A TO Z OF SCIENTISTS IN SPACE AND ASTRONOMY

NOTABLE SCIENTISTS A TO Z OF SCIENTISTS IN SPACE AND ASTRONOMY DEBORAH TODD AND JOSEPH A. ANGELO, JR. A TO Z OF SCIENTISTS IN SPACE AND ASTRONOMY Notable Scientists Copyright © 2005 by Deborah Todd and Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Todd, Deborah. A to Z of scientists in space and astronomy / Deborah Todd and Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. p. cm.—(Notable scientists) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-4639-5 (acid-free paper) 1. Astronomers—Biography. 2. Space sciences—Biography. I. Angelo, Joseph A. II. Title. III. Series. QB35.T63 2005 520`.92`2—dc22 2004006611 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Joan M. Toro Cover design by Cathy Rincon Chronology by Sholto Ainslie Printed in the United States of America VB TECHBOOKS 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. “I know nothing with any certainty, but the sight of stars makes me dream.” —Vincent Van Gogh “All of us are truly and literally a little bit of stardust.” —William Fowler To the loves on this very tiny planet who have sprinkled their stardust into my life and believed in my dreams. To Jason, my original and brightest star. o A from T. To Rob, as always, with love. To Jenny. To Gregg, thank you for everything. To Rusty, our beloved star. To Mom and Dad. To my Sister. Out of stardust comes poetry . . . To Jeb, for the music and art. To Omar, my favorite poet of all time. —Deborah Todd To my special friend, Michael Joseph Hoffman, his brother, Daniel, and all the other wonderful children of planet Earth who will inherit the stars. At just three years old, with the same unquenchable curiosity that inspired so many of the interesting people in this book, Michael asked me: “Where does the Sun go at night?” This book is written to help him discover an incredible universe that is now both a destination and a destiny through space technology —Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. CONTENTS List of Entries ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction xiii Entries A to Z 1 Entries by Field 286 Entries by Country of Birth 289 Entries by Country of Major Scientific Activity 291 Entries by Year of Birth 293 Chronology 295 Bibliography 299 Index 305 LIST OF ENTRIES Adams, John Couch Adams, Walter Sydney Alfonso X Alfvén, Hannes Olof Gösta Alpher, Ralph Asher Alvarez, Luis Walter Ambartsumian, Viktor Amazaspovich Anderson, Carl David Ångström, Anders Jonas Arago, Dominique-François- Jean Aratus of Soli Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August Aristarchus of Samos Aristotle Arrhenius, Svante August Aryabhata Baade, Wilhelm Heinrich Walter Barnard, Edward Emerson al-Battani Bayer, Johannes Beg, Muhammed Taragai Ulugh Bell Burnell, Susan Jocelyn Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm Bethe, Hans Albrecht Bode, Johann Elert Bok, Bartholomeus Jan Boltzmann, Ludwig Bradley, James Brahe, Tycho Braun, Wernher Magnus von Bruno, Giordano Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm Burbidge, Eleanor Margaret Peachey Campbell, William Wallace Cannon, Annie Jump Cassini, Giovanni Domenico Cavendish, Henry Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan Charlier, Carl Vilhelm Ludvig Clark, Alvan Graham Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Compton, Arthur Holly Copernicus, Nicolas Curtis, Heber Doust Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice Doppler, Christian Andreas Douglass, Andrew Ellicott Drake, Frank Donald Draper, Henry Dyson, Sir Frank Watson Eddington, Sir Arthur Stanley Ehricke, Krafft Arnold Einstein, Albert Euler, Leonhard Fleming, Williamina Paton Stevens Fowler, William Alfred Fraunhofer, Joseph von Galilei, Galileo Galle, Johann Gottfried Gamow, George Giacconi, Riccardo Gill, Sir David Goddard, Robert Hutchings Hale, George Ellery Hall, Asaph Halley, Sir Edmund Hawking, Sir Stephen William Herschel, Caroline Lucretia Herschel, Sir John Frederick William Herschel, Sir William Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf Hertzsprung, Ejnar Hess, Victor Francis Hewish, Antony Hohmann, Walter Hubble, Edwin Powell Huggins, Sir William Jeans, Sir James Hopwood Jones, Sir Harold Spencer Kant, Immanuel Kapteyn, Jacobus Cornelius Kepler, Johannes ix ... - tailieumienphi.vn