A TO Z OF COMPUTER SCIENTISTS

NOTABLE SCIENTISTS A TO Z OF COMPUTER SCIENTISTS HARRY HENDERSON For Lisa From whom I learned how to live in a story. A TO Z OF COMPUTER SCIENTISTS Notable Scientists Copyright © 2003 by Harry Henderson All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Henderson, Harry, 1951– A to Z of computer scientists / Harry Henderson. p. cm.—(Notable scientists) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-4531-3 1. Computer scientists—Biography. I. Title. II. Series. QA76.2.A2 H46 2003 004`.092`2—dc21 2002153880 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Joan M. Toro Cover design by Cathy Rincon Printed in the United States of America VB TECHBOOKS 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS List of Entries vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi Entries A to Z 1 Entries by Field 284 Chronology 286 Glossary 289 Bibliography 296 Index 297 LIST OF ENTRIES Aiken, Howard Amdahl, Gene M. Andreessen, Marc Atanasoff, John Vincent Babbage, Charles Backus, John Baran, Paul Bartik, Jean Bell, Chester Gordon Berners-Lee, Tim Bezos, Jeffrey P. Boole, George Bricklin, Daniel Brooks, Frederick P. Burroughs, William S. Bush, Vannevar Bushnell, Nolan Case, Steve Cerf, Vinton Church, Alonzo Codd, Edgar F. Corbató, Fernando Crawford, Chris Cray, Seymour Davies, Donald Watts Dell, Michael Dertouzos, Michael Diffie, Bailey Whitfield Dijkstra, Edsger Drexler, K. Eric Dreyfus, Hubert Dyson, Esther Eckert, J. Presper Eckert, Wallace J. Ellison, Larry Engelbart, Douglas Estridge, Philip Donald Eubanks, Gordon Fanning, Shawn Feigenbaum, Edward Felsenstein, Lee Forrester, Jay W. Gates, Bill Gelernter, David Hillel Gibson, William Goldstine, Adele Goldstine, Herman Heine Gosling, James Grove, Andrew S. Hamming, Richard Wesley Hewlett, William Redington Hillis, W. Daniel Holberton, Frances Elizabeth Hollerith, Herman Hopper, Grace Murray Jobs, Steve Joy, Bill Kahn, Philippe Kahn, Robert Kapor, Mitchell Kay, Alan C. Kemeny, John G. Kernighan, Brian Kilburn, Thomas M. Kilby, Jack Kildall, Gary Kleinrock, Leonard Knuth, Donald E. Kurzweil, Raymond C. Lanier, Jaron Lenat, Douglas B. Licklider, J. C. R. Lovelace, Ada Maes, Pattie Mauchly, John McCarthy, John McNealy, Scott G. Metcalfe, Robert M. Minsky, Marvin Moore, Gordon E. Nelson, Ted von Neumann, John Newell, Allen Noyce, Robert Nygaard, Kristen Olsen, Kenneth H. Omidyar, Pierre Packard, David Papert, Seymour Perlis, Alan J. Postel, Jonathan B. Rabin, Michael O. Raymond, Eric S. vii viii A to Z of Computer Scientists Rees, Mina Spiegel Rheingold, Howard Ritchie, Dennis Roberts, Lawrence Sammet, Jean E. Samuel, Arthur Shannon, Claude E. Simon, Herbert A. Stallman, Richard Stibitz, George Stoll, Clifford Stroustrup, Bjarne Sutherland, Ivan Thompson, Kenneth Tomlinson, Ray Torres Quevedo, Leonardo Torvalds, Linus Turing, Alan Turkle, Sherry Wang, An Watson, Thomas J., Sr. Watson, Thomas, Jr. Weizenbaum, Joseph Wiener, Norbert Wirth, Niklaus Wozniak, Steve Yang, Jerry Zuse, Konrad ... - tailieumienphi.vn