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- HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH
BASIC GRAMMAR
FOR
SPEAKING ENGLISH
Prepared by: Ms. Anh
Tel: 0972 660 959
Email: vananhvu158@gmail.com
Address: No 173, Ban Town, My Hao
District, Hung Yen Province
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- HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH
Overview
If you just started learning English, you first need to know some
basic rules of the language. Developing a solid foundation in English
grammar will not only help you create your own sentences correctly but
will also make it easier to improve your communication skills in both
spoken and written English.
Study all the lessons below and incorporate your learning into
your speaking and writing.
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- HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH
Table of Content
1. Singular and Plural Nouns
2. Count Nouns vs. Non-Count Nouns
3. Possessive Nouns
4. Pronouns
5. 'Be' Verbs
6. Action Verbs
7. Adjectives
8. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
9. Adverbs
10. Simple Tense
11. Progressive and Perfect Tense
12. Perfect Progressive Tense
13. Irregular Verbs
14. Gerunds
15. Infinitives 1
16. Infinitives 2
17. Active Voice and Passive Voice
18. Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive Mood
19. Auxiliary Verbs - 'Be', 'Do', 'Have'
20. Auxiliary Verbs - 'Will/Would', 'Shall/Should'
21. Auxiliary Verbs - 'Can/Could', 'May/Might/Must'
22. Prepositions - 'On', 'At', 'In'
23. Prepositions - 'Of', 'To', 'For'
24. Prepositions - 'With', 'Over', 'By'
25. Conjunctions - Coordinating and Correlative
26. Conjunctions - Subordinating
27. Conjunctive Adverbs
28. Articles - Indefinite and Definite
29. Interjections
30. Capitalization
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- HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH
1. SINGULAR and PLURAL NOUNS
A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Usually, the first page of a grammar book tells you about nouns. Nouns give names of concrete
or abstract things in our lives. As babies learn "mom," "dad," or "milk" as their first word, nouns
should be the first topic when you study a foreign language.
For the plural form of most nouns, add “s”.
bottle – bottles desk – desks
cup – cups sticker – stickers
pencil – pencils window – windows
For nouns that end in ch, x, s, or s sounds, add “es”.
box – boxes moss – mosses
watch – watches bus – buses
For nouns ending in f or fe, change “ f” to “v” and add “es”.
wolf – wolves leaf – leaves
wife – wives life – lives
Some nouns have different plural forms.
child – children mouse – mice
woman – women goose – geese
man – men
Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules.
baby – babies toy – toys
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kidney – kidneys memo – memos
potato – potatoes stereo – stereos
A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.
sheep – sheep series – series
deer – deer species – species
[Quiz 1.1] Choose the correct form of the noun in each sentence.
1) I have three (child, children).
2) There are five (man, men) and one (woman, women).
3) (Baby, Babies) play with bottles as toys.
4) I put two big (potato, potatoes) in the lunch box.
5) A few men wear (watch, watches).
6) I put a (memo, memos) on the desk.
7) I saw a (mouse, mice) running by.
8) There are few (bus, buses) on the road today.
2. COUNT NOUNS vs. NON-COUNNT NOUNS
Count nouns
Can be counted as one or more.
pen, computer, bottle, spoon, desk, cup, television, chair, shoe, finger, flower, camera, stick,
balloon, book, table, comb, etc.
Take an “s” to form the plural.
pens, computers, bottles, spoons, desks, cups, televisions, chairs, shoes, fingers, flowers, cameras,
sticks, balloons, books, tables, combs, etc.
Work with expressions such as (a few, few, many, some, every, each, these, and the number of).
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a few pens, a few computers, many bottles, some spoons, every desk, each cup, these televisions,
the number of chairs, a few shoes, a few fingers, many flowers, some cameras, every stick, each
balloon, these books, the number of tables, many combs, etc.
Work with appropriate articles (a, an, or the).
a pen, the computer, a bottle, the spoon, a desk, the cup, a television, the chair, a shoe, the finger,
a flower, the camera, a stick, the balloon, a book, the table, a comb, etc.
Do NOT work with much (for example, you would never say much pens or much computers).
Non-count nouns
Cannot be counted. They usually express a group or a type.
water, wood, ice, air, oxygen, English, Spanish, traffic, furniture, milk, wine, sugar, rice, meat,
flour, soccer, sunshine, etc.
Generally cannot be pluralized.
Work both with and without an article (a, an, or the), depending on the context of the sentence.
Sugar is sweet.
The sunshine is beautiful.
I drink milk.
He eats rice.
We watch soccer together.
The wood is burning.
Work with expressions such as (some, any, enough, this, that, and much).
We ate some rice and milk. She does not speak much Spanish.
I hope to see some sunshine today. Do you see any traffic on the road?
This meat is good. That wine is very old.
Do NOT work with expressions such as (these, those, every, each, either, or neither).
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[Quiz 2.1] Choose all of the non-count nouns in the following list:
wine, student, pen, water, wind, milk, computer, furniture, cup, rice, box, watch, potato, wood
3. POSSESSIVE NOUNS
Possessive nouns are used to indicate ownership.
Possessive nouns usually are formed by adding an apostrophe (') and “s”.
John's book
Kerry's car
Grandma's mirror
When a noun is plural and ends in “s”, just add an apostrophe (').
The kids' toys
My parents' house
The teachers' lounge
If two people own one thing, add the apostrophe and “s” to the second person only.
John and Mary's new house
David and Sue's wedding
Tom and Doug's car
If two people own separate things, add the apostrophe and “s” for each person.
Susan's and Beth's books
Jean's and Dan's pants
Ben's and Jim's offices
[Quiz 3.1] Which of the following is not correct?
1) Dr. Hunts has a new computer.
2) Dr. Hunts's new computer is working well.
3) Dr. Hunts' computer is new.
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- HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH
4. PRONOUNS
A pronoun takes the place of a noun.
Example story:
Mary is one of the heads of the ToJi Corporation. Mary works with Mr. James and Mr. James' son
Tom. Mr. James and Mr. James' son Tom are experts in biochemistry. Mary, Mr. James, and Tom
researched and invented a drug for cancer treatment.
If the story above is written using pronouns:
Mary is one of the heads of the ToJi Corporation. She works with Mr. James and his son Tom. He
and his son Tom are experts in biochemistry. They researched and invented a drug for cancer
treatment.
Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns refer to a person:
I go to school. He works here.
You are a student. We gave her food.
They are Koreans.
The word ‘it' refers to an object:
I drank it.
It is big.
They cut it into halves.
Memorize the personal pronouns:
Singular Singular Singular Plural Plural Plural
Subject Object Reflexive Subject Object Reflexive
First I me myself we us ourselves
Second you you yourself you you yourselves
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Third Male he him himself they them themselves
Third Female she her herself they them themselves
Third Neutral it it itself they them themselves
[Quiz 4.1] Write the correct pronoun in each blank.
I ate an apple……………. was delicious.
1)
You look tired………………should rest.
2)
She is a teacher. I gave……………..a book.
3)
They are my friends. I like…………………very much.
4)
He saw the movie……………….was fun.
5)
5. 'BE' VERBS
A verb shows action or a state of being.
I go home. Home is my place to rest. I like the smell of my house. I feel totally relaxed. Home
refreshes me. At home, I get ready for a new day.
"Be" verbs indicate a state of being.
Verbs must match subjects.
I am a doctor. We are here
He is sleepy.
.
Negative sentences need „not' after the verb.
I am not a doctor. We are not there.
He is not sleepy.
The verb comes first in interrogative sentences.
Am I a doctor? Are we there?
Is he sleepy?
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"Are not" (is not) can be shortened to "aren't" (isn't).
He isn't sleepy. We aren't there.
Remember the variations of "be" verbs:
Present Negative Interrogative
I am I am not Am I?
You are You are not (aren't) Are you?
He is He is not (isn't) Is he?
She is She is not (isn't) Is she?
It was It was not (wasn't) Was it?
We are We are not (aren't) Are we?
You are You are not (aren't) Are you?
They were They were not (weren't) Were they?
[Quiz 5.1]Which of the following sentences are written correctly?
1) I am thirsty. 5) It is not moving.
2) You are kind. 6) We aren't tired.
3) He am not sad. 7) Is they running?
4) She are not tall. 8) Are you ready?
6. ACTION VERBS
Action verbs express action and are the most common verbs.
Action verbs need s at the end with third-person, singular subjects.
He eats bread. It floats on the sea.
She walks to the station.
Negative sentences need do not, does not, or did not.
I do not eat bread. He does not eat bread.
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You did not walk to the station. It does not float on the sea
.
Interrogative sentences begin with do, does, or did.
Do you eat bread? Does she walk to the station?
Does he eat bread? Did they finish it?
Do not can be shortened to don't, does not to doesn't, and did not to didn't.
I don't eat bread. It doesn't float on the sea.
She doesn't walk to the station. They didn't finish it.
Remember the variations of action verbs:
Affirmative Sentence Negative Sentence Interrogative Sentence
I sing a song. I do not (don't) sing a song. Do I sing a song?
You sing a song. You do not (don't) sing a song. Do you sing a song?
He (she) does not (doesn't) sing a
He (she) sings a song. Does he (she) sing a song?
song.
We sing a song. We do not (don't) sing a song. Do we sing a song?
They sang a song. They did not (didn't) sing a song. Did they sing a song?
[Quiz 6.1] Correct the verb errors in the sentences below. Some sentences may be correct as
is.
1) I runs a marathon. 4) Does you leave today?
2) You look sleepy. 5) We don't stay here.
3) She do not dance. 6) It come with rice.
7. ADJECTIVES
Adjectives describe or modify nouns.
I like fairy tales. A fairy tale is an imaginary story that has unrealistic characters in a fantastic
background. It makes me forget about the real world and refreshes my tired mind.
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Adjectives generally appear immediately before the noun.
A pretty girl Heavy boxes
Red flowers Warm weather
A long stick
Commonly, adjectives of opposite meaning are formed by adding a prefix such as un, in, or
dis.
clear – unclear, important – unimportant, predictable – unpredictable, believable – unbelievable,
common – uncommon, aware – unaware, ambiguous – unambiguous, conventional –
unconventional, certain – uncertain
definite – indefinite, correct – incorrect, comparable – incomparable, complete – incomplete,
evitable – inevitable, expensive – inexpensive
able – disable, assemble – disassemble, content – discontent, similar – dissimilar
When using a string of adjectives, they should appear in a set order: size/shape + age + color
+ origin + material.
A big brown house A beautiful black Italian leather purse
A small old English desk Delicious Chinese food
The + adjective describes a class or group of people and acts as a noun.
the old, the young, the poor, the rich, the oppressed, the homeless, etc.
This popular TV show is loved by the old.
[Quiz 7.1] Write opposite adjectives using the appropriate prefix.
1) Clear – 4) Expensive –
2) Definite – 5) Complete –
3) Correct –
[Quiz 7.2] Underline all adjectives in the following sentences.
In the spring, red roses blossom in my cute small garden. The beautiful birds also sing in the big
oak tree.
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- HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH
8. COMPARATIVE and SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
Comparative adjectives compare two things. Superlative adjectives compare more than two
things.
Commonly, adjectives that contain only one syllable or end in 'y' use 'er' to form comparatives
and 'est' to form superlatives. For adjectives ending in y, change the 'y' to 'i' before adding the
'er' or 'est'.
old – older – oldest short – shorter – shortest
young – younger – youngest bright – brighter – brightest
pretty – prettier – prettiest close – closer – closest
long – longer – longest happy – happier – happiest
Adjectives with two or more syllables do not change but instead add more to form comparatives
and most to form superlatives.
respectable – more respectable – most respectable
beautiful – more beautiful – most beautiful
preferable – more preferable – most preferable
hardworking – more hardworking – most hardworking
Some adjectives have different forms of comparatives and superlatives.
good – better – best much (many) – more – most
bad – worse – worst far – further - furthest
little – less – least
The word than typically appears in comparative sentences.
Amy is smarter than Betty. I have more apples than he.
Chad is stronger than Dan. She likes him more than me.
Greg is more diligent than his brother.
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Superlatives are typically accompanied by the word the.
Tom is the oldest man in town. This is the longest song that I have ever
Paul is the tallest boy in the neighborhood. heard
That shade of blue is the most beautiful
color.
.
[Quiz 8.1] Write the appropriate comparative or superlative form of the word cold in each
blank.
Yesterday was a cold day. Today is ………………..than yesterday. Tomorrow will be the
…………………..day yet.
[Quiz 8.2] Which of the following sentences is incorrect?
1) Mary is shorter than Jane.
2) The moon is more closer to the earth than the sun.
3) I have the best score on the exam.
[Quiz 8.3] Fill in the blanks.
My friend has a pretty purse, but I have a……………..one.
1)
The ………………… weather is yet to come!
2)
Today's sunshine is ……………………beautiful than yesterday's.
3)
9. ADVERBS
Adverbs modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
An adverb tells more about a verb in the sentence.
The fire engine runs fast. I browse the web frequently.
Listen to his speech carefully. It rained hard.
An adverb describes more about an adjective in the sentence.
The news is very surprising!
The coffee is extremely hot, so be careful.
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Nature is really amazing!
An adverb modifies another adverb in the sentence.
It rains very hard.
Computers run much faster these days.
I clean my room less frequently because I am busy.
Commonly, adjectives can be changed to adverbs by adding 'ly'.
slow – slowly loud – loudly
quick – quickly clear – clearly
comfortable – comfortably
To change adjectives ending in 'y' into adverbs, change the 'y' to 'i' and add 'ly'.
happy – happily easy – easily
[Quiz 9.1] Choose the correct word form in the following sentences.
1) I spoke to you (careful, carefully) last time.
2) We talked about it (clear, clearly).
3) I sat on the (comfortable, comfortably) sofa.
4) My dog runs very (fast, faster).
Let‟s install the new program (quick, quickly).
5)
10. SIMPLE TENSE
Verb tense tells you when the action happens. There are three main verb tenses: present,
past, and future. Each main tense is divided into simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect
progressive tenses.
Simple Progressive Perfect Perfect Progressive
finish am/is/are finishing have/has finished have/has been finishing
Present
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finished was/were finishing had finished had been finishing
Past
will finish will be finishing will have finished will have been finishing
Future
Things to remember about simple tense:
a. Present tense is the original verb form.
b. Past tense has a few patterns.
c. Future tense needs will (shall) + verb.
run
I run a marathon this year. (present) I will run a marathon next year. (future)
I ran a marathon last year. (past)
eat
I eat lunch now. I will eat lunch in one hour.
I ate lunch an hour ago.
see
I see a movie once a week. I will see a movie tomorrow.
I saw a movie yesterday.
know
I know it. I will know it by tomorrow.
I knew it the day before yesterday.
learn
I learn English. I will learn English next year.
I learned English the last two years.
cook
I cook my supper every night. I will cook breakfast tomorrow.
I cooked our dinner already.
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[Quiz 10.1]Fill in the blanks with appropriate verb forms.
1) I ………….. a song at the concert yesterday.
2) He…………..a letter to his girlfriend tomorrow.
3) I …………..to the library to borrow some books this weekend.
11. PROGRESSIVE and PERFECT TENSE
Progressive Tense
The progressive tense involves action that is, was, or will be in progress at a certain time.
In the progressive tense, verbs are formed with a "be" verb + ing.
run
I am running a marathon right now. (present progressive)
I was running a marathon at this time last year. (past progressive)
I will be running a marathon next Sunday. (future progressive)
eat
I am eating lunch now.
I was eating lunch when you saw me.
I will be eating lunch in the meeting.
learn
I am learning English at my desk.
I was learning English the last two years.
I will be learning English then.
cook
I am cooking my supper now.
I was cooking our dinner when you called me.
I will be cooking breakfast by the time you come home.
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- HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH
Perfect Tense
The present perfect tense describes an action that started in the past and continues to the
present time. Use has/have + the past participle form of the verb.
The past perfect tense describes an action that started and ended in the past. Use had +
the past participle form of the verb.
The future perfect tense describes future actions that will occur before some other
action. Use will have + the past participle form of the verb.
run
I have run several marathons this year. (present perfect)
I had run many marathons in the past. (past perfect)
I will have run a marathon by the time I turn 30. (future perfect)
learn
I have learned a lot about English grammar this semester.
I had learned the basics of English grammar in elementary school.
I will have learned a lot about English grammar when I finish college.
know
I have known her since I was young.
I had known her until she passed away.
I will have known her for 20 years next month.
cook
I have cooked supper every night this week.
I had cooked supper every night until the stove broke.
I will have cooked supper every night by the time this diet ends.
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[Quiz 11.1] Using the following sentence and create three more sentences using the present,
past, and future progressive tenses.
I sing a song on the big stage.
[Quiz 11.2] Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb given.
1) He…………….(exercise) hard since last year.
2) I ………….(study) math as my major since high school
12. PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
The perfect progressive tense describes actions that repeated over a period of time in the
past, are continuing in the present, and/or will continue in the future.
The present perfect progressive tense tells you about a continuous action that was
initiated in the past and finished at some point in the past; however, the action has some
relation to the present time. Use have/has + been + ing.
It has been raining, and the street is still wet.
I have been running, and I am still tired.
She has been practicing the piano, and she is much better now.
The past perfect progressive tense illustrates a continuous action in the past that was
completed before another past action. Use had + been + ing.
It had been raining, and the street was still wet.
I had been running, and I was still tired.
She had been practicing the piano, and she had gotten much better.
The future perfect progressive tense indicates a continuous action that will be completed
in the future. Use will + have + been + ing.
By tonight, it will have been raining several hours, and the street will be very wet.
By next summer, I will have been running for almost a year, and I will be fit and healthy.
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By the time of the concert, she will have been practicing the piano for several months, and
she will be much better.
[Quiz 12.1] Choose the incorrect sentence from the following.
1) I have been sleeping all day today.
2) They will have been walking for almost an hour by the time they arrive at their destination.
3) She have been eating a lot recently.
13. IRREGULAR VERBS
Regular verbs form their past and past participle by adding ed (d).
Base Verb Past Past Participle
learn learned learned
study studied studied
cook cooked cooked
solve solved solved
ask asked asked
watch watched watched
listen listened listened
Irregular verbs do not have definite rules, but there are a few patterns.
fly flew flown
Past
Base Verb Past
Participle give gave given
grow grew grown speak spoke spoken
know knew known swim swam swum
begin began begun go went gone
draw drew drawn take took taken
drive drove driven find found found
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