decisions Rental firms invest in new capital when the benefit of doing so exceeds the cost. The benefit (per unit capital): R/P, the income that rental firms earn from renting the unit of capital to production firms. CHƯƠNG 17 Đầu tư - Investment slide 8 3 04/01/2016 The cost of capital Components of the cost of capital: interest cost: i PK, where PK = nominal price of capital depreciation cost:  PK, where  = rate of depreciation capital loss: −ΔPK (a capital gain, ΔPK > 0, reduces cost of K ) The total cost of capital is the sum of these three parts: CHƯƠNG 17 Đầu tư - Investment slide 9 The cost of capital Nominal cost of capital  ΔPK  K K K K  PK  Example: car rental company (capital: cars) Suppose PK = $10,000, i = 0.10,  = 0.20, and ΔPK/PK = 0.06 Then, interest cost = $1000 depreciation cost = $2000 capital loss = − $600 total cost = $2400 CHƯƠNG 17 Đầu tư - Investment slide 10 The cost of capital For simplicity, assume ΔPK/PK = π. Then, the nominal cost of capital equals PK(i +  − π) = PK(r + ) and the real cost of capital equals PK (r + ) The real cost of capital depends positively on: the relative price of capital the real interest rate the depreciation rate CHƯƠNG 17 Đầu tư - Investment slide 11 4 04/01/2016 The rental firm’s profit rate A firm’s net investment depends on its profit rate: Profit rate = R − PK (r + ) = MPK − PK (r + ) If profit rate > 0, then increasing K is profitable If profit rate < 0, then the firm increases profits by reducing its capital stock. (Firm reduces K by not replacing it as it depreciates.) CHƯƠNG 17 Đầu tư - Investment slide 12 Net investment & gross investment Hence, net investment = ΔK = In MPK − (PK P )(r +  ) where In[ ] is a function that shows how net investment responds to the incentive to invest. Total spending on business fixed investment equals net investment plus replacement of depreciated K: gross investment = ΔK +K = In MPK − (PK P )(r + ) +K CHƯƠNG 17 Đầu tư - Investment slide 13 ... - tailieumienphi.vn
nguon tai.lieu . vn