Ebook Interactions in ecosystems

Life Science Genre Nonfiction Comprehension Skill Predict Text Features · Labels · Captions · Diagrams · Glossary Science Content Interactions in Ecosystems Scott Foresman Science 5.5 ì<(sk$m)=bdjcig< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U by Patricia Fitzhugh Vocabulary community Interactions in Ecosystems cycle by Patricia Fitzhugh ecosystem energy pyramid habitat niche population Illustration Title Page, 20, 21, 22 Adam Benton Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: ©Claus Meyer/Minden Pictures 2 (CC) ©D. Robert & Lorri Franz/Corbis, (Bkgd) ©Larry Michael/ Nature Picture Library, (BL) ©Joe McDonald/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes 5 ©Galen Rowell/Corbis 6 (CL) ©DK Images, (R) ©Michael Fogden/OSF/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes 7 (BR) ©Tom Brakefield / Corbis, (L) ©Carr Clifton/Minden Pictures 8 (BL) ©W. Perry Conway/Corbis, (R) ©Phil Schermeister/ Corbis 9 (L) ©W. 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Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 What is an ecosystem? A community is a bigger part of an ecosystem. A community is all the populations in an area. Members of a Living and Nonliving Parts Wherever there are living things, there are ecosystems. An ecosystem is all the living and nonliving things in an area. Living and nonliving things work together in ecosystems. A population is all the organisms of one species living in an area at the same time. This may be all the oak trees. It may be all the red ants. 2 community depend on each other for food and shelter. The nonliving parts of an ecosystem include air, water, soil, sunlight, and temperature. These things often control what kinds of organisms—and how many—can live in an ecosystem. If a population’s needs are not met in an ecosystem, that population will get smaller. Its members may not survive. 3 Biomes A biome is a large ecosystem. Biomes are so large that a single one may cover many countries. The climate and organisms are generally the same in all parts of the biome. There are several kinds of biomes. One kind is a rainforest. A rainforest biome has large amounts of rain and thick plant growth. The United States has a rainforest biome in the state of Washington. This rainforest is a temperate rainforest. It receives a lot of rain, but can be quite cool. Each living thing in an ecosystem has a niche. A niche is an organism’s role in an ecosystem. For example, the spotted owl has a niche in the temperate rainforest. It is a hunter. The owl hunts and eats small animals, such as mice. Each living thing also has a habitat. A habitat is where an organism lives. The spotted owl’s habitats are the trees and land where it lives. All the relationships in an ecosystem keep it balanced. For example, the populations of mice and spotted owls balance each other. It works like this: If the number of mice drops, the owls will have less food. So, the number of owls will drop, too. With fewer owls hunting, fewer mice will be eaten. So, the population of mice will grow. Then owls will have more mice to hunt. So, the population of owls will grow again. 4 5 What are land biomes? Deciduous Forest Biomes Deciduous forests grow in cooler areas. They cover much of the eastern United States. Oak, elm, and Tropical Rainforest Biomes Ecosystems near the equator are always warm. Some of them get a lot of rain—more than three meters each year. In these places plant populations grow large. A tropical rainforest results. Tropical rainforests have more different kinds of life than any other biome. There may be dozens of different species living in a single tree. maple trees grow in these biomes. These are deciduous trees. That means that they lose their leaves when it gets cold. This helps them save food and water. Some other organisms also change in colder seasons. Bears sleep through much of the winter. Snakes and frogs stay underground. Some rabbits’ fur becomes snowy white. This helps the rabbits blend in with the snow. They can easily hide from animals that hunt them. Organisms have structures that help them survive. The kinkajou’s long tongue can get honey and insects. Its tail can grab onto branches. 6 7 ... - tailieumienphi.vn