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- A CASE STUDY OF A SUCCESSFUL AND AN UNSUCCESSFUL
FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNER
DIỄN CỨU NGƯỜI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ THÀNH CÔNG VÀ
KHÔNG THÀNH CÔNG
MA Nguyen Van Thang1, MA, ThS. Phạm Hương Lan2, MA.
1
Thanh Dong University
2
Vietnam National University of Agriculture
Abstract
This paper focuses on the investigation of the differences in multiple intelligences,
learning styles, motivation and language learning strategies used by a successful and an
unsuccessful foreign language learner. The study finds that the successful language
learner has verbal/linguistic, intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligences while the
unsuccessful one owns naturalistic intelligence. The study indicates that the successful
learner was intrinsically motivated and the unsuccessful one studied English as foreign
language to pass examination. It was also found that the successful leaner used a wider
range of language learning strategies for significantly learning English as a foreign
language more frequently than the unsuccessful one. The former mostly used
metacognitive strategies, compensation strategies, cognitive strategies, memory
strategies and social strategies while the latter rarely used the language learning
strategies.
Key words: successful learner, unsuccessful learner, multiple intelligences, learning
styles, motivation, language learning strategies
1. Introduction
Ever since the seminal works of Rubin (1975) and Stern (1975), the passion for
researching the good language learner has shown no sign of waning. Starting from the
assumption that “if we knew more about what the successful learners did, we might be able
to teach these strategies to poorer learners to enhance their success record” (Rubin, 1975,
p.42), earlier studies focused mainly on language learning strategies. Up to date, research
in the field has covered both learner variables (for example: multiple intelligences, learning
styles, motivation, attitude, aptitude, personality, gender, culture, context, beliefs,
metacognition and autonomy), learning variables (for example: vocabulary, grammar,
pronunciation, function, listening, speaking, reading and writing) as well as training
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- language learning expertise, teaching expertise, teacher cognition and teacher education
(Brown, 2006; Rubin & Thompson, 2009).
In Asia, the case studies of successful language learners have been conducted by a large
number of researchers on different cases in EFL environment from many countries such as
China, Taiwan, Japan, Iranian, and so forth. Although English as a foreign language has
taught for few decades in Vietnam and more and more Vietnamese people try to learn
English for working or studying and not everyone is successful in their language
acquisition, Vietnamese successful and unsuccessful language learners have not received
many deep looks from linguists as well as researchers. Therefore, it would appear to be
desirable to investigate the characteristics and strategies found in successful and
unsuccessful English learners in Vietnam. This study is hoped to be an attempt to bridge
this gap in the literature. Hopefully, the findings would be specific and relevant to the
learners and language learning environment in Vietnam.
More specifically, the study works to gain the explanation for the following questions:
1. How do multiple intelligences, learning styles and motivation affect the successful
and unsuccessful English learner?
2. What learning strategies do the learners employ in their English learning?
Ho Thi Van considered as a successful English learner and Pham Thi Thanh Huyen
considered as an unsuccessful one were selected to do research. They allow me to use
their real name in my paper. Van got 6.5 IELTS when she was at grade 11. After gaining
bachelor of Business Administration at Thanh Dong University, she took part in IELTS
examination organized by IDP Education again and got 7.5. She was a lecturer of Thanh
Dong University in 2 years and then she obtained scholarship in Australia. At present, she
is studying MA course in Australia.
Pham Thi Thanh Huyen was a classmate of Van. at Thanh Dong University, students
must get 450-score TOEIC to graduate. Although she tried her best, she failed 3 times in
getting this score. Thus, she tried her best to gain 450-score TOEIC in fourth time to
graduate.
2. Theoretical framework
2.1. Good Language Learners
A number of recent studies on language learning styles and strategies have
attempted, tried to define the good language learner. During the 1970s, teachers and
researchers reached conclusion that no single method of language teaching and research
findings would end to the universal success in teaching a second language (Brown,
2006). It seems that learners would be successful in language learning regardless of
methods or teaching techniques. In this regard, Brown (2006, p.132) says that,
“Certain people appeared to be endowed with abilities to succeed; other slacked those
abilities”. Many observations and research studies (Rubin, 1975; Rubin & Thompson,
2009; Stern, 1975) try to describe good language learners in terms of personal
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- characteristics, styles, and strategies. In this regard, Rubin and Thompson (2009) believe
that a good language learner possesses some of the 14 characteristics.
Good language learners (1) find their own way, take responsibility for their own
learning; (2) organize information about the language and their own program of study;
(3) are creative, and try to feel the language by experimenting its grammar and words; (4)
create their own opportunities to practice in using the language inside and outside the
classroom; (5) learn to live with uncertainty by not getting confused and by continuing
to talk or listen without understanding every word; (6) use memory strategies to bring
back what has been learned; (7) make errors work for them and not against them
(don’t stop talking for fear of errors); (8) use linguistic knowledge, including knowledge
of the first language, in learning a second language; (9) use contextual cues to help them
in comprehension; (10) learn to make intelligent guesses; (11) learn chunks of language
as wholes and formalized routines to help them perform “beyond their competence”;
(12) learn to use certain tricks to keep conversations going; (13) learn certain
production strategies to fill in gaps in their own competence; (14) learn different styles
of speech and writing and learn to vary their language regarding the formality of the
situation.
The studies on defining the good language learner provide a basis for the understanding
of what good language learners do in order to learn a second language. Finding and
clarifying the strategies of successful language learners helps the teachers and
researchers to teach these strategies to less successful learners. On the other hand, the
methods and criteria of determining a good language learner is unclear and under
question. It seems easy to classify a language learner as a good one: if he/she has
developed the four basic skills and can use them successfully, he/she is considered as a
good language learner. The problem is to decide about a learner who has only learned
one or two of these skills. Speed of acquisition, learner’s previous exposure to
English, learner’s goal, and student’s level of proficiency should be taken into account
in determining the good language learner (Sewell, 2003). However, understanding and
knowing the strategies and techniques t h a t good language learners use, can help them
enhance learning efficiency.
2.2. Multiple intelligences
In 1989, Howard Gardner proposed the Multiple Intelligences (MI) theory with 7 types
of intelligences which many teachers and educators have known. In 1996, he added an
eighth intelligence called naturalist. The Multiple Intelligence (MI) theory offers teachers a
way to examine and adopt the best teaching techniques and strategies in light of
student’s individual differences. It also encourages educators to view learners as equals
regardless of quotient produced from a traditional intelligence exam. Teachers are aware
of the fact that every classroom is full of students with different areas of interest,
different ways of expressing themselves, different strengths and weakness and recognize
that an effective teaching and learning is to help students appreciate their strengths and
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- improve their weakness. Without doubt that Gardner deserves everyone’s gratitude, in
particular, language teachers appreciate how well the theory applies in the language-
learning process. With the help of the theory, language teachers can create activities
flexible, reflective, logical, and creative for diverse students’ individual differences.
These intelligences can be clearly described as follows:
Logical/Mathematical Intelligence-The ability to use numbers effectively and reason
well. Sample skills are understanding the basic properties of numbers, the principles of
cause and effect, and the ability to predict.
Verbal/Linguistic Intelligence-The ability to use words effectively, both orally and
in writing. Sample skills are remembering information, convincing others to help, and
talking about language itself.
Visual/Spatial Intelligence-The ability to sense form, space, color, line, and shape.
Sample skills include the ability to represent visual or spatial ideas graphically.
Bodily/Kinesthetic Intelligence-The ability to use the body to express ideas and
feelings, and to solve problems. Sample skills are coordination, flexibility, speed, and
balance.
Musical/Rhythmic Intelligence-The ability to sense rhythm, pitch, and melody.
Sample skills are recognizing simple songs and being able to vary speed, tempo, and
rhythm in simple melodies.
Interpersonal Intelligence-The ability to understand another person’s moods,
feelings, motivations, and intentions. Sample skills are responding effectively to other
people, problem solving, and resolving conflict.
Intrapersonal Intelligence-The ability to understand yourself, your strengths,
weakness, moods, desires, and intentions. Sample skills are understanding how one is
similar to or different from others, reminding oneself to do something, knowing about
oneself as a language learner, and knowing how to handle ones’ feelings.
Naturalist Intelligence-The ability to recognize species of plants or animals in one’s
environment.
2.3. Learning Styles
According to Gardner (1985), learning styles refer to a range of competing and
contested theories that aim to account for differences in individuals' learning. These
theories propose that all people can be classified according to their 'style' of learning,
although the various theories present differing views on how the styles should be defined
and categorized. A common concept is that individuals differ in how they learn.
Felder (2005) divides learning styles into 4 couple types: active and reflective learners;
sensing and intuitive learners; visual and reflective learners; and sequential and global
learners.
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- Active and reflective learners: Active learners tend to retain and understand
information best by doing something active with it--discussing or applying it or explaining
it to others. Reflective learners prefer to think about it quietly first. Active learners tend to
like group work more than reflective learners, who prefer working alone. Everybody is
active sometimes and reflective sometimes.
Sensing and intuitive learners: Sensing learners tend to like learning facts; solving
problems by well-established methods; be patient with details and good at memorizing
facts; and dislike complication and surprise; intuitive learners often prefer innovating;
discovering possibilities and relationships; may be better at grasping new concepts; and
dislike repetition.. Sensors tend to be more practical and careful than intuitors; intuitors
tend to work faster and to be more innovative than sensors. Everybody is sensing
sometimes and intuitive sometimes.
Visual and verbal learners: Visual learners remember best what they see--pictures,
diagrams, flow charts, time lines, films, and demonstrations. Verbal learners get more out
of words--written and spoken explanations. Everyone learns more when information is
presented both visually and verbally.
Sequential and global learners: Sequential learners tend to gain understanding in linear
steps, with each step following logically from the previous one. Global learners tend to
learn in large jumps, absorbing material almost randomly without seeing connections, and
then suddenly "getting it." Sequential learners tend to follow logical stepwise paths in
finding solutions; global learners may be able to solve complex problems quickly or put
things together in novel ways once they have grasped the big picture, but they may have
difficulty explaining how they did it.
2.4. Motivation
2.4.1. Definitions of motivation
Motivation is very hard to define. As Gardner (2006, p.242) states “motivation is a
very complex phenomenon with many facets (…) Thus, it is not possible to give a simple
definition”. Therefore, there are many different definitions of motivation, especially in
language learning.
Lightbown, Spada, Ranta, and Rand (2013) note that motivation in second language
learning is quite complicate to study which can be explained in terms of two factors: learner’s
communicative needs and their attitudes towards the second language community.
In addition, Parsons, Hinson, and Sardo-Brown (2001) define motivation as an
important component or factor in the learning process. Learning and motivation have
the same importance in order to achieve something. Learning makes us gain new
knowledge and skills; and motivation pushes us or encourages us to go through the
learning process.
Gradner (1985), in his socio-educational model, notes that motivation is perceived to be
composed of three elements. These are effort, desire and affect. Effort refers to the time
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- spent studying the language and the drive of the learner. Desire indicates how much the
learner wants to become proficient in the language, and affect means the learner’s
emotional reactions related to language study.
2.4.2. Classification of Motivation
Brown (2006) asserts that studies of motivation of second/foreign language learners
often refer to a distinction between two types of motivation namely, instrumental versus
integrative motivation. Gardner (1985, p. 203) defines instrumental motivation as
"learning a language because of someone or less clearly perceived utility it might have
for the learner". More specifically, a learner is instrumentally motivated when he/she
wants to learn a language "to pass an examination, to use it in one's job, to use it in
holiday in the country, as a change from watching television, because the educational
system requires it" (Wilkins, 1972, p.184).
On the other hand, integrative motivation was defined as "learning a language
because the learner wishes to identify himself with or become integrated into the
society” of the target language (Gardner, 1985, p.203). Therefore, a learner is
integratively motivated when he/she learns a language because he/she wants to "know
more of the culture and values of the foreign language group (…) to make contact with
the speakers of the languages (…) to live in the country concerned" (Wilkins, 1972,
p.184).
The motivation is also classified into two main categories as the following:
Extrinsic motivation refers to a desire to get a reward and avoid punishment. It
emphasizes external need to persuade the learner to take part in learning activity (Arnold,
1999), such as homework, grade, or doing something to please teachers. Both integrative
and instrumental motivations are also grouped under the branch of the extrinsic motivation
(Harmer, 2009).
As extrinsic motivation is based on external outcomes such as rewards and
punishment. This motivation could bring a negative impact to the students, because
with extrinsic motivation, students do not learn with their strong intention or will but they
study it because they are pushed by the interest in the rewards or the punishment. When
a student is learning because he is promised rewards or because he wants the rewards, he
will be highly motivated to come to classes and learn and achieve the goal that is set
for him. But when these rewards are taken away, or sometimes even if they do not see
any punishment, the student will not be interested in coming to class and learn the
language any longer.
Intrinsic motivation refers to learning itself having its own reward (Arnold, 1999). It
means the learners are willingly and voluntarily (not compulsorily) try to learn what they
think it is worth or important for them. When students have intrinsic motivation, they
have the internal desire to learn and they do not have the need for external outcomes.
There are no negative impacts in having intrinsic motivation. In addition, intrinsic
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- motivation pushes the student to learn without rewards, because the need is innate or
come from inside or depends on their own will. Lightbown et al. (2013) mention that
teachers do not have many effects on students’ intrinsic motivation since the students are
from different backgrounds and the only way to motivate students is by making the
classroom a supportive environment.
2.5. Language Learning Strategies
2.5.1. Definition of Language Learning Strategies
In studies of good language learners, researchers mentioned lots of various behaviors
that they referred to globally as strategies; some managed to describe strategies more
specifically. Learning strategies have been described (Wenden and Rubin, 1987, p.19)
as “any sets of operations, steps, plans, routines used by the learner to facilitate the
obtaining, storage, retrieval, and use of information”. It was argued that learning
strategies are intentional behavior and thoughts that learners make use of during learning
in order to better help them understand, learn, or remember new information. Learning
strategies were also illustrated as special thoughts or behaviors that individuals use to
help them comprehend, learn, or retain new information. Hence, learning strategies
were seen as special ways of processing information that improve comprehension,
learning, or retention of the information.
Whereas prior descriptions of learning strategies paid more attention to products of
learning and behaviors reflecting unobservable cognitive processes, definitions eventually
provided clearer understanding of what learners think and do during language learning.
Furthermore, it was stated that learning strategies are processes which are consciously
selected by learners and which may result in actions taken to enhance the learning or
use of a second or foreign language through the storage, retention, recall, and application
of information about that language.
One of the most applicable definitions which have been cited most frequently in the
literature was provided by Oxford (1990). She defines language learning strategies as
“specific actions taken by the learner to make learning easier, faster, more enjoyable, more
self-directed, more effective, and more transferable to new situations” (Oxford, 1990, p. 8).
It is, indeed, a reflection of what the learner intends to do and the specific actions
he can take. She also, prominently, includes how context plays a crucial role in the
language learning process.
2.5.2. Classification of Language Strategies
By referring to the literature, it seems that the most inclusive taxonomy of language
learning strategies is provided by Oxford's (1990). Oxford divided language learning
strategies into two main categories, direct and indirect strategies which are also
subdivided into six classes.
Direct strategies, which involve the new language directly, are divided into Memory,
cognitive and compensation strategies. As Oxford's (1990, p.37) says, “all direct
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- strategies require mental processing of the language”. Memory strategies entail the
mental processes for storing new information in the memory and for retrieving them when
needed. These strategies consist of four sets that include creating mental linkages; applying
images and sounds; reviewing well; and employing action. Cognitive strategies entail
conscious ways of handling the target language and fall into four sets which include
practicing; receiving and sending messages; analyzing and reasoning; and creating
structure for input and output. Compensation strategies enable learners to use the
language either in speaking or writing despite knowledge gaps. These strategies are
divided into two sets: guessing intelligently and overcoming limitations in speaking and
writing. According to Oxford's (1990), compensation strategies are employed by
learners when facing a temporary breakdown in speaking or writing.
Indirect strategies include metacognitive, affective and social strategies. Indirect
strategies provide indirect support for language learning by employing different strategies
such as focusing, arranging, evaluating, seeking opportunities, and lowering anxiety
Oxford's (1990). Metacognitive strategies enable learners to control their own cognition.
They are strategies which entail overviewing and linking with material already known,
paying attention, delaying speech production, organizing, setting goals and objectives,
planning for a language task, looking for practice opportunities, self-monitoring and
self- evaluating. Affective strategies assist students to manage their emotions,
motivation, and attitudes associated with learning. They can be achieved through lowering
anxiety, encouraging oneself, and taking emotional temperature. Social strategies facilitate
language learning through interactions with others. Language is a form of social
behavior and learning it involves other people, and it is extremely important that
learners employ appropriate social strategies in this process Oxford's (1990). These
strategies are divided into three sets, namely as asking questions, cooperating, and
empathizing with others.
Sixty- two strategies have been illustrated which include every strategy that is
referred to in previous studies conducted in language learning strategies. In fact, this
effort provided a basis for an instrument, The Strategy Inventory for Language
Learning (SILL), designed to obtain information concerning strategy use of language
learners in learning a second language as well as a foreign language (SILL version 7.0).
Even though Oxford’s classification system is defined plainly, but she highlights that
the present understanding of learning strategies is still in its primary stages, and “it is
only a proposal to be tested through practical classroom use and through research”
(Oxford, 1990, p. 16).
3. Methods
3.1. Research questions
The present research mainly aims to describe the multiple intelligences, learning styles,
motivation and language learning strategies of one successful and one unsuccessful foreign
language learner. Thus, two questions will be employed as following:
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- (1) How do multiple intelligences, learning styles and motivation affect the successful
and unsuccessful English learner?
(2) What learning strategies do the learners employ in their English learning?
3.2. Data collection instruments
In this study, the data were collected through questionnaires for multiple intelligences,
learning strategies and language learning strategies; interview for motivation and learning
conditions.
The multiple intelligences model based on Gardner’ theory was adapted from the website
www.mypersonality.info (retrieved on 10th May 2021). The participants were asked to
answer 80 questions by ticking rarely (less than 40% of time), sometimes (40-70% of time),
usually (more than 70% of time).
The author employed the questionnaire of Dr. Richard Felder (2005) from the website
http://www.engr.ncsu.edu/learningstyles/ilsweb.html (retrieved on 10th May 2021). The
participants were asked to answer 40 questions. To answer question, participants need to tick
(a) or (b).
The Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) by Oxford (1990) was used to
assess the frequency use of language learning strategies. In the SILL, language learning
strategies were grouped into six categories for assessment: compensation strategy (9
items), cognitive strategy (14 items), compensation strategy (6 items), metacognitive
strategy (8 items), affective strategy (6 items) and social strategy (6 items). The response
options used a five-point Likert Scale ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly
agree”. In other words, participants were asked to indicate whether they “strongly
disagree”, “disagree”, “neutral”, “agree” or “strongly agree”. Each response was given a
score from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
“Questionnaire for Interviews with L2 Learners” (Naiman et al., 1978) was adapted as
interview questions to find out the motivation and learning conditions of the successful and
the unsuccessful foreign language learner. The interview with Van had done via skype
because the participant lives oversea. For Huyen, the face-to-face interview had done.
3.3. Participants’ background
The participants of the study are two Vietnamese learners in learning English as a foreign
language, one learner has achieved very high level of proficiency in English and one is
reverse, unsuccessful. Both of them are female, belong to the age of 25. They allow me to
use their real name in my paper. As discussed in Introduction, their names are Ho Thi Van,
who is considered to be the successful learner, and Pham Thi Thanh Huyen, considered as
the less successful one.
Van is the only child, was born and lives in Hai Duong city with her parents. Her father is
a lecturer at Thanh Dong University and her mother is an English teacher at a high school in
Hai Duong city. She started learning English when she was at grade 3. Because of her
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- mother being an English teacher, she was familiar with English environment when she was
small. There were many pictures with English words put on the wall in her house by her
mother. Moreover, from the candle, she wallowed in English songs. When she was a high
school student in grade 11, she got 6.5 IELTS. After gaining bachelor of Business
Administration at Thanh Dong University, she took part in IELTS examination organized by
IDP Education again and got 7.5. She worked as a lecturer at Thanh Dong University in 2
years and then she obtained scholarship in Australia. At present, she is studying MA course
in Australia.
Pham Thi Thanh Huyen (unsuccessful learner) comes from Hoa Binh province. Her
parents are cultivators. She started learning English when she was at grade 6 at a local school
in her hometown but she did not pay much attention to this subject. Mathematics, Physics
and Chemistry are her favorite subjects and she just concentrated on them when she was a
high school student. She and Van were classmates at Thanh Dong University. At Thanh
Dong University, students must get 450-score TOEIC to graduate. Although she tried her
best, she failed 3 times in getting this score. Thus, she tried her best to gain 450-score
TOEIC in fourth time to graduate.
4. Findings
4.1. Research question 1
4.1.1. Multiple Intelligences
In order to check multiple intelligences of Van and Huyen, the author employed the
questionnaire from the website www.mypersonality.info. This questionnaire is a free version
based on closely on Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory. The result of Van shows that
her intelligences are intrapersonal, verbal/linguistic and interpersonal with 85%, 83% and
82% respectively. It means that Van has the ability to understand herself, knows
thoroughly her strengths, weaknesses, desires to make up suitable plan to develop her
strong points and improve her weak points. In addition, she owns the ability to use words
effectively both oral and written language. She is also good at interact with other people
The result of Huyen indicates that she has naturalistic intelligence with 65%. It means
that she is more in tune with nature and is interested in nurturing, exploring the
environment and learning about other species. The result also shows that her verbal/
linguistic and interpersonal intelligence is quite low with 25% and 23% respectively.
After analyzing the results, it can be said that with high verbal/linguistic, intrapersonal
and interpersonal intelligences, Van has more opportunities to become successful foreign
language learner than Huyen who owns naturalistic one.
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- 4.1.2. Learning styles
Table 1: The results of learning styles of Van
ACT X REF
11 9 7 5 3 1 1 3 5 7 9 11
SEN X INT
11 9 7 5 3 1 1 3 5 7 9 11
VIS X VRB
11 9 7 5 3 1 1 3 5 7 9 11
SEQ X GLO
11 9 7 5 3 1 1 3 5 7 9 11
(ACT: active, REF: reflective, SEN: sensing, INT: intuitive, VIS: visual, VRB: Verbal,
SEQ: Sequential, GLO: global)
As shown in the table 1, Van got 7/11 of active factor. It means that she is active
learner. She can retain and understand information best by discussing it, applying it or
explaining it to others. She is active in acquiring foreign language. For sensing and
intuitive learning styles, she gained 1/11 of intuitive factor, quite balanced, which means
she can balance between solving problems by well-established methods and surprises; and
she is practical, careful and innovative in learning. For visual and verbal learning styles,
she got 1/11 of visual factor, quite balanced. It represents that she is capable of processing
information presented either visually or verbally, which is a characteristic of good learner.
Van achieved 7/11 of global factor, which means she tends to learn in large jumps,
absorbing material almost randomly without seeing connections, and then suddenly getting
it and she is able to solve complex problems quickly or put things together in novel ways
once they have grasped the big picture
Table 2: The results of learning styles of Huyen
ACT X REF
11 9 7 5 3 1 1 3 5 7 9 11
SEN X INT
11 9 7 5 3 1 1 3 5 7 9 11
VIS X VRB
11 9 7 5 3 1 1 3 5 7 9 11
SEQ X GLO
11 9 7 5 3 1 1 3 5 7 9 11
(ACT: active, REF: reflective, SEN: sensing, INT: intuitive, VIS: visual, VRB: Verbal,
SEQ: Sequential, GLO: global)
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- As shown in the table 2, Huyen achieved 9/11 of reflective factor, which means she can
gain understanding most thoroughly and effectively when she is allowed the freedom to
take time to reflect on the information and instruction she has been given; and she needs
thinking time during lectures. For sensing and intuitive learning styles, she got 2/11 of
sensitive factor, quite balanced. She shares some common points with Van in this type of
learning styles but she seems to be more comfortable with mathematical formulations with
2/11 of sensitive factor. For visual and verbal learning styles, she gained 7/11 of visual
factor, which means that she remembers best what they see – pictures, diagrams, flow
charts, time lines. However, in her class, very little visual information is presented, she
mainly listens to lectures and reads material written on chalkboards and in textbooks and
handouts. Huyen got 5/11 of sequential factor. It represents that she can gain understanding
in linear steps, with each step following logically from the previous one and may not
understand material fully but are still able to solve problem and pass tests.
After analyzing the learning styles of Van and Huyen, it can be clearly seen that Van is
more active than Huyen in acquiring new knowledge and in solving problem. She is
balanced in visual and verbal learning styles, which helps her accommodate easily to
varied teaching styles and gain knowledge. Huyen is quite passive in learning and usually
does follow plan and feels hard when meeting surprises. In addition, she just learns better
when teacher uses visual tools while in her schools, her teachers applied grammar
translation methods, which did not create more motivation for her in learning English.
4.1.2. Motivation
The author adapted the interview questions of Naiman et al. (1978) to find out the
motivation of the successful and the unsuccessful foreign language learner.
When being asked about the reason of learning English, Van said “I learn English
because of loving it, not because of examination or something like that. I extremely adore
British and American culture and music. Britney Spears, Justin Timberlake, One Direction
are my idols, I want to learn English to understand lyrics of my favorite songs. Moreover, I
want to have an ear for poetry and novel in original copy.” Thanks to the love of English
language, she spends a lot of time leaning new English words, to read favorite books, to
watch British and American TV shows, and listening to English songs, radio, which makes
her English ability increasingly better. Huyen answered “I learn English because of
examination. I must learn it to pass all examinations.” Thus, she just learns English when
examination comes.
To answer the question “what motivated you to study English”, Van said “I study
English to gain more knowledge; to travel around the world and to communicate with
other people over the world. Studying English enables me to better understand and
appreciate the ways of life of native English speakers”. Huyen responded that “high scores
motivated me to study English but I rarely get them, which makes me so sad”.
About the goal of studying English, Van shared “My childhood dream is becoming a
tour guide and an English teacher. Becoming a tour guide, I can present the hidden charm
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- of Vietnam to tourists over the world. Being an English teacher, I can transfer my
knowledge to other people and participate freely in academic, social and professional
activities among other cultural groups”. As for Huyen, her goal of studying English is “to
get a good job with high salary with English after graduation”.
The importance of motivation in learning a foreign language was often indicated by
several researchers. Gardner (2006) found that motivation affects foreign language
achievement, and positive attitudes and motivation are related to success in foreign
language learning. If the learner has little motivation there is no reason to take risks in
using the language. The information discussed above indicates that Van is really interested
in studying English and she herself is aware of necessity of acquiring English. She has the
internal desire to learn and does not have the need for external outcomes. Van has intrinsic
motivation. As discussed in literature review, intrinsic motivation pushes her to learn
without rewards, because the need is innate or come from inside or depends on her own
will. Intrinsic motivation is one of the important factors to contribute to her success in
learning English as foreign language. About Huyen, she studies English because of
avoiding punishment and passing examinations. She owns extrinsic motivation. She is very
easy to lose heart or give up when she fails in trouble in learning English, which is one
factor to make her unsuccessful in learning foreign language.
4.2. Research question 2
4.2.1. Language Learning Strategies
The result from Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) is shown as
following:
TABLE 3: The results of Memory strategy on SILL of participants (Full score is 5)
Part A Huyen Van
1. I think of relationships between what I already know and new 3 4
things I learn in the SL.
2. I use new SL words in a sentence so I can remember them. 2 5
3. I connect the sound of a new SL word and an image or picture of 1 5
the word to help me remember the word.
4. I remember a new SL word by making a mental picture of a 2 4
situation in which the word might be used.
5. I use rhymes to remember new SL words. 3 4
6. I use flashcards to remember new SL words. 2 3
7. I physically act out new SL words. 1 2
8. I review SL lessons often. 2 4
9. I remember new SL words or phrases by remembering their 1 5
location on the page, on the board, or on a street sign.
Average 1.89 4
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- This memory strategy includes 9 sub-strategies as shown in Table 3. Those
statements represent very important strategies for vocabulary learning particularly within
the Communicative Language Teaching approach. According to data shown above the
employment of this strategy by two students is awfully different; on an average, V a n
mostly uses this type of strategies more often with more variables than Huyen. In
addition, Van tends to remember vocabulary in specific contexts. In particular, the way of
learning new English words by using pictures or images; putting new words in sentences;
and remembering new English words or phrases by remembering their location on the
page, on the board, or on a street sign of Van, the successful language learner is
remarkable while Huyen never or almost never do like that. Both of them never or almost
never physically act out new English words.
Table 4: The results of Cognitive Strategy on SILL of participants (Full score is 5)
Part B Huyen Van
1. I say or write new SL words several times. 4 4
2. I try to talk like native SL speakers. 1 3
3. I practice the sounds of SL. 2 5
4. I use the SL words I know in different ways. 3 4
5. I start conversations in the SL. 2 5
6. I watch SL language TV shows spoken in SL or go to movies 1 5
spoken in SL.
7. I read for pleasure in the SL. 1 5
8. I write notes, messages, letters, or reports in the SL. 1 5
9. I first skim an SL passage (read over the passage quickly) then 3 4
go back and read carefully.
10. I look for words in my own language that are similar to new 3 2
words in the SL.
11. I try to find patterns in the SL. 2 4
12. I find the meaning of an SL word by dividing it into parts that I 3 4
understand.
13. I try not to translate word for word. 1 4
14. I make summaries of information that I hear or read in the SL. 3 4
Average 2.14 4.14
This cognitive strategy includes 14 sub-strategies as shown in Table 4. The use of
this type of strategies of Huyen and Van is extremely different and Van mostly uses these
types of strategies more than Huyen. The successful language learner generally use each
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- statement at high level. She highly report that her strategies on watching English language
TV shows and programs; reading English newspapers, English magazines, English books
for pleasure; and writing notes, letters or reports in English. She can use information
received from TV shows or programs that she watched or newspapers, books that she read
to write reports, notes or diary. It is good way to improve reading and listening
comprehension and make writing skill better. Huyen, the unsuccessful foreign language
learner, does not use those strategies. Meanwhile Van tries to understand a word in context
and sentence, Huyen usually looks for words in Vietnamese that similar to new words in
English and tries to translate words for words. However, Van and Huyen share a common
point, they say and write new English words in several times to learn vocabulary.
Table 5: The results of Compensation Strategy on SILL of participants
(Full score is 5)
Part C Huyen Van
1. To understand unfamiliar SL words, I make guesses. 2 5
2. When I can't think of a word during a conversation in the SL, I 4 4
use gestures.
3. I make up new words if I do not know the right ones in the SL. 2 3
4. I read SL without looking up every new word. 1 4
5. I try to guess what the other person will say next in the SL. 2 5
6. If I can't think of an SL word, I use a word or phrase that means 3 4
the same thing.
Average 2.33 4.17
This compensation strategy includes 6 sub-strategies as shown in Table 5. As
shown in the above table, Van takes advantages of the types of strategies more than Huyen
and the difference is remarkable. When Huyen reads English texts, she does not guess the
meaning of new words, almost always looks up them in dictionary or she rarely guess what
the other person will say next in English. Van has an opposite point of view. She uses
making guesses in order to understand unfamiliar English words and tries to guess the
other person will say next in English. Both of them usually use gestures when they cannot
think of a word during a conversation.
Table 6: The results of Metacognitive Strategy on SILL of participants
(Full score is 5)
Part D Huyen Van
1. I try to find as many ways as I can to use my SL. 3 5
2. I notice my SL mistakes and use that information to help me 3 4
do better.
3. I pay attention when someone is speaking SL. 1 3
4. I try to find out how to be a better learner of SL. 4 4
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- 5. I plan my schedule so I will have enough time to study SL. 3 4
6. I look for people I can talk to in SL. 4 4
7. I look for opportunities to read as much as possible in SL. ` 3 5
8. I have clear goals for improving my SL skills. 2 4
9. I think about my progress in learning SL. 3 5
2.89 4.22
This metacognitive strategy includes 9 sub-strategies as shown in Table 6. Beside
some differences in metacognitive strategies, Van and Huyen share two same points. They
usually try to find out how to be a better learner of English and look for people can talk to
in English to become better English learner. However, Huyen does not pay attention when
someone is speaking English and is not clear about goals for improving her English skills.
Meanwhile, Van mostly tries to find as many ways as she can to use English and looks for
opportunities to read as much as possible in English. Furthermore, she always thinks about
her progress in learning English and learns from her mistakes, which helps her English
ability better.
Table 7: The results of Affective Strategy on SILL of participants (Full score is 5)
Part E Huyen Van
1. I try to relax whenever I feel afraid of using SL. 2 3
2. I encourage myself to speak SL even when I am afraid of 3 5
making a mistake.
3. I give myself a reward or treat when I do well in SL. 3 5
4. I notice if I am tense or nervous when I am studying or 3 3
using SL.
5. I write down my feelings in a language learning dairy. 2 2
6. I talk to someone else about how I feel when I am learning 4 4
SL.
2.83 3.67
This affective strategy includes 6 sub-strategies as shown in Table 7. Their uses of
these strategies are quite close. They somewhat notice if they are tense or nervous when
studying English, and usually talk to someone else about how they feel when they are
learning English the most, but normally do not write down her feelings in a language
learning diary. However, Huyen is usually afraid of make mistakes when speaking English.
Van mostly encourages herself to speak English even when she makes mistakes and when
doing well in English, she gives herself a reward to foster herself.
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- Table 8: The results of Social Strategy on SILL of participants (Full score is 5)
Part F Huyen Van
1. If I do not understand something in SL, I ask the other person 4 4
to slow down or say it again.
2. I ask SL speakers to correct me when I talk. 4 4
3. I practice SL with other students. 2 4
4. I ask for help from SL speakers. 2 4
5. I ask questions in SL. 2 4
6. I try to learn about the culture of SL speakers. 2 4
2.67 4
This social strategy includes 6 sub-strategies as shown in Table 8. Two participants use
this strategy differently. Van uses these types of strategies much more than Huyen. Both
of them usually ask others for help when having troubles in learning English. They share
the idea that learners should usually ask English speakers to correct their mistakes. Van
usually uses all the rest of social strategies. In opposite opinion, Huyen rarely cares about
practicing English with other students, asking question in English or asking for help from
English speakers or learning about the culture of English speakers.
Table 9: The result on SILL of participants
No. Strategy on SILL Huyen Van
1 Memory Strategy (remembering more effectively) 1.89 4
2 Cognitive Strategy (using all your mental process) 2.14 4.14
3 Compensation Strategy (compensating for missing 2.33 4.17
knowledge)
4 Metacognitive Strategy (organizing and evaluating your 2.89 4.22
learning)
5 Affective Strategy (managing your emotions) 2.83 3.67
6 Social Strategy (learning with others 2.67 4
Average 2.46 4.03
Table 9 shows the participants’ score on the strategies used. The table indicates that the
average use of language learning strategies of Van, the successful foreign language
learner, and Huyen, the unsuccessful one is 4.03, and 2.46 respectively. This outcome is
consistent with previous studies in that more proficient language learners use more
language learning strategies in language learning (O’Malley & Chamot, 1990).
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- As can be seen from the table, Van usually uses almost the following strategies:
metacognitive strategy, compensation strategy, cognitive strategy, memory strategy and
social strategy at level 4 or slightly higher level and she use affective strategy the least at
3.67. She uses metacognitive strategy the most at 4.22, which implies that she is able to
“plan” for effective learning, “select” proper strategies for the task, “monitor” her learning
process, “orchestrate various strategies” for the target task and finally she would
“evaluate” the process and her strategy use of her language learning (Anderson, 2008).
Metacognitive knowledge relates closely with enhancement in academic performance, and
by using this strategy, Van can not only do better in school but further advance her English
proficiency. It should also be noted that the successful learner also reported high use of
compensation and cognitive strategies. It suggests that she not only knows how to choose
proper strategies for the task (metacognitive strategy) but she knows what she should do to
improve her English sub-skills (cognitive strategies). In addition, the high use of
compensation knowledge implies that she has bigger polls of lexis which can help her
guess intelligently in reading and listening and convey their intended meaning in speaking
and writing.
Regarding Huyen, she also employs the learning strategies but not frequently. She
employs memory strategy the least at 1.89 and sometimes applies metacognitive strategy,
affective strategy and social strategy. Rarely using learning strategies makes Huyen more
difficult in planning for effective learning.
4.2.2. Learning conditions
Learning conditions are also one important factor influenced on the foreign language
acquisition. In this paper, the author adapted the model of Naiman et al. (1978) to analyze
the formal and informal language learning setting of two participants. For formal setting,
as the author described in participants, Van started learning English when she was 8 years
old. She had many opportunities to communicate with English native speakers because
she had some periods with them in her primary school. Classrooms are modernly
equipped with projector, screen, computer, air conditioner. Her high school in Hai Duong
city also has good learning environment and Van felt satisfied with almost things
provided by these schools. She also said “the English teachers are extremely nice,
enthusiastic and friendly all the time. Students can raise their hands and share their
opinions anytime, which motives them in learning English a lot.” She majored in
Business Administration at Thanh Dong University. The environment of Thanh Dong
University is really great for her. She feels like a duck in water. She tries to employ
English everywhere. About informal language learning setting, she followed some
courses in Apolo English center where all teachers are English native speakers. She has
ten American friends with whom she struck up friendship when she took part in summer
camp in United States of American at the age of 14. One more very important factor is
her mother is an English teacher and her mother creates English environment in her home.
In contract, Huyen started learning English when she was at grade of 6 in local school.
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- Her class consisted of 50 students due to lack of equipment, classroom. In addition,
before being an English teacher, her teacher was a French teacher. Due to lack of English
teachers, she participated in training course to teach English. Thus, her teacher negatively
influenced in English pronunciation. Moreover, teachers in her junior and senior high
school applied only grammar translation method and focused on test-orientation. She and
her classmates did not have opportunities to speak English or use English. When she was
a student of Thanh Dong University, she had very good opportunities to improve her
English ability. Unfortunately, she could not catch the opportunities and failed in learning
English. About informal one, she did not have any foreign friends or follow any English
courses outside her schools. Her parents are cultivators and they have 4 children. They
work a lot and cannot guide her in learning English.
5. Discussion and Implications
It has been found that multiple intelligences, learning styles, motivation and learning
strategies influence a lot to foreign language learners. They may contribute to the success
of Van in learning English as well as make Huyen fail in learning English. From the
Behaviorist’s point of view, which underlines the significance of the environment, Van
has had a great environment for learning English. She had lived in English environment
that her mother has created and she has had a lot of opportunities to communicate with
English native speakers. Furthermore, she likes listening British and American music and
singing these songs when listening them. Watching TV shows like American Idol, The
Voice of American, Britain’s Got Talent and other TV shows; and reading novels, talking
with her American friends are good habit when learning English. Moreover, in learning
English progress, she has tried to learn words in context or in sentences to avoid
influencing by mother tongue. According to Behaviorists, that would improve language
proficiency both in quantity and quality. Meanwhile, the English learning environment of
Huyen is not good. In schools, her teachers used grammar translation methods and she
just focused on grammar, structure and did not have opportunities to speak or listen. She
does not like foreign TV shows or international music. About Constructive Analysis
Hypothesis (CAH), English and Vietnamese are different language family. As for Van,
that is a good condition to learn new language but for Huyen, in contrast, that is a big
challenge. Unlike Van, Huyen usually looks up new words and translate words for words
when studying English. She feels ashamed if she makes mistakes when speaking.
According to the followers of Behaviorism, that is the reason of Van’s success in learning
foreign language and why Huyen is unsuccessful.
Regarding the Critical Period Hypothesis of Innatism theory, Van attended English
classes at the age of 8, which is strong foundation to learn English well. Huyen started
learning English when being 11 years old which is also good period to learn English well
but many other factors negatively influenced on her study and made her unsuccessful.
About the input hypothesis of Krashen’s “monitor model”, Van has learned and
developed 4 macro skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing. For listening skill, she
listened to songs and watched TV programs, focused on spoken language. For speaking
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- skill, she has made conversation with her American friends and her mother also has tried
to speak with her in English at home. She has read a lot of books, magazines and tried to
write reflection after reading. She usually write diary in English. Meanwhile, Huyen just
focused on grammar and vocabulary. When she studied at Thanh Dong University, she
did not spend a lot of time to practice speaking or listening. About the affective filter
hypothesis, intrinsic motivation makes Van have positive side and overcome easily
difficulties in learning English progress while Huyen has just learned because of passing
examination, she is easy to give up when facing difficulties.
Another school of language learning theories is called Interactionism which focuses
obviously on interactions. As discussed in the results of multiple intelligence, one of
intelligence of Van is interpersonal and Huyen is not good at interpersonal skill. Van
interacts with strong motivation with her American friends. She actively interacts with
them and can learn a lot from her foreign friends. In contrast, good interaction with other
people is a challenge for Huyen. Van is good language proficiency because according to
Comprehensible Output Hypothesis, Van can produce and notice things in order to be
understandable while Huyen usually fails in making conversation and English.
To help teachers in teaching and students in learning, the author would like to draw out
some implications in teaching and learning as well. Firstly, the teachers need to deeply
understand the multiple intelligences, learning styles, motivation and learning strategies of
students. There are some mixed intelligences and learning styles in one class and teachers
should not push them to do what teachers want. Teachers need to learn their intelligences,
their learning styles to design proper lesson plans and activities. Teachers should use more
visual aids like photos, pictures, flash cards, posters, brochures and ICT in teaching to
involve students in lessons because a lot of students have visual learning styles. Moreover,
the results of this study remind that teachers must continuously learn to improve their
ability because learners need a good English environment and good learning conditions.
Thus, teachers need to learn and create better environment to engage them to lessons. In
addition, teachers try to be enthusiastic, devoted and passionate ones to support students
and help them create intrinsic motivation in learning. Furthermore, teachers can help
unsuccessful or less successful students to become successful in language learning by
supplying them with a variety of strategies, training programs, such as awareness training,
strategy workshop and strategies-based instruction in order to heighten learner awareness
of their own strengths and weaknesses in language learning and the range of strategies
which they can choose to help them learn the target language most efficiently and to
develop responsibility for their own learning; in short, to develop autonomy.
For learners, they should know what their learning styles are and find suitable learning
strategies. They should be aware of their own strong points and weak points in language
learning to choose the suitable learning strategies to help them learn the target language
most efficiently. Besides, they should try to adjust in different environment. They should
try as much as they can to have more oral activities. The more they can use English, the
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