Energy Balance in Motion

SpringerBriefs in Physiology For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10229 Klaas R. Westerterp Energy Balance in Motion 1 3 Klaas R. Westerterp Department of Human Biology Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands ISSN 2192-9866 ISSN 2192-9874 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-642-34626-2 ISBN 978-3-642-34627-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-34627-9 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012953017 © The Author(s) 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microlms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specic statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Man survives in an environment with a variable food supply. Energy balance is maintained by adapting energy intake to changes in energy expenditure and vice versa. Human energetics is introduced using an animal energetics model including growth efciency, endurance capacity and adaptation to starvation. Animal energet-ics was the starting point for assessment of energy expenditure with respirometry and doubly labelled water and of body composition with densitometry and hydrometry. Examples of endurance performance in athletes and non-athletes illustrate limits in energy expenditure. There is a complicated interaction between physical activity and body weight. Body movement requires energy as produced by muscles. Thus, there is an interaction between physical activity, body weight, body composition and energy expenditure. Overweight is caused by energy intake exceeding energy expenditure. The questions of how energy intake and energy expenditure adapt to each other are dealt with. The evidence presented, originating from fundamental research, is translational to food production and to physical activity-induced energy expenditure in competitive sports. Another obvious and relevant clinical application deals with overweight and obesity, with the increasing risk of developing diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Finally, activity induced energy expenditure of modern man is put in perspective by compiling changes in activity energy expendi-ture, as derived from total energy expenditure and resting energy expenditure, over time. In addition, levels of activity energy expenditure in modern Western societies are compared with those from third world countries mirroring the physical activ-ity energy expenditure in Western societies in the past. Levels of physical activity expenditure of modern humans are compared with those of wild terrestrial mam-mals as well, taking into account body size and temperature effects. Taken together this book shows how energy balance has been in motion over the past four decades. v About the Author Dr. Klaas R. Westerterp is professor of Human Energetics in the Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences at Maastricht University, The Netherlands. His M.Sc in Biology at the University of Groningen resulted in a thesis titled ‘The energy budget of the nesting Starling, a eld study’. He received a grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientic Research (FUNGO, NWO) for his doctorate research in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the University of Groningen. His Ph.D. thesis was titled ‘How rats economize, energy loss in starva-tion’. Subsequently, he performed a three-year post-doc at Stirling University in Scotland supported by a grant from the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), and a two-year postdoc at the University of Groningen and the Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO, KNAW) with a grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientic Research (BION, NWO) in order to work on ight ener -getics in birds. In 1982, he became senior lecturer and subsequently full professor at Maastricht University in the Department of Human Biology. Here, his eld of expertise is energy metabolism, physical activity, food intake and body composition and energy balance under controlled conditions and in daily life. He was editor in chief of the Proceedings of the Nutrition Society and he is currently a member of the Editorial Board of the journal Nutrition and Metabolism (London) and of the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, and editor in chief of the European Journal of Applied Physiology. vii ... - tailieumienphi.vn