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- Tài liệu Kiến thức cơ bản
Tiếng Anh 12
Trường THPT Đào Sơn Tây
Lớp: 12C…
Họ và tên:…………………………..
Năm học 2021 - 2022
1
- UNIT 1: HOME LIFE (CUỘC SỐNG GIA ĐÌNH)
I. VOCABULARY:
1. annoy (v) làm phiền, làm bực mình
2. attempt (n) sự cố gắng, sự nỗ lực
attempt (v) cố gắng, làm, nỗ lực
3. biologist (n) nhà sinh vật học
biological (adj) thuộc sinh vật học
biology (n) sinh vật học
4. caring (adj) quan tâm, hay giúp đỡ
5. close – knit (adj) gắn bó với nhau
6. come up = occur = happen (v) xảy ra
7. confidence (in sth/sb) (n) sự tin cậy, sự tự tin
confident (of sb/sth) (adj) tin tưởng
confidently (adv) một cách tự tin
8. garbage (n) rác
9. give a hand = help (v) giúp đỡ ai
10. household chore (n) việc nhà
11. join hands (v) hợp sức lại, chung tay
12. mischievous (adj) tinh nghịch, ranh mãnh
mischievously (adv) tinh nghịch
mischievousness (n) tính tinh nghịch
13. obedient (adj) biết vâng lời, ngoan ngoãn
obedience (n) sự vâng lời
obey (v) vâng lời
disobedient (adj) không vâng lời, ngang ngược
14. play trick on somebody chơi xỏ ai, chơi khăm ai
15. project (n) đề án, dự án
16. responsibility (n) trách nhiệm
responsible (for) (adj) có trách nhiệm
irresponsible (adj) vô trách nhiệm
17. rush (v) vội vã đi gấp
18. secure (adj) an toàn, chắc chắn, tự tin
security (n) sự an toàn, sự bảo đảm
19. separately (adv) một cách riêng biệt
separate (adj) riêng biệt
20. shift (n) ca (làm việc)
21. study pressure (n) áp lực học tập
22. supportive (adj) khích lệ, động viên
support (n) sự ủng hộ
support (v) ủng hộ
23. willing (to do something) (adj) vui lòng, sẵn lòng làm gì
II. GRAMMAR
REVISION OF TENSES
1. PAST SIMPLE (THÌ QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN)
a. Form:
(+) S + V2/ed (+) S + was/were + O
(-) S + didn’t + V (-) S + wasn’t/weren’t + O
(?) Did + S + V? (?) Was/were + S + O?
b. Use:
2
- - Diễn tả một hành động đã chấm dứt hẳn tại một thời điểm hay khoảng thời gian xác định trong
quá khứ.
Ex: She was born in 1980.
- Diễn tả thói quen trong quá khứ. Trong trường hợp này thì quá khứ đơn mang nghĩa của used
to.
Ex: I always got up at six in those days. (= used to get)
- Diễn tả một chuỗi hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ.
Ex: Yesterday morning, I got up at 5 o’clock. First I did some jogging. Next I took a bath,
had breakfast and then went to school.
c. Recognition: - last week/ month/ year/…
- yesterday/ ago/ in 1969/ in the past/…
Notes: “ED” pronunciation /ɪd/; /t/; /d/
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Âm cuối là /f/ /k/ /p/ /s/ /tʃ/ /ʃ/ Âm cuối là /b/ /g/ /l/ /m/ /n/ Âm cuối là /t/ /d/
/r/ /v/ /z/ /dʒ/ và các nguyên
âm
Ex: watched, coughed, talked, Ex: entered, robbed, Ex: waited, added
typed, brushed managed, agreed, caused,
arrived
2. PAST PROGRESSIVE (THÌ QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN)
a. Form:
(+) S + was / were + V-ing
(-) S + wasn’t/ weren’t + V-ing
(?) Was/ were + S + V-ing?
b. Use:
- Diễn tả hành động đang diễn ra tại một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ.
Ex: - A What were you doing at 7 o’clock last night?
B I was driving home from work.
- Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra trong quá khứ thì bị một hành động khác cắt ngang.
Ex: - I met her when / while we were working for the same company.
- Diễn tả hai hành động tiếp diễn song song xảy ra cùng một lúc trong quá khứ.
Ex: - I was listening to music while my parents were watching TV last night.
* Note: Với cách dùng này while thường đứng giữa câu.
c. Recognition: at that time, at 8 a.m yesterday…
3. PRESENT PERFECT (THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH)
a. Form:
3
- (+) S + have/ has + V3/ed
(-) S + haven’t/ hasn’t + V3/ed
(?) Have/ Has + S + V3/ed?
b. Use:
- Diễn tả một hành động bắt đầu ở quá khứ và còn tiếp diễn đến hiện tại. Với ý nghĩa này thì hiện
tại hoàn thành được dùng với since và for.
Ex: - Mr. Brown has taught maths in this school for five years.
- The child has been ill since yesterday.
* Note:
since + mốc thời gian
for + khoảng thời gian
- Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ không xác định thời gian.
Ex: - Mr. Clark has travelled around the world.
- Diễn tả một hành động lặp đi lặp lại nhiều lần trong quá khứ.
Ex: - We have seen this play several times.
- Diễn tả hành động hoàn thành trước một hành động khác ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
Ex: - The young scientist declares that he has completed the experiment successfully.
c. Recognition: - ever, never, before, already, lately, recently, yet, just…
- so far, up to now = until now = up to the present, since, for…
- This is the first (second/ third...) time
III. EXERCISES
I. Choose the word whose main stress is put on a different syllable from that of the others
in the group:
1. A. obedient B. confidence C. mischievous D. reference
2. A. close-knit B. supportive C. biologist D. generally
II. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the
others in the group:
3. A. safe B. staff C. base D. bass
4. A. discussion B. revision C. attention D. admission
5. A. served B. hoped C. liked D. coughed
III. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence:
6. I don’t have my own room. I have to ______ the bedroom with my elder brother.
A. divide B. share C. separate D. live
7. “Have you been abroad recently?” “I last ________ abroad in 2004”.
A. go B. went C. have gone D. was going
8. Five dollars _______ all that he had when he first arrived in this city.
A. have been B. has been C. were D. was
9. She ______ the piano when she was a child.
A. played B. was playing C. has played D. had played
10. Someone ______ my bike! Now I’ll have to walk home.
A. steals B. stolen C. has stolen D. had stolen
11. As soon as Debbie got out of bed, she opened the window and _______ in fresh air.
A. breathes B. breathed C. was breathing D. has breathed
12. In the middle of the night, I _____ on the sofa when someone ______ at the door.
A. had slept – was knocking B. was sleeping – knocked
C. slept – was knocking D. was sleeping – had knocked
13. I wish Maureen worked as hard as Theresa _________.
A. does B. can C. will D. did
14. I haven’t had a Chinese meal ____________.
A. since ages B. for 2002 C. since two years D. for years
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- 15. Many people are ready to ______ to improve health care around the world.
A. gather heads B. consider legs C. open hearts D. join hands
16. They closed the road in an ______ to reduce traffic in the city.
A. attempt B. advance C. effort D. ability
17. I am ______ a lot of study pressure because I am now in my final year at the secondary
school.
A. above B. with C. under D. on
18. My mother need someone dependable to _______ the children while she is at work.
A. look up B. look after C. look into D. look on
19. Because they are a ______ and supportive of one another, they often share their feelings and
whenever problems come up, they discuss them frankly and quickly find solutions.
A. close-knit B. close-founded C. close-worn D. close-made
20. Daisy: “What a lovely house you have!” – Mary: “______.”
A. Lovely. I think so. B. Thank you. Hope you will drop in.
C. Of course not. It’s not costly D. No problem.
IV. Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question:
NUCLEAR FAMILY
The traditional definition of a nuclear family is a family unit that includes two married
parents of opposite genders and their biological or adopted children living in the same
residence. However, the term “nuclear family” can mean several different things in today’s
society. Understanding the classic roles in this type of family and how it is defined can help you
understand the relationships in your own family, whether it’s nuclear or not.
According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the term “nuclear family” was first used in
1947, but the concept of a family that consists of just parents and children is much older. This
basic unit of a family’s structure has existed for millennia, but it wasn’t until the 1960s and
1970s that the nuclear family became the majority situation. At that time, industrial economic
booms and rising wages made it possible for young parents to afford their own homes without
living with extended family members. At the same time, better healthcare contributed to the
nuclear family, as elderly members became more self-sufficient and independent for decades
after their children were grown.
Today, the era of the nuclear family is often glamorized, complete with mom in the
kitchen, dad out earning the paychecks, and the kids building a tree house or hosting a stuffed
animal tea party. In reality, there is no ideal type of family, and today’s definition of a nuclear
family can greatly differ from that it was a few decades ago.
21. Nuclear family is ______.
A. a family that includes not only parents and children but also other relatives.
B. a family that includes only the father, mother, and children.
C. a family that includes a person’s parents, spouse, children and siblings.
D. a family that includes children from a previous marriage of the wife, husband, or both
parents.
22. When was the term “nuclear family” officially used?
A. in 1947 B. in 1960 C. in 1970 D. until the 1960-
1970
23. The word “millennia” in paragraph 2 means ______.
A. 200 years B. 500 years C. about 10000 years D. about 1000 years
24. According to the passage, which of the following statements is not true?
A. The children should take care of their elderly members after they are grown.
B. The nuclear family didn’t become the majority situation until the 1960s and 1970s.
C. Understanding the roles in nuclear family helps you understand the relationships in your
family.
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- D. Young parents afford their own homes because of industrial economic booms and rising
wages.
25. The word “glamorized” in paragraph 3 mostly means ______.
A. unexpected B. disclaimed C. desirable D. admirable
V. Choose the underlined part in each sentence that should be corrected
26. All of the homework given (A) by our teachers are (B) useful to (C) every student (D).
27. When Helen was (A) a child, she has worked (B) in a factory for (C) more than (D) three
years.
28. The tourist guide only has (A) a twenty-dollar bill (B) with her when (C) she landed at (D)
the airport.
29. After Mrs. Wang had returned (A) to her house (B) from work (C), she was cooking (D)
dinner.
30. Elizabeth has resigned (A) as (B) queen (C) of England from (D) 1558 to 1603.
VI. Choose the word or phrase that best fits each space in the following passage.
To many people, their friends are the most important in their life. really good friends always
______(31) joys and sorrows with you and never turn their backs on you. Your best friend may
be someone you have known all your life or someone you have grown ________ (32) with.
There are all sorts of things that can ________ (33) about this special relationship. It may be the
result of enjoying the same activities and sharing experiences. Most of us have met someone that
we have immediately felt relaxed with as if we had known them for ages. However, it really takes
you years to get to know someone well ________ (34) to consider your best friend.
To the majority of us, this is someone we trust completely and _______ (35) understands us better
than anyone else. It’s the person you can tell him or her your most intimate secrets.
31. A. have B. share C. give D. spend
32. A. up B. through C. on D. in
33. A. provide B. bring C. cause D. result
34. A. such B. too C. enough D. so
35. A. whose B. whom C. which D. who
VII. Word form:
1. Despression is both _________ and psychological. (biology)
2. Protecting the environment is every man’s _____________. (responsible)
3. With careful training, a dog will __________ its master completely. (obedient)
4. He ______________ looked for a chance to embarrass his sister. (mischievous)
5. __________ in yourself is the first step on the road to success. (confident)
VIII. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the
sentence printed before it.
1. I have never seen such a beautiful building.
It’s ______________________________________________.
2. I have never read such a romantic story.
This is ___________________________________________.
3. They had never had such a cold winter.
It was ____________________________________________.
4. You will never meet anyone more dangerous than Mrs. Jones.
Mrs. Jones is _______________________________________.
5. Man has never had such efficient servants as computers.
Computers are ______________________________________.
6. I haven’t played football since 2000.
The last time _______________________________________.
7. I haven’t been to Ho Chi Minh city for 2 years.
6
- The last time _______________________________________.
8. I’ve never met such a famous person before.
It’s _______________________________________________.
9. She hasn’t seen that boy here before.
It’s _______________________________________________.
10. She hasn’t written to us since last year.
The last time _______________________________________.
11. She started to learn English 8 years ago.
It’s _______________________________________________.
12. He hasn’t laughed so much for ages.
It’s _______________________________________________.
13. I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for years.
It’s _______________________________________________.
14. The telephone rang for hours.
It’s _______________________________________________.
15. I haven’t seen him for ages.
It’s _______________________________________________.
UNIT 2: CULTURAL DIVERSITY (ĐA DẠNG VĂN HÓA)
I. VOCABULARY
1. attractiveness (n) sự hấp dẫn, sự quyến rũ
attract (v) thu hút, hấp dẫn
attractive (adj) hấp dẫn, quyến rũ
attractively (adv) một cách hấp dẫn
2. be supposed to do sth (idiom) lẽ ra phải làm gì
suppose (v) cho là, tin rằng, nghĩ rằng
3. bride (n) cô dâu
4. conduct (v) thực hiện
5. confide (v) tâm sự
confide something to somebody (v) kể (một bí mật) cho ai nghe
confide in somebody (v) giãi bày tâm sự với ai
confidence (n) sự tin tưởng, sự giãi bài tâm sự
have confidence in someone (v) tin tưởng ai
6. contractual (adj) theo hợp đồng
contract (v) ký hợp đồng, đính ước
contract (n) hợp đồng, khế ước
7. diversity (n) tính đa dạng
diversify (v) đa dạng hoá
diverse (adj) thay đổi khác nhau
8. determine (v) xác định, định rõ
9. equal (adj) ngang, bằng nhau
equal (n) người ngang hàng
equal (v) bằng, ngang, sánh kịp
equality (n) sự bình đẳng
equalize (v) bình đẳng hoá, làm bằng nhau
equally (adv) bằng nhau
10. groom = bridegroom (n) chú rể
11. key (adj) then chốt, chủ yếu
12. maintain (v) duy trì
7
- maintenance (n) sự duy trì, sự bảo trì
13. majority (n) phần lớn, đa số
minority (n) thiểu số
14. marriage (n) sự kết hôn, hôn nhân
marry (v) kết hôn, cưới
married (adj) có gia đình
15. oblige (v) bắt buộc
obligation (n) nghĩa vụ, bổn phận, sự bắt buộc
16. on the other hand (adv) mặt khác, trái lại
17. particularly (adv) đặc biệt là
particular (adj) đặc thù
18. partnership (n) mối quan hệ, mối tương quan
partner (n) vợ hoặc chồng
19. physical (adj) thuộc cơ thể
physically (adv) về cơ thể, về vật lý
20. precede (v) đến trước, xảy ra trước
precedence (n) quyền được trước, quyền ưu tiên
21. reject (v) bác bỏ, loại bỏ
rejection (n) sự bác bỏ, sự khước từ
22. response (n) sự trả lời, câu trả lời
respond to sb/sth (v) đáp lại
23. romantic (adj) lãng mạn
romance (n) sự lãng mạn, chuyện tình
24. sacrifice (v) hy sinh
sacrifice (n) sự hy sinh, vật hy sinh
sacrificial (adj) hy sinh
25. significantly (adv) rất quan trọng, đáng chú ý
significant (adj) quan trọng, có ý nghĩa
significance (n) sự quan trọng, ý nghĩa
signify (v) có nghĩa, biểu thị
26. survey (n) sự khảo sát, sự điều tra
survey (v) khảo sát, điều tra
27. traditionally (adv) theo truyền thống
tradition (n) truyền thống
traditional (adj) cổ truyền
28. trust (n) sự tín nhiệm, lòng tin
trust (v) tin cậy, tín nhiệm
trustful (adj) đáng tin
29. value (n) giá trị
valuable (adj) có giá trị
invaluable (adj) vô giá
30. wise (adj) khôn ngoan, sáng suốt
wisdom (n) sự khôn ngoan, sự sáng suốt
wisely (adv) một cách khôn ngoan
unwise (adj) không khôn ngoan
II. GRAMMAR
REVISION OF TENSES
1. PRESENT SIMPLE (THÌ HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN)
a. Form:
(+) S (plu.) + V + O (+) S + am/is/are + O
8
- S (sing.) + Vs/es + O (-) S + am/is/are + not + O
(-) S (plu.) + don’t + V + O (?) Am/Is/Are + S + O?
S (sing.) + doesn’t + V + O
(?) Do + S (plu.) + V + O?
Does + S (sing.) + V + O?
b. Use:
- Diễn tả sự thật hiển nhiên hay sự kiện luôn luôn đúng.
Ex: - The sun rises in the East and sinks in the West.
- I work in an office and live in a flat.
- Diễn tả thói quen hay hoạt động hàng ngày. Trạng ngữ chỉ tần suất thường được dùng với cách
dùng này.
Ex: - I usually go to school by bicycle.
- Thì hiện tại đơn còn được dùng để tóm tắt các sự kiện trong văn kể, hay các sự kiện lịch sử.
Ex: - In Chapter 1, Susan meets David, and agrees to go to the dance school with him.
c. Recognition:
Adverbs of frequency: always, frequently, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely,
seldom, hardly, never.
S + (be) + Adv of frequency + V
Note: “S” PRONUNCIATION /S/ /Z/ /IZ/
/s/ /z/ /ɪz/
Âm cuối là /f/ /k/ /p/ /t/ /θ/ Âm cuối là /b/ /d/ /g/ /l/ /m/ Âm cuối là /s/ /z/ /tʃ/ /ʃ/ /dʒ/
/n/ /r/ /v/ /ð/ /ŋ/ và các
nguyên âm
Ex: laughs, cloths, hopes Ex: hugs, comes, goes, Ex: matches, judges, pushes
enjoys, clothes, covers
2. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE ( THÌ HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN)
a. Form:
(+) S + am/is/are + V-ing
(-) S + am/is/are + not + V-ing
(?) Am/Is/Are + S + V-ing?
b. Use:
- Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra vào đúng thời điểm nói.
Ex: - Please don’t make so much noise. I’m studying.
- Nói về việc nào đó diễn ra trong khoảng thời gian hiện tại, không nhất thiết chính xác ngay tại
lúc nói. Hãy xem một số tình huống sau:
Ex: Mike and Jane are talking and drinking in a café. Mike says: “I’m reading an interesting
book at the moment. I’ll lend it to you when I’ve finished it.”
- Diễn tả một hành động trong tương lai gần đã được sắp đặt trước.
Ex: - I am meeting Tom for lunch tomorrow.
- Chúng ta dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn khi nói về khoảng thời gian bao gồm cả hiện tại. Ví dụ như
today, this season, this year...
Ex: - Tom isn’t playing football this season. He wants to concentrate on his studies.
- Chúng ta dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn khi nói về những tình huống đang thay đổi.
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- Ex: - The population of the world is rising very fast.
- Trạng từ “always: có thể dùng trong thì hiện tại tiếp diễn khi muốn diễn tả sự bực mình, hoặc
có vẻ không hợp lý theo ý người nói.
Ex: - I’m always making this mistake. (tôi cứ mắc lỗi lầm đó mãi bực mình)
c. Recognition: now, right now, at the moment, at this time, Look! , Listen! …
* Lưu ý: Những động từ trạng thái chỉ hoạt động nhận thức, tri giác, tình cảm không dùng ở thì
hiện tại tiếp diễn, mà chỉ dùng ở thì hiện tại đơn cho dù các hoạt động nhận thức, tri giác, tình
cảm này đang diễn ra vào thời điểm nói. Đó là những động từ: see (thấy), hear (nghe thấy),
taste (có vị), feel (cảm thấy), smell (toả mùi), love (yêu), like (thích), hate (ghét), know (biết),
want (muốn), need (cần), think (cho rằng, nghĩ rằng), look (có vẻ), appear (có vẻ, hình như),
remember (nhớ), belong to (thuộc về), contain (chứa đựng)...
Trong tiếng Việt ta có thể nói: “Bạn đang cảm thấy thế nào / ra sao?” hoặc “Bạn đang muốn
gì?” nhưng trong tiếng Anh ta chỉ nói:
+ How do you feel? - I feel thirsty.
+ What do you want? - I want some water.
3. THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP
DIỄN)
a. Form:
(+) S + have/has + been + V-ing
(-) S + have/ has + not + been + V-ing
(?) Have/has + S + been + V-ing?
b. Use:
- Dùng diễn tả hành động diễn ra liên tục vừa mới chấm dứt, nhưng kết quả có liên quan đến hiện
tại.
Ex: “You look hot” “Yes. I’ve been running”
- Diễn tả hành động kéo dài liên tục cho đến lúc đang nói. Trong cách nói này, ta dùng thời gian
với “for” hoặc “since”, hoặc câu hỏi “how long”
Ex: Carol has been talking on the phone for two hours.
4. PAST PERFECT (THÌ QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH)
a. Form:
(+) S + had + V3/ed
(-) S + hadn’t + V3/ed
(?) Had + S + V3/ed?
b. Use:
- Diễn tả một hành động hoàn thành trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ.
Ex: - Jane had gone home when I phoned her at the office.
- Diễn tả một hành động hoàn thành trước một khoảng thời gian nào đó trong quá khứ.
Ex: - The secretary had typed 10 letters before the lunchtime yesterday.
c. Recognition: Before, after, by the time, when, as soon as, by the age of…
5. THE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (THÌ QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN)
a. Form:
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- (+) S + had + been + V-ing
(-) S + hadn’t + been + V-ing
(?) Had + S + been + V-ing?
b. Use:
- Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra liên tục trong bao lâu trước khi một sự việc khác xảy đến.
Ex: We had been walking for an hour when it suddenly started to rain.
6. SIMPLE FUTURE (THÌ TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN)
a. Form:
(+) S + will + Vo
(-) S + won’t/will not + Vo
(?) Will + S + Vo?
b. Use:
- Diễn tả một hành động sẽ xảy ra tại một thời điểm nào đó ở tương lai.
Ex: - He will finish his work tomorrow.
- Chúng ta dùng thì tương lai đơn khi quyết định làm một việc gì đó ngay tại lúc nói mà trước đó
không hề có ý định thực hiện.
Ex: - What are you going to do this weekend?
I haven’t decided yet. Oh, I will go to the countryside.
- Chúng ta dùng thì tương lai đơn để dự đoán điều có thể xảy ra trong tương lai.
Ex: - According to the weather forecast, it will be cloudy tomorrow.
- Be careful! You’ll hurt yourself!
- Chúng ta thường dùng thì tương lai đơn với các từ: probably, (I’m) sure, (I) expect, (I) think
...
Ex: - I’ll probably be a bit late.
- Chúng ta dùng will trong các tình huống sau:
* Ngỏ ý sẵn lòng muốn giúp ai làm gì:
Ex: - That bag looks heavy. I’ll help you with it.
* Đồng ý hay từ chối làm gì:
Ex: - I’ve asked Tom to help me, but he won’t.
* Hứa hẹn làm điều gì đó:
Ex: - I promise I won’t tell anybody what you said.
* Yêu cầu ai làm làm gì: (Will you...?)
Ex: - Will you shut the door, please?
- Chúng ta dùng shall trong các câu nghi vấn mang ý nghĩa đề nghị, hoặc thỉnh cầu:
Shall I....? đề nghị làm gì cho ai.
Ex:- Shall I take off your coat? = Do you want me to take off your coat?
Shall we...? đề nghị ai cùng làm gì với mình:
Ex: - Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
7. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE (THÌ TƯƠNG LAI TIẾP DIỄN)
a. Form:
(+) S + will be + V-ing
(-) S + won’t/will not be + V-ing
(?) Will + S + be + Ving?
b. Use:
- Thì tương lai tiếp diễn diễn tả một hành động sẽ đang diễn ra tại một thời điểm ở tương lai.
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- Ex: - Right now I’m sitting in class. At this same time tomorrow, I will be sitting in class.
Note: Đôi khi cũng không có sự khác nhau mấy giữa thì tương lai tiếp diễn và thì tương lai đơn,
đặc biệt là khi một sự kiện / hành động tương lai sẽ xảy ra tại một thời điểm xác định ở tương
lai.
Ex: - Don’t get impatient. She will be coming soon.
- Don’t get impatient. She will come soon.
8. FUTURE PERFECT (THÌ TƯƠNG LAI HOÀN THÀNH)
a. Form:
(+) S + will have + V3/ed
(-) S + won’t/will not have + V3/ed
(?) Will + S + have + V3/ed?
b. Use:
- Thì tương lai hoàn thành diễn tả một hành động sẽ hoàn thành trước một mốc thời gian hoặc
trước một sự kiện nào đó trong tương lai. Cụm từ by the time và động từ ở thì hiện tại đơn
thường được dùng ở mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian.
Ex: - I will graduate in June. I will see you in July. By the time I see you, I will have
graduated.
- I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight.
9. FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (THÌ TƯƠNG LAI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP
DIỄN)
a. Form:
(+) S + will have been + V-ing
(-) S + won’t/will not have been + V-ing
(?) Will + S + have been + Ving?
b. Use:
- Thì tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn diễn tả một hành động liên tục xảy ra bao lâu cho đến một
thời điểm trong tương lai.
Ex: - By the end of this year, Ms Yang will have been teaching English for six years.
10. THE FUTURE WITH “BE GOING TO”
a. Form:
(+) S + am/is/are going to + Vo
(-) S + am/is/are + not + going to + Vo
(?) Am/Is/Are + S + going to + Vo?
b. Use:
- Nói về một sự việc tương lai mà chúng ta có thể thấy kết quả từ 1 tình huống trong hiện tại.
Ex: Look out! That lady is going to fall.
- Diễn tả một hành động mà chún ta dự định làm trong tương lai, đã có quyết định trước rồi.
Ex: “Why did you buy so much paint?” “I’m going to paint the house again”
Note: Hình thức quá khứ “Was/were going to do sth” được dùng với ý nghĩa “đã dự định làm
việc gì rồi nhưng không làm”
III. EXERCISES
I. Choose the word whose main stress is put on a different syllable from that of the others
in the group
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- 1. A. maintain B. attitude C. determine D. develop
2. A. brilliant B. different C. secretary D. attractive
II. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others
in the group
3. A. bride B. fridge C. bridge D. driver
4. A. borrow B. neighbor C. stapler D. harbor
5. A. booked B. pushed C. caused D. matched
III. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence:
6. _________, women are responsible for the chores in the house and taking care of the
children.
A. With tradition B. On tradition C. Traditional D. Traditionally
7. All of the students are __________ to pass the entrance examination in order to attend the
university.
A. obsessed B. obliged C. obtained D. observed
8. It is important to have someone you can _______ in.
A. talk B. speak C. confide D. know
9. Most adjective can be used to _______ a noun.
A. precede B. advance C. occur D. stand
10. I’m very tired. _______ more than 800 kilometers today.
A. I’m driving B. I’ve driven C. I drive D. I’ve been driving
11. When he returned home from work, he ________ a bath.
A. takes B. took C. has taken D. was taking
12. Our relatives _________ meet us at the station this evening.
A. are being B. are going to C. go to D. will be to
13. He ________ for that company for five months when it went bankrupt.
A. has been worked B. has worked C. had been working D. was working
14. At this time next week, all of the students _________ for their examination.
A. will be sat B. have been sitting C. have sat D. will be sitting
15. Rachel is good at badminton. She ________ every game.
A. wins B. winning C. have won D. is able win
16. “Let’s have pizza”. “________________”
A. Not again B. It doesn’t matter C. Not at all D. Not really
17. He can’t go out because he _________ his work.
A. doesn’t finish B. hasn’t finished C. didn’t finish D. hadn’t finished
18. Her father ______ when she was a small girl.
A. dies B. died C. has died D. had died
19. Almost everyone _______ for home by the time we arrived.
A. leave B. left C. leaves D. had left
20. By the age of 25, he ______ two famous novels.
A. wrote B. writes C. has written D. had written
21. While her husband was in the army, Mary ______ to him twice a week.
A. was writing B. wrote C. was written D. had written
22. I have never played badminton before. This is the first time I _____ to play.
A. try B. tried C. have tried D. am trying
23. Since _______, I have heard nothing from him.
A. he had left B. he left C. he has left D. he was left
24. After I _______ lunch, I looked for my bag.
A. had B. had had C. have has D. have had
25. By the end of next year, George _______ English for two years.
A. will have learned B. will learn C. has learned D. would learn
IV. Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question:
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- My aunt is one of those people who can talk to anyone about anything. If she goes to a party
where she doesn’t know any of the people, she just walks up to the first person that she sees and
introduces herself. And yet she doesn’t seem to talk about deeply important things like politics
or religions. She always starts off with something very obvious like the other person’s job. Very
soon she is talking as if she has known the other person for years. I asked her once what her
secret was. She said that the most important thing in a conversation was listening. People love
to talk about themselves, so if you allow them to do so, it’s very easy to keep a conversation
going. You have to listen carefully and ask questions. And you have to look interested, too. So
don’t keep looking at other things in the room while you’re talking to someone.
Another thing that I’ve noticed is that she only pays people compliments. She says: “I like your
hair. Which hairdresser do you go to?” or “You look very well. Have you been on holiday?”
Friendly messages like this seem to provide an easy way into a conversation.
26. According to my aunt, the most important thing in the conversation was__________.
A. speaking B. discussing C. looking D. listening
27. At parties where she doesn’t know anybody, she normally _______________.
A. feels embarrassed and stays away from people.
B. asks people to introduce themselves to her
C. comes over to the first person and introduces herself.
D. sits alone and avoids talking to other people.
28. My aunt thinks that it’s easy to keep a conversation going if you __________.
A. let people talk about themselves B. let people hear about themselves
C. talk about politics and religions D. ask people about their secrets
29. What should you NOT do when you have a conversation with someone?
A. Looking very interested in his or her story.
B. Looking at other things in the room.
C. Listening very carefully and asking questions.
D. Paying him or her compliments.
30. According to the passage, my aunt often starts a conversation by talking about ______
A. the other person’s wealth B. the other person’s health
C. the other person’s daily activities D. the other person’s job
V. Choose the underlined part in each sentence that should be corrected
36. Last year (A), my son was lost (B) among (C) the crowd when we have gone (D) shopping.
37. Almost (A) 300 million people had visited (B) America’s national parks (C) every year
(D).
38. They have studied (A) English before (B) they went (C) to London (D).
39. They have got married (A) for (B) 30 years by (C) the end of this month (D).
40. They will help (A) you whenever (B) you will ask (C) them (D).
VI. Choose the word or phrase that best fits each space in the following passage.
In Germany, it’s important to be serious in a work situation. They don’t mix work and play so
you shouldn’t make jokes ________ (36) you do in the UK and USA when you first meet people.
They work in a very organized way and prefer to do one thing at a time. They don’t like
interruptions or _______ (37) changes of schedule. Punctuality is very important so you should
arrive on time for appointments. At meeting, it’s important to follow the agenda and not
interrupt_______ (38) speaker. If you give a presentation, you should focus ________ (39) facts
and technical information and the quality of your company’s products. You should also prepare
well, as they may ask a lot of questions. Colleagues normally use the family names, and title –
for example, “Doctor” or “Professor”, so you shouldn’t use first names _______ (40) a person
asks you do.
36. A. while B. as if C. such as D. as
37. A. sudden B. suddenly C. abruptly D. promptly
38. A. other B. others C. another D. the other
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- 39. A. on B. to C. at D. in
40. A. if only B. as C. unless D. since
VII. Word form:
1. I like John but I don’t find him ___________ physically. (attract)
2. Civil rights include freedom, _________ in law and in employment, and the right to vote.
(equal)
3. Nancy wondered whether it was her distiny to live in England and _______ John. (marriage)
4. Agriculture work is ___________ seen as a male occupation. (tradition)
5. Experience is the father of _______ and memory is the mother of it. (wise)
VIII. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the
sentence printed before it.
1. I haven’t seen Alice for ages.
It’s ages _______________________________________.
2. She started to teach 13 years ago.
She has ________________________________________.
3. We last visited Rome three years ago.
We have _______________________________________.
4. It’s 3 months since she last phoned me.
The ___________________________________________.
5. Peter has never heard classical music before.
It’s ____________________________________________.
6. This is the silliest joke I have ever heard.
I have _________________________________________.
7. I arrived in London last week and I’m still here.
I have _________________________________________.
8. When did you meet Antonio?
How __________________________________________?
9. I last saw Alison over a year ago.
I ______________________________________________.
10. I began learning English at the end of 2010.
I ______________________________________________.
UNIT 3: WAYS OF SOCIALISING (CÁC CÁCH THỨC GIAO TIẾP XÃ HỘI)
I. VOCABULARY
1. acceptable (adj) có thể chấp nhận được
accept (v) chấp nhận
acceptance (n) sự chấp nhận
unacceptable (adj) không thể chấp nhận
2. approach (n) sự đến gần
approach (v) đến gần
3. appropriate for sb/sth (adj) thích hợp
4. assistance (n) sự giúp đỡ
assist (v) giúp đỡ
assistant (n) người trợ lý
5. attention (n) sự chú ý
attract sb’s attention (v) lôi cuốn sự chú ý
pay attention to (v) chú ý đến
draw attention to sth (v) thu hút sự chú ý
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- 6. brief (adj) ngắn, nhanh
briefly = in brief (adv) một cách ngắn gọn, tóm lại
7. clap (v) vỗ
clap one’s hands (v) vỗ tay
8. common (adj) phổ biến
commonly (adv) thông dụng
9. communication (n) sự giao tiếp, sự truyền đạt
communicate (v) giao tiếp, truyền đạt
communicative (adj) cởi mở, thân thiện
uncommunicative (adj) ít nói, không cởi mở
10. informality (n) sự thân mật
informal (adj) không nghi thức, thân mật
informally (adv) thân mật
formal (adj) trang trọng, theo nghi thức
formality (n) sự trang trọng, đúng nghi thức
formally (adv) trang trọng, chính thức
11. instance (n) trường hợp
for instance = for example ví dụ
12. non-verbal (adj) không bằng lời nói
non-verbal communication (n) giao tiếp bằng cử chỉ
verbal (adj) dùng lời nói
13. obvious (adj) rõ ràng, hiển nhiên
obviously (adv) rõ ràng
14. point at (v) chỉ vào
15. probably (adv) có lẽ
16. rude = impolite (adj) thô lỗ
rudeness (n) sự thô lỗ
rudely = impolitely (adv) thô lỗ
17. signal (n) dấu hiệu, tín hiệu, hiệu lệnh
signal (adj) nổi bật, đáng chú ý
signal (v) ra hiệu, báo hiệu
18. situation (n) tình huống
19. slightly (adv) nhẹ nhàng
20. socialize (socialise) with (v) hòa nhập XH, XH hoá
socialization (n) sự hòa nhập XH, XH hoá
social (adj) có tính chất xã hội
society (n) xã hội
21. suppose (v) giả sử
22. wave (v) vẫy tay
23. whistle (v) huýt sáo; huýt gió
24. cue (n) sự gợi ý, lời ám chỉ, cử chỉ
II. GRAMMAR
REPORTED SPEECH
Câu gián tiếp là câu dùng để thuật lại nội dung của lời nói trực tiếp.
Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì hiện tại thì khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp ta chỉ đổi
ngôi; không đổi thì của động từ và trạng từ.
Ex: She says: “I am a teacher.”
She says that she is a teacher.
Ex: “I am writing a letter now” Tom says.
Tom says that he is writing a letter now.
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- Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì quá khứ thì khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp ta
đổi ngôi, thì của động từ, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn.
I. Thay đổi ngôi (Đại từ nhân xưng, Đại từ sở hữu và Tính từ sở hữu)
1. Ngôi thứ nhất: dựa vào chủ từ của mệnh đề tường thuật; thường đổi sang ngôi thứ ba
I → He / She me → him / her my → his / her
We → They us → them our → their
Ex: He said: “I learned English.”
He said that he had leared English.
2. Ngôi thứ hai: (You, your)
- Xét ý nghĩa của câu và đổi cho phù hợp, thường đổi dựa vào túc từ của mệnh đề tường thuật
Ex: Mary said: “You are late again.”
Mary said that you were late again.
3. Ngôi thứ ba (He / She / Him / Her / His / They / Them / Their): giữ nguyên, không đổi
II. Thay đổi về thì trong câu:
DIRECT INDIRECT
Simple present - V1 /Vs(es) Simple past – V2 / V-ed
Present progressive – am / is / are + V-ing Past progressive – was / were + V-ing
Present perfect – have / has + V3/ed Past perfect – had + V3/ed
Present perfect progressive – have / has been Past perfect progressive - had been + V-ing
+V-ing Past perfect – had + V3/ed
Simple past – V2 / -ed Past perfect progressive – had been +V-ing
Past progressive – was / were + V-ing Future in the past - would + V1
Simple future – will + V1 Future progressive in the past - would be +
Future progressive will be + V-ing V-ing
III. Thay đổi các trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn:
DIRECT INDIRECT
Now Then
Here There
This That
These Those
Today That day
Yesterday The day before / the previous day
Last year The year before / the previous year
Tonight That night
Tomorrow The following day / the next day/ the day after
Next month The following month / the next month/ the
Ago month after
Before
CÁC THAY ĐỔI CỤ THỂ CHO TỪNG LOẠI CÂU TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP
1. COMMANDS / REQUESTS (Câu mệnh lệnh, câu đề nghị)
- Mệnh lệnh khẳng định:
Direct: S + V + O: “V1 + O …”
Indirect: S + asked / told + O + to + V1 + ….
Ex: He said to her: “Keep silent, please.” → He told her to keep silent
- Mệnh lệnh phủ định:
Direct: S + V + O: “Don’t + V1 + …”
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- Indirect: S + asked / told + O + not + to+ V1
….
Ex: “Don’t forget to phone me this afternoon,” he said.
→ He reminded me not to forget to phone to him that afternoon.
Tùy theo ngữ cảnh trong lời nói động từ tường thuật said hoặc said to có thể đổi thành told,
asked, advised, persuaded, directed, begged, encouraged, …
2. STATEMENT (Câu trần thuật)
Direct: S + V + (O) : “clause”
Indirect: S + told / said + (O) + (that) + clause
Note: said to → told
Ex: Tom said, “I want to visit my friend this weekend.”
→ Tom said (that) he wanted to visit his friend that weekend
3. QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi)
Yes – No question
Direct: S + V + (O) : “Aux. V + S + V1 + O….?”
Indirect: S + asked + O + IF / WHETHER + S + V + O
….
Ex: He asked: “Have you ever been to Japan, Mary?”
He asked Mary if/whether she had ever been to Japan?
Wh – question
Direct: S + V + (O): “Wh- + Aux. V + S + V1 + O ?”
Indirect: S + asked + O + Wh- + S + V + O.
Ex: “How long are you waiting for the bus?” he asked me.
→ He asked me how long I was waiting for the bus.
4. DANH ĐỘNG TỪ (V-ING) TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP
Khi lời nói trực tiếp là lời đề nghị , chúc mừng, cảm ơn, xin lỗi, …động từ tường thuật cùng với
danh động từ (V-ing) theo sau nó thường được dùng để chuyển tải nội dung lời nói trên.
Reporting Verb + V-ing + ….
Deny (phủ nhận), admit (thừa nhận), suggest (đề nghị), regret (nuối tiếc), appreciate (đánh
giá cao, cảm kích)
Ex: Peter said: “I didn’t steal the painting.” Peter denied stealing the painting.
Reporting Verb + (Someone) + Preposition + V-ing + ….
thank someone for (cám ơn ai về ….)
apologize someone for (xin lỗi ai về …)
accuse someone of (buộc tội ai về …)
congratulate someone on (chúc mừng ai về ….)
warn someone against (cảnh báo ai về ….)
prevent someone from (ngăn cản ai làm gì)
blame someone for (đổ lỗi ai làm gì)
think of (nghĩ về)
dream of (mơ về …)
object to (chống đối về ….)
insist on (khăng khăng dòi …)
complain about (phàn nàn về ….)
look forward to (mong đợi)
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- Ex: “I’m happy to know that you win the game. Congratulations!”, Jim said to Mary.
→ Jim congratulated Mary on winning the game.
Note:
1. Why don’t you / Why not / How about → suggested + (someone) + V-ing …
Ex: “Why don’t you send her some flowers?” he said.
→ He suggested me sending her some flowers.
2. Let’s → suggested + V-ing …
Let’s not → suggested + not + V-ing …
Ex: “Let’s meet outside the cinema,” he said.
→ He suggested meeting outside the cinema.
She said: “Let’s not talk about that problem again.”
→ She suggested not talking about that problem again.
3. Shall we / It’s a good idea → suggested + V-ing …
Ex: “It’s a good idea to go for a picnic this weekend,” she said.
→ She suggested going for a picnic that weekend.
III. EXERCISES
I. Choose the word whose main stress is put on a different syllable from that of the others
in the group
1. A. polite B. pollen C. police D. pollute
2. A. focus B. remind C. circus D. patient
II. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others
in the group
3. A. signal B. resign C. sign D. assign
4. A. sorrow B. pillow C. allow D. follow
5. A. whistle B. bristle C. little D. castle
III. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence:
6. Katie is a very _________ girl. She can make friends easily even though she is in a strange
place.
A. shy B. unfriendly C. sociable D. reticent
7. His achievements were partly due to the _______ of his wife.
A. assist B. assistant C. assisted D. assistance
8. Waving is considered the most_________ way of attracting someone’s attention.
A. slightly B. non-verbal C. common D. simply
9. He thought that he ___________ the movie, so he gave the ticket to his brother.
A. saw B. has seen C. would see D. had seen
10. He said that he _________ me the book soon.
A. will return B. would return C. is returning D. returns
11. Jack asked me _____.
A. where do you come from? B. where I came from C. where I am from D. where did I
come from?
12. She asked me _____ I liked pop music.
A. when B. what C. if D. x
13. The doctor ____ him to take more exercise.
A. told B. tell C. have told D. are telling
14. I wanted to know_____ return home.
A. when would she B. when will she C. when she will D. when she would
15. Claire told me that her father____ a race horse.
A. owns B. owned C. owning D. A and B
16. What did that man say ______?
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- A. at you B. for you C. to you D. you
17. I rang my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it _______ raining there.
A. is B. were C. has been D. was
18. “How about driving to the countryside this Sunday?” “___________”
A. Sounds good! B. That’s my pleasure C. Yes, I’m driving D. Never mind
19. The last time I saw Linda, she looked very relaxed. She explained she’d been on holiday
the _______ week.
A. ago B. following C. next D. previous
20. When I rang Tessa sometime last week, she said she was busy ______ day.
A. that B. the C. then D. this
21. I wonder _____ the tickets are on sale yet.
A. what B. when C. where D. whether
22. Mathew _____ Emma that her train was about to leave.
A. has reminded B. has reminded that C. reminded D. reminded that
23. Hello, Jim. I didn’t expect to see you today. Sophie said you _____ ill.
A. are B. were C. was D. should be
24. Ann ______ and left.
A. said goodbye to me B. says goodbye to me C. tell me goodbye D. told me
goodbye
25. Naomi asked her doctor __________________.
A. how many times a day should she take the medicine.
B. how many times should she take the medicine a day.
C. should she take the medicine how many times a day.
D. how many times a day she should take the medicine.
IV. Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question:
I’ve always been a bit of an entertainer and played the funny man. I was apart-time comedian for
years, so I learned how to stand in front of the audiences. It made me sure of myself. I like being
liked and I love making everyone smile.
I’ve lived in London all my life and have just moved to a larger house with my wife Clare and
out two children, Jimmy and Madeleine. We spend a lot of time just singing and dancing around
the house. I grew up with music because my dad is the pianist, Chester Harriot – who’s still
playing, by the way. My working day is divided between television and writing cook books,
though TV takes most of my time. I spend about five days a fortnight working on the cooking
programs I appear in. I eat all sorts of things at home but I only buy quality food. When I’m
cooking, I experiment with whatever is in the fridge – it’s good practice for my TV series.
I’m a football fan and enjoy going to matches, but I’m a home-loving person really. I don’t like
going to the pub but we do go out to eat about twice a month. There’s no better than a night at
home playing with the children. I rarely go to bed before midnight. Late evening is when fresh
thoughts on cooking usually come to me, so I often write and plan programs then. When I
eventually get to bed, I have no trouble sleeping.
26. What is the writer’s main purpose in writing the text?
A. to describe how he lives B. to say what makes him laugh
C. to talk about his cooking ideas D. to explains how he started in TV
27. What would a reader learn about Ainsley (the writer) from the text?
A. He is a very good musician
B. He likes to plan the family meals.
C. He is nervous about performing on stage.
D. He enjoys spending time with his family.
28. What does the writer say about himself?
A. He loves going out and meeting people. B. He is very similar to his father.
C. He enjoys being popular. D. He should go to bed early.
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nguon tai.lieu . vn
