Xem mẫu
- 5 I
" D J
! #- J # 6 " D J
: /
89 ! F @: ; < C 4+ F d 4^ @ # d@ A
#d^ ! F ): 42 & C # 2<
8 !F @A @: ! F,^ # 2] 4= 7 [
)Z : : "# &ƒ 2
H 9 w 2 #d 4^ ' 97 F d )Z @ d
7 5 77 : 4F ): :6 p ; < w F X
W7 X # ): 7 d C u ^ d &# 6< 2 A7
@s… 4g C ] 9 ! F A7 @s ): @A
8 !F _ 9 4g A C u I ^ 5 & > &'
F A . 42 # 2 :I # # , 2
K 4h / ! F &I 6= )g 7=) &} ` I
)C ! , ; , d' d !6 6C X 4# # d
X & )Z @ 4= 7 [ _ M7d & d5, ): &
@ 7 6C X 7
/8 H
C
- ~ •$ : = `# # )< &, @ I 7 =
H ; +7< -
X F 4# ! )T ># "# 7 # 4# !@ #d 7 5 ) ) C &! 7
?
- N~ •$ : , 4^ C 4+ F ) @A #
LM
a X C &! 7 6) C : # ~ • ˆ 4 ˆ 6#•
: < ] "# @ Q F ^) X
O I 3 J#
# # & ! 5 )< # %^ !F, &# n7 w %^ !
F : 6 ): I 5 (, &# n4
778 ) %
C8 H ' 3 J &
/
E< + -# c] = 6 # # d
H ; ! J 67 I FP
]= # 7 /d I 4h / 4^ @ # @: , 2
K # d I 4h / C 4+ F ( d 5 - )
@A & !@ # 8 C 4+ F = J &2 @
@( Fd 4 2 F ): & ! € d ^: "# 6<
?÷
d7 = # 6D @ #
27 B ÷ 3 ÷?@
b# 6 ! A ( 6J
# 8 C 4+ F 7/ ! ): ! , ; d ): !6
÷B
6C X d & )T e K # 6D # @Q
ϕˆG)
F7/ ! ): I , @A #@ d ' C
4+ F 6< 6 ! 6C @ Q F7/ # 7/ ! ): ! 6C "#
= A7 K # I l 2 =@ A & !
@ #
E< + -# K l @A # I ws ` ^
$BG
4# +$ I !6 6C Xd ! ^ & ! "# ^ •
• # d ! 6C )` =# /d ! 6C )` ): 42
0
- &< @ A # A ): ] &# & 6= 7 / @/
A # 9 \ 6= # 7= ] &# !
6C = A7 d! , ; # ): ! 6C 52 &
H ] &# @ A # _ 9 \ ! 6C = A7 d '
7= , @( F y - *‘ - ) @A # _ 9 d 4# 4
4 ) @( F 7 M7 J C # 2 < & 6= B
H @( F ( @ 5 &< 7 M7 '@ A # 9
w d A@ = @A # K] &# @ A # \ !
6C + # " @: ! 6C ^ ( *‘ \ ! 6C + #; <
\ -$
B.H 2 .[σ ]u
Pz = KG
6l
c^ ) + # ) ~ ˆ f•
B 3 [σ ]u
Pz = KG
6l
%+ # &T $
πd 3 [σ ]u
Pz = KG
32l
>:
f @: C &! + #~ •
• C # + #~ •
@• %# T~ •
•c , + &T ~ •
[σ ]u • - ?
42 ^ 7 M7 "# )Z @ + # ~Kbn •
6C σ bp = 60 ÷ 70
K + # 6D M7 2
0?
- ] @2 [σ ]u = 20 KG / mm 2
f= B A # X : ): F - 6D # M7
): # A7 -
8 C 4+ F
c , 7
0 E ? G
~ •
A #a n )T
≤ 18 ≤ 0,2 • •
> 18 ≤ 30 Gd? • Gd0 Gd • Gd3 •
> 30 ≤ 50 GdB • GdE Gd0 • dG •
> 50 ≤ 80 Gd3 • d? GdN • d Gd0 • dG
> 80 ≤ 120 dG • d3 d • dE GdE • d0
> 120 ≤ 180 dB • ?dG d0 • ?dG d • ?dG dG • d0
> 180 ≤ 260 dE • ?d3 dE • ?dE d0 • ?d0 d • ?dG
> 260 ≤ 360 ?dG • d? ?d0 • dG ?dG • dG d0 • ?d0
> 360
2 : )# - ? '# +% - *
5 + 7 > $> @ * + ! $ >g
h> U :i j O %K
N % > h> K U :i j @ 8
N &\ kT * + 7
l @+ .* + 96 * k -5 A <
K] &# @ A # \ ! , ; # ]; 2 7 e
C $ c! )} # )A> Gd?0 4# "# @
0
- # # : ( F , * ] ! , ; #
; < \ -~ : &/ „ •$
f= B? A # : M7 6D # A7 -
?
6C σ bp ~Kbn
b • c! - U8 A # a~ n)T •
3G BS Gd • Gd
EG 0B GdGN • Gd?
?GG 0E GdG0 • Gd 0
% ^ #+$
70 EJ
Py = f KG
l3
t! ^ + # X7 ): + X7$
140 EJ
Py = f KG
l3
K u W7 & + X7$
3EJ
Py = f KG
l3
J +$
•• c! )} ~ •
@• 8 C : ~ •
?
V• t : 6D ? GGGKbn ^) M7
B
—• t \ > , # "# ~ • 6D
πD 4
≈ 0,05 D 4 ) € @: , "# ~ ^ #+d !
64
X7 # ^ +• X @: , 7 ~ X7•
0B
- K ] &# ! 6C 52 \ @A # d7 = ; <
@( C &/ *; a 4 *; ) @( 7 M7 )C ! 6C 52
Y27 e @( *‘ ): , # #; < A
\ ;F M \$
Pz .D
2M k = KGm
1000
1 $ *‘ † @( F y - ~Kb•
€• c , # ~ •
2t \ ;F M7 )e# , 44 ) t \ 7 M7 "# 5 2
& ] ! ,
b &< @( ): t \ ;F M7 , ) @A # _ 9 :
)A> &< 4^ 7 M7 '7 = = @A #
A # 7 M7 & & A7 # @ )Z @
# 6D @ # # A & 6= J7 7 / @/
Ž
ϕ • G Gd
J #8 -, @( F J 6= B - ) #
) B%
) @ # F ): @ )Z @ I/ F 9 # & 6=
J7 7 / @/
ϕ1 > 00
f= B 8 -, @( F
( F 8 -
%7 ~y x pz y pz n pz
Pz = C pz .t .S .V .k M pz ( KG )
- • *‘
x py y py n py
Py = C py .t .S .V .k M py ( KG )
, *
( # x px y px n px
Px = C px .t .S .V .k M px ( KG )
~ &/ • *;
87‘d 87 d 87; @: 4^
00
- • 8 C 4+ F~ •
a• A #~ n)T •
• 4^ 7 / ! )Z @ # k ;7d 7d • a^ p
7
)• 1Z ^ F ~ n7 w •
%& 4^ ): 4^ p = C 4+ d @ A # d )Z ^
F A; < 6D (
K # )Z @ ) 6= B ?d # T ): 4^ '
9 # i d @( F, \ 6= B ): B B 7 = +) 4^ & 6=
B0 K # )Z @ 7 = &# - ): 4^ 5 -
& 6= &# J 7 7 / @/
; + -# % i 6C # 7/ ! C ^$ : #d
Q
4^ @ :@ # T : :d : :6 ): : 4F d
# # #d : 4h / d - != J "# )Z ^ F
#…
i 6C
%&e # 6: d # F &\ d # < ' ] @2 i 6C # % ˆ 3G
7w
c^ ) # 6: d # F &\ d # < ' @2 % ˆ ?G 7 w T #
F 7 / ): ϕ ˆ GGd % ˆ G ÷ B0 7 w K
@Q # 6D C # !
@w d ` &< 4^ : I. ‚@ ) # # #F
3 J#K # # 6D # M7 d^ !F, L I
- & 6= ? d ?B %& A7 &! @Ld ^ !F, - : 7= +) 4^ GdS
03
- f#& BB 4^ ): 4^ p& - 6= B
4^ ): 4^ p
1Z @ € # 1Z @
( 7 ( , ( #
# 7 F
87‘ P7‘ Y7‘ H7‘ 87 Y7 H7 P7 87; Y7; P7; H7;
% A7 •
GG GdN0 ?B GdS •Gd Gd3 S Gd0 •GdB
:d - Gd 0
% M7 ):
&! % M7 ?GE GdN0 G B GdS G GdN0 33dE d? Gd30 G
)Z w
% A7
6D BGE GdE GdN? G N? GdN G Gd3N • • • •
&_ d -
M7
F
% M7 ?BN dG G • • • • • • • •
-
% A7
S? GdN0 G 0B GdS G GdN0 B3 GdB G
:d -
&! % M7 E GdN0 G 0B GdS G GdN0 0 dB d? Gd30 G
b#
%
;
&_ d
% M7 0 dG G ?S • • • • • • •
F
-
0N
- f= B0 4^ C u , @( F7/ ! )Z @ #
4^ & -
( 7 ( , ( #
1Z @ #
A7 A7
% M7 A7 - % M7 % M7
- -
0 , 35
σ bp
σ bp ≤ 60 KG / mm 2
k Mpz =
75 1, 35 2 1, 5
σ bp
0 , 35
σ bp σ bp σ bp
σ bp
k Mpx =
k ppz = k Mpy = k Mpy = k Mpy =
% M7
75
75 75 75
75 0 , 75
σ bp
σ bp ≥ 60 KG / mm 2 k Mpz =
75
0, 4 0 , 55 1, 3 0 ,8 1,1
HB
HB HB HB HB HB
k Mpy =
b# ; = = = = =
k Mpz k Mpz k Mpy k Mpx k Mpx
190
190 190 190 190 190
0E
- f= B38 -, ^ !F # 6D # M7
€ # 8 -, Ks
13G $ %^ ! F- ) ˆ3G7
Cv
V60 =
% : m/ p
t .s yv
xv
1 $ %^ !F ˆ ?G7
?G
Cv
$ 8 C 4+ F~ •
V60 =
% &_ F- m/ p
.s yv
a$ A #~ n)T •
Cv 8)$ 4^
V120 =
% < ' m/ p
.s yv
;)d $ a^ p
)
f= BN b &< 4^ 8) ): 4^ p ;)d )
cC #
K
8 <
#
•
<
1Z @ #
n)T
#
4^ ): 4^ p
A
~
€
8) ;) 8) ;)
) )
a ≤ Gd?0 BSdS
% Gd GdB Gd0G
Gd?0 Gd?0
: d3 Gd33 ?Bd Gd33
a • Gd?0
% M7 M 2 % &_
• 3dNN • Gd33 • • •
σ bp = 75 KG / mm 2
F-
c<
• 0dB • Gd0 • • •
'
a ≤ Gd?0 30dG
% Gd?0 • • •
Gd?
b# ƒ : a • Gd?0 B3dG Gd0 • • •
f 0G % &_
• dB • Gd0 • • •
F-
a ≤ Gd?0 •
b# ; % • • ?BdN Gd G
Gd 0
f SG : a • Gd?0 • • • ? d3 GdBG
0S
- % &_
• • • • SdNE • GdB
F-
a ≤ Gd?0 •
c # f • • SS Gd?0
Gd ?
ˆ GG ÷ BG a • Gd?0 • • • 3 Gd0G
f= BE 4^ =. # "# )Z @ #
4^ =
1Z @ #
. #
% M7 6 8 Œ Gd3‰ dG
8 • Gd3‰ GdE0
% M7 ( ! d?
% M7 & k& • \k . #k & • @7 \ k
& • \• @7 \ k & • k& • @ 7 \ • GdE
k& • \ •) •&#
% M7 & • . #k & •4@ k4@ • . # GdN
% M7 Gd3
0÷3
H
B÷3
c #•&#
B÷0
Y@ ): A7 w
4^ Kµv
f= BS 8 -,
1Z @ #
% M7 b# &Ž b# ; c #
n
n n n
75 150 190 120
k µv =
8 - k µv = k µv = k µv =
σ bp HB HB HB
1Z @ # a^ p
% M7 ( ! d 6 d& dN0
3G
- % M7 & • \d # #d & • # #d & 4@ •
d0
# #d & • 4@ d 4@ • # #d & • \ •
# #
% M7 & • @7 \ d & • \• @7 \ d & •
d?0
@7 \ • d M7
b# ƒd # ; ): # dN
f= BG 4^ , ^ !F
H+ ^
= 4^
J
c] I H @
%&
8
% : ^
KM ! 8 !
7
d GdS0 GdS GdE
P ^b I
G B0 3G SG
ϕ
= ,
J
^ 4^
!F
% M7d )Z w
b 6D M7d A7 ?3 GdEB Gd33
I O@ ): t
ϕ
, b# d? GdEE GdN
A7 • d GdE
ϕ
b G 0 ?G G B0
b
I
4^ GdSN GdSB GdS GdEN
7 /ϕ
f f , &
? B
, ~ •
u
3
- 4^ GdS dG0 d?
G; G 3; 3 ?G;?G ?G; G G; G G;B0 BG;3G 3G;SG
φG 3;?0 ?G; G ?0;BG BG;BG
?;?G
% + ?; ?
%
φ?G
G; 3 φ 3 φG φBG
φ?
#~ •
φ?0
+
# b# GdEN GdS GdS GdSN dGB dGE d? dS
4^ % M7 GdS GdS0 GdSN GdSE dG? dGB dG3 dGS
c! T & X ~ •
E
#
1Z @
Gd0 d0 ? d0 ? d0 B
#
4^
X
GdS GdS0 GdSN • • • •
&!
%
%
&Ž
%
% M7d #
&_ F GdE0 dGG • • • • • •
-
%
• • • GdS GdSB GdS0 GdSN
"# #
:
%
GdSB GdS3 GdSN • • • •
&
X&
%
;
&_ F GdE0 GdS GdS0 • • • •
T
c!
-
b#
H+ ^
= 4^
J
8 )r - -
K
%& % 8 ;u6[
)r
6C A7 A7
- % M7 b# % M7 b#
X
GdN0• GdE0 GdN • GdE GdS • GdS0 Gd0 • Gd3 Gd0 • Gd3 GdN • GdE
% M7
1Z @ % M7 SGt a 8€ GO 8€ ?GO
#
Gd3 Gd0 ): Œ
3?
- % i 6C # ~7 w •
#
@
G 3G SG ?G ?BG 3G
M7d 1Z
#
4^
7d
Xd
dGS GdS0 GdS? GdE0 GdEG
&!
%
6D
F
dS GdS GdE GdN Gd3B
w
-
&_
% M7d )Z
%
w
c<
• • dGS GdE GdN?
'
#
dGN GdS3 GdS GdEN GdEB
X
d GdSB GdSG GdE GdN3
b#
;
=
d3 GdS GdEB GdN Gd33
@
A7
= %2
d? GdEE GdE Gd33 Gd0E
O@|t
@
A7
%2
€ € &
*y 8 1
& X
X 4^ dG0 d0
H # M7 #d # ): A7 d
&< ^ !F, A 7= +) 4^ =. # J 6= B
%& A7 5 , )Z @ # & 6= B Ed ^ !F
\ 6= BE†BS7 = +) 4^ Kt) \ 6= B H ]
^= J ^ ! F7= +) 4^ & 6= B
8 - , ^ !F # 6D # A7 - J
6= 7 / @/
H 5, )Z @ # & 6= ?Ed &< ^ ! F7=
3
- +) 4^ Kt) & 6= 7 / @/
H : &#d - ) e @ )Z @ # d^ ! F7= +)
4^ =. # & 6= BS
%&I ( )Z ^ F 9 p A &# & 6= & ): 4#
@2 \ 4 )T ># ( =@ _@ 9 H
2 7= , &< = )Z ^
$ $ C 7-
E< + -# f= @A # 6: d 6: 6
BG
& 6= N
3 J # %, ^ !F 6: &I 6: ^
I
: ~6= ? • G• %, ^ !F 6: # p ^
: 7= +) 4^ & 6= ?8 42 /
, &I
^ # A7 - fK3 ): 7 = +) 4^
R " #
? %^ !F # 2ƒ 2 @2 4# $
/ ) ˆ N0÷ GG n•
• €# 6D M7 /
1 ≤ GG n7
•K # 6D # M7
1 ≤ EGG n7
•b# 6D # A7 -
8 42 F / , \ - 4# $
Pz .v
Nθ = KW
60.102
*‘ @: @( F y - ~Kb•
1 @: )+ ^ F n7
K # C # / ' 42 / 6D i
3B
- 4 2 "# e #
f= B A # 6:
8 C 4+ F~ •
b
1Z @
I ≤0 ≤? ≤ ?G ≤G •G
#
ϕG
, A #~ n)T •
G d0 • 0d0 d0 • 0dG ?dE • BdG ?d • d0 •
% M7 B0 • N0 ?d0 • B ?d0 • d0 ?dG • dG d0 • ?d0 d? • dE
SG • ?dG • dG d0 • ?dG d? • ?dG • d0
G BdG • 3dG BdG • 0d0 d0 • 0dG ?d0 •BdG •
b# B0 • N0 dG • Bd0 dG • BdG ?d0 • d0 dE • ?dE dB • ?dG
SG dG • Bd0 ?d0 • d0 ?• dB • ?d d? • dE
8w ,$ :? '# +% % V l .5 m 9 .k l [ +
F ÷ GH
* 9 .k l $c
U + 6n < +% T -? '# +% . !6 L I% <
h L %> +%
f= B? 4^ , ^ ! F &I 6#T # ): ;9
8C :: &' #~ •
t
0G GG 0G ?GG GG 0GG
4^
f:
GdSB GdES GdE GdEG GdNN GdNG
#
Y9 GdN Gd3N Gd3 Gd3G Gd0N Gd0?
7778K 6 * 1L
D
8 C 4+ # )Z @ X ˆ ~ • ): # &! ˆ
2
D−d
~ •
2
€†c , #~ •
30
- •c , @L _ # & ~ •
A # #)$
tp # 6D M7 / / : M7 J f= B
tp # F = A7 - J 6= 3
A # # &! $
tp # M7 / / 6= 0 † tp # F A7 -
6= N
B A # # 6D p # : M7 6D M7
/ /
c H 1Z @ #
σbp kg/mm2
, b# f
% M7
# c EG %e EG %e GG c ?GG %e ?GG
~ • # GG
8 # a~ n )T •
GdGE÷Gd E GdG3÷GdG B GdGB÷Gd G Gd B÷GdG GdGE÷Gd?G
c 0 GdG3÷Gd GdG0÷Gd G GdGB÷GdGE Gd G÷Gd? GdG3÷Gd 0
GdGB÷GdGE ?dG ÷GdGN GdG?÷GdG0 GdGN÷Gd 0 GdGB÷Gd G
Gd?G÷Gd N Gd 0÷Gd?E ÷Gd? Gd 3÷GdN0 Gd??÷GdB
Gd
%e 0 Gd ?÷Gd?N Gd ?÷Gd? GdGE÷Gd 3 Gd?B÷Gd00 Gd 3÷Gd
G Gd G÷Gd E GdGN÷Gd B GdG0÷Gd Gd E÷Gd 0 Gd ÷Gd??
Gd E÷Gd3B Gd G÷GdBE Gd?B÷Gd E GdNB÷ d? GdB0÷GdNN
%e G Gd?E÷GdB0 Gd? ÷Gd ? Gd 3÷Gd?3 Gd00÷GdE? Gd B÷Gd0E
?G Gd E÷Gd ? ÷Gd? ÷Gd N Gd 3÷Gd0? Gd? ÷Gd N
Gd Gd
Gd33÷GdE? Gd0G÷Gd3? Gd S÷Gd0G d?÷ dN GdEG÷ dG0
%e ?G GdB3÷Gd0E Gd ?÷GdBG Gd?3÷Gd B GdEB÷ dG Gd3G÷GdN3
G ÷GdB? Gd? ÷Gd?N Gd N÷Gd?0 Gd00÷Gd3E Gd E÷GdBE
Gd
33
- GdS÷ dG GdN÷GdE Gd3÷GdN dB÷ dE ÷ d?
d
%e G Gd3÷GdN Gd0÷Gd3 GdB÷Gd0 dG÷ d GdEG÷GdSG
3G Gd0÷Gd3 Gd ÷GdB Gd ÷GdB GdNG÷GdN0 Gd0G÷Gd00
$ [ < h * %+ -5 A ,N - ? '# +% J > @ Va h
& .5 > ! %% V ,3
DB & k > g * %+ J- R* > g * %+ J %& * k -o ]L '#
+% 0 6 . U +% Va +#
:? '# +% 5 $ %% 5 ' 6 > V % 6 V< % 7 1+ > g * %+
BB 4^ C u @A # 7 / ): C 4+ # ~^)
! #•
%u 4^ `# C 4+ #)
0 N G
L
, p # x
D
4^ GdS GdE GdN0
a
B0 A # # &! @L l p # 6D M7 / /
: M7
1Z @ #
c
% M7 ): w 6D M7 b#
, p
H # a~ n)T •
#~
•
H #
GdN÷ d
GdB÷Gd0
GdN÷ d d0÷GdN Gd ÷GdB d ÷ d0
G G
GdB0÷Gd
c ?0
GdE÷ d? Gd3÷GdE GdB÷Gd0 d?÷ d3 GdE÷ d
0
3
3N
- GdN÷ d
GdB÷Gd0
GdN÷ d Gd0÷GdN Gd ÷GdB dG÷ dB
G
GdE÷ d GdB0÷Gd
%e ?0
GdN÷ d Gd3÷GdN Gd ÷GdB d ÷ d0
0
G ? 00
?G GdE÷ d? Gd3÷GdE GdB÷Gd0 d?÷ d3
GdE÷ d Gd0÷Gd3
?
GdN÷ d
GdE÷ d? Gd0÷GdN Gd ÷GdB dG÷ d3 GdB÷Gd0
0
GdE÷ d
%e BG
GdS÷ d? Gd3÷GdE GdB÷Gd0 d ÷ dN Gd0÷Gd3
?G
0G ?
G GdS÷ d Gd3÷GdE GdB÷Gd0 d?÷ dE Gd3÷GdN
GdE÷ d
GdS÷ d
GdS÷ d? Gd3÷GdE GdB÷Gd0 d?÷ dE Gd0÷Gd3
%e BG ?G
dG÷ d
dG÷ d GdN÷GdS GdB÷Gd0 d ÷?dG Gd3÷GdN
0G G
B
BG dG÷ dB GdE÷GdS Gd0÷dG3 d ÷?dG GdN÷GdE
dG÷ d
B
GdS÷ d
Gd00÷Gd
?
GdS÷ d? GdN÷GdE GdB÷Gd0 d?÷ dE
G
GdS÷Gd 3
%e 0G
dG÷ d GdE÷GdS GdB÷Gd0 d ÷?dG
BG
Gd3÷GdN
3G
0G dG÷ dB GdE÷GdS Gd0÷dG3 d ÷?dG
dG÷ d GdN÷GdE
B
$[ & 9> '# +% J I% 0 S ^ 6! .5 * %+
89 @A # # # ~f= B † B 3• A #
@ 2~ •l # @^ & 7 - $
#• K 4# X 4# 27 , ; 0
3E
- 6 • a# T # 6D ! 4^ / /
A # & 6' ~ •l # @L &
7 A - )` !7 : r $
#• K 4# X 4# 27 , ; 0
6• a# T # 6D ! 4^ / /
• %&-5 F &\ 6D #&
f= B3 A # # 6D p # F A7 -
1Z @ #
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