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email 109 empty
email / i mel/, e-mail / i mel/ noun 1. emphasis on his age. She banged the
email
table for emphasis as she spoke. 2. how
a system of sending messages from one
loud your voice is when you pronounce
computer to another, using telephone
a word or phrase Everyone noticed the
lines You can contact me by phone or
emphasis he put on the word ‘peace’.
email if you want. I’ll give you my
(NOTE: The plural is emphases.)
email address. 2. a message sent by
email I had two emails from him this emphasise / emfəsaz/, emphasize
emphasise
morning. í verb to send a message to verb to show how important you feel
someone using email I emailed him something is, by saying it more loudly
about the meeting. or slowly Please emphasise that the
embarrass /m b rəs/ verb to make
embarrass
meeting must start on time. He em-
phasised the importance of everyone
someone feel uncomfortable in front of
working together. She kept on empha-
other people, e.g. by talking about
sising the same point over and over
something that they would prefer other
again.
people not to know about
embarrassed /m b rəst/ adjective empire / empaə/ noun several separate
embarrassed empire
uncomfortable or ashamed, and not countries ruled by a central government
knowing what to do She gave an em- We’re studying the history of the Brit-
barrassed laugh, and said she had for- ish Empire. The Soviet empire cov-
gotten to bring the present. He was so ered a huge area from the Pacific Ocean
embarrassed that he turned bright red. to the middle of Europe.
embarrassing /m b rəsŋ/ adjective
embarrassing
employ /m plɔ/ verb 1. to give some-
employ
making a person feel embarrassed It one regular paid work He is employed
was very embarrassing when he told as a gardener by the duke. She is em-
everyone about my mistake. ployed in the textile industry. 2. to use
embryo / embriəυ/ noun the first state something (formal ) If we were to em-
embryo
ploy more up-to-date methods, would
of a living organism a human embryo
we make more money? How can we
emerge / m d / verb 1. to come into
emerge
best employ our free time on Sunday?
existence as something It was only af-
employee /m plɔi / noun a person
employee
ter the election that he emerged as party
who is employed The company has
leader. 2. to become known It soon
decided to take on twenty new employ-
emerged that the Prime Minister knew
ees.
nothing about what was happening.
emergency / m d ənsi/ noun a dan- employer /m plɔə/ noun a person or
emergency employer
gerous situation such as a fire or an ac- organisation that gives work to people
cident, where decisions have to be taken and pays them Her employer was a
quickly Phone for an ambulance – Hong Kong businessman. The car fac-
this is an emergency! tory is the biggest employer in the area.
emotion / məυʃ(ə)n/ noun a strong
emotion
employment /m plɔmənt/ noun reg-
employment
feeling Hatred and love are two of the ular paid work
most powerful emotions. He tried to
empty / empti/ adjective with nothing
empty
hide his emotions when he made his
inside, or with no people present
speech.
When we opened it, the box was empty.
emotional / məυʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ adjective
emotional
Take an empty pot and fill it with soil.
causing you to feel emotion, or showing The fridge is empty – we’ll have to go
emotion Saying goodbye was an emo- out to eat. The ski resorts are empty
tional time for us all. The music made because there is no snow. (NOTE: empti-
her feel very emotional and she started er – emptiest) í verb to make some-
to cry. thing empty She emptied the clothes
This is trial version
emphasis / emfəss/ noun 1. the act of
emphasis
out of the suitcase. He emptied the
showing the importance of something, bottle into the sink. They emptied the
usually in speech Don’t put too much contents of the petty cash box into a bag.
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enable 110 engineer
ryone fighting on the floor. The con-
(NOTE: empties – emptying – emp-
cert should end at about 10 o’clock.
tied)
enable /n eb(ə)l/ verb to make it possi- The game ended in a draw. in the end
enable
finally, at last In the end the teacher
ble for someone to do something The
let him go home. In the end the shop
dictionary should enable you to under-
had to call in the police. to make
stand English better. (NOTE: enables –
ends meet to have just enough money
enabling – enabled)
to live on I’m having trouble making
enclose /n kləυz/ verb 1. to put some-
enclose
ends meet.
thing inside an envelope with a letter
end up phrasal verb to finish in a par-
I am enclosing a copy of our current
ticular situation
catalogue. Please find our cheque en-
endeavour /n devə/ verb to try very
endeavour
closed herewith. 2. to put a wall or fence
hard to do something (formal ) He en-
round an area of land The garden is
deavoured to contact her by both phone
enclosed by high brick walls.
and fax. (NOTE: The US spelling is en-
enclosed /n kləυzd/ adjective sur-
enclosed
deavor.)
rounded on all sides an enclosed
ending / endŋ/ noun the way a story
ending
space
finishes I like films which have a hap-
encounter /n kaυntə/ verb to meet
encounter
py ending. He told us so much of the
someone or something On the journey
story that we could guess the ending.
we encountered several amusing peo-
enemy / enəmi/ noun a person or coun-
enemy
ple. I have never encountered such
try that is not on friendly terms with an-
hospitality anywhere else.
other, and may try to harm them Did
encourage /n k rd / verb 1. to make
encourage
your husband have many enemies?
it easier for something to happen
(NOTE: The plural is enemies.)
Leaving your credit cards on your desk
energetic / enə d etk/ adjective active
energetic
encourages people to steal or encourag-
and lively
es stealing. 2. to help someone to do
energy / enəd i/ noun 1. the force or
energy
something by giving them confidence
He encouraged me to apply for the job. strength of a person He used up a lot
I always felt encouraged by his inter- of energy rushing around doing the
est in what I was doing. Christmas shopping. She put all her
encyclopedia /nsaklə pi diə/, ency- energies into her art gallery. 2. a power
encyclopedia
which makes something work the use
clopaedia noun 1. a reference book
of atomic energy or nuclear energy to
containing articles on many subjects of
make electricity We try to save energy
human knowledge, usually presented in
by switching off the lights when the
alphabetical order 2. a reference book
rooms are empty.
containing articles on a single subject,
engine / end n/ noun 1. a machine
engine
arranged usually in alphabetical order
a gardening encyclopedia the ency- which powers or drives something
clopedia of sport The car may need a new engine, I’m
end /end/ noun 1. the last part of some- afraid. Early industrial equipment
end
was powered by steam engines. 2. a ve-
thing She tied the two ends of the rib-
hicle which pulls a train The engine
bon together. The telephone rang and
broke down and the train was stuck in
I missed the end of the TV programme.
the tunnel.
Go down to the end of the road and
engineer / end nə/ noun 1. a person
engineer
then turn right. to come to an end to
be finished The work should come to who looks after and repairs technical
an end next month. 2. the final part of a equipment There are not enough tele-
period of time Can you wait until the phone engineers in the area. The pho-
end of the week? í verb when some- tocopier’s broken down again – we’ll
This is trial version
thing ends, it reaches the point when it have to call the engineer. 2. a person
stops happening The film ends with a whose job is to design mechanical, elec-
wedding. The meeting ended with eve- trical or industrial equipment
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engineering 111 entertain
enjoyable /n d ɔəb(ə)l/ adjective giv-
engineering / end nərŋ/ noun the
engineering enjoyable
ing pleasure
science or study of the design of techni-
cal equipment The college offers enjoyment /n d ɔmənt/ noun pleas-
enjoyment
courses in electrical engineering. ure
England / ŋlənd/ noun a country in the
England
enlarge /n lɑ d / verb to make some-
enlarge
southern part of the island of Great Brit- thing bigger Could you enlarge this
ain, the largest country in the United photograph?
Kingdom How long does it take to enormous / nɔ məs/ adjective of an
enormous
cross from England to France? A lot extremely large size The ballroom is
of Scottish people live in England. absolutely enormous. He ate an enor-
(NOTE: the word England is often used
mous lunch.
instead of Britain, and this is a mistake,
enormously / nɔ məsli/ adverb very
enormously
as England is only one part of Great
much
Britain; note also the capital: London;
enough / n f/ adjective as much as is
enough
people: the English; language: Eng-
lish; currency: pound sterling) needed Have you got enough money
for your fare or to pay your fare?
English / ŋ lʃ/ adjective relating to
English
There isn’t enough light to take photo-
England the beautiful English coun-
graphs. í pronoun as much of some-
tryside Is the English weather really
thing as is needed I had £20 in my
as bad as it is made out to be? I think
purse to pay the taxi, but it wasn’t
she is English, although she speaks with
enough. Have you all had enough to
an Australian accent. (NOTE: English is
eat? í adverb as much as is needed
often used instead of British. This is a
This box isn’t big enough for all these
mistake as England is only one part of
books. He doesn’t work fast enough.
Great Britain. Do not say the English
ensure /n ʃυə/ verb to make sure of
ensure
Prime Minister, say the British Prime
Minister.) í noun the English language something When taking a shower,
please ensure that the shower curtain is
as a subject of study in school or univer-
sity She’s good at maths but not so inside the bath. (NOTE: ensures – en-
good at English. As well as teaching suring – ensured)
English, he also teaches drama. Mr enter / entə/ verb 1. to go into or to come
enter
Smith is our English teacher. She into a place He took off his hat as he
gives English lessons at home in the entered the church. Did they stamp
evenings. There are twenty students in your passport when you entered the
my English class. country? 2. to decide to take part in a
Englishman / ŋ lʃmən/ noun a man
Englishman
race or competition She has entered
the 2,000 metres. 3. to write information
from England (NOTE: The plural is Eng-
on a book or a form, or to type informa-
lishmen.)
tion into a computer system We will
Englishwoman / ŋ lʃwυmən/ noun
Englishwoman
just enter your name and address on the
a woman from England (NOTE: The plu-
computer. í noun the key on a keyboard
ral is Englishwomen.)
which you press when you have finished
enhance /n hɑ ns/ verb to increase the
enhance
keying something, or when you want to
value or power of something Slot in start a new line To log on to the sys-
this new memory board to enhance your tem, type your password and press enter.
computer memory. He took drugs to entrance, entry
enhance his performance as an athlete. entertain / entə ten/ verb 1. to per-
entertain
enjoy /n d ɔ/ verb to get pleasure from
enjoy
form, e.g. by telling stories to people or
something Have you enjoyed the hol- making them laugh He entertained us
iday so far? When he asked them if with stories of his life in the army. The
This is trial version
they had enjoyed the film they all an- tourists were entertained by the local
swered ‘no’. She doesn’t enjoy sailing dance troupe. 2. to have someone as a
because it make her seasick. guest and offer them a meal and drinks,
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entertainer 112 equipment
envious / enviəs/ adjective feeling or
and sometimes a place to sleep envious
They’re entertaining some Swedish showing in an unhappy way that you
friends this evening. would like to have something that some-
entertainer / entə tenə/ noun a person one else has
entertainer
environment /n varənmənt/ noun
who entertains people, especially as a
environment
job the land, the water, the air and the build-
entertainment / entə tenmənt/ noun ings which are around us, and the condi-
entertainment
tions in which we live The environ-
things such as films and shows that peo-
ment in the office is not good for con-
ple enjoy watching She sang for their
centrated work. The pollution
entertainment. There’s not much en-
produced by the factory is causing long-
tertainment in the village – the nearest
term damage to the environment.
cinema is 25km away.
environmental /n varən ment(ə)l/
environmental
enthusiasm /n θju zi z(ə)m/ noun
enthusiasm
adjective relating to the environment
great interest and liking We succeed-
measures taken to protect against envi-
ed, thanks to the enthusiasm and hard
ronmental pollution She’s joined an
work of a small group of members.
environmental group.
She showed a lot of enthusiasm for our
envy / envi/ noun an unhappy feeling
envy
new project.
that you would like to have something
enthusiastic /n θju zi stk/ adjec-
enthusiastic
which someone else has Her beautiful
tive showing great interest and approval
long dark hair filled us all with envy. í
The editor was very enthusiastic
verb to have the unhappy feeling that
about my book. There were enthusias-
you would like to have something that
tic cheers at the end of the performance.
someone else has I don’t envy him
entire /n taə/ adjective whole
entire
We with a job like that! (NOTE: envies – en-
spent the entire day gardening. The vying – envied)
entire cast came on the stage and bowed
enzyme / enzam/ noun a protein pro-
enzyme
to the audience.
duced by living cells which makes other
entirely /n taəli/ adverb completely
entirely
substances change, as when digestion
I agree with you entirely. This is an takes place
entirely separate problem.
equal / i kwəl/ adjective having exactly
equal
entrance / entrəns/ noun a door for go-
entrance
the same amount as something else
ing in She was sitting at the entrance His share is equal to mine. Male and
to the museum. Let’s meet at the side female employees must have equal pay.
entrance, near the café. The two sticks are of equal length or
entrant / entrənt/ noun a person who
entrant
are equal in length. í verb 1. to be ex-
takes part in a race, examination or com- actly the same as His time for the 100
petition There are over a thousand en- metres equals the existing record. 2. to
trants for the race. give a particular result Two plus two
entry / entri/ noun 1. the act of going equals four. Ten take away four equals
entry
six. (NOTE: equals – equalling –
into a place The sign on the door said
equalled. The US spelling is equaling
‘No Entry’. 2. the door or opening
– equaled.) í noun a person who is on
where you go into a place The entry to
the same level as someone else I don’t
the cave was blocked by rocks. 3. a piece
consider him your equal. We’re all
of information in a such as a dictionary,
equals here.
or in a computer system She looked up
equally / i kwəli/ adverb in exactly the
equally
the entry on ‘roses’ in the gardening en-
cyclopaedia. same way They are all equally guilty.
envelope / envələυp/ noun a folded pa- Here men and women are paid equal-
envelope
ly badly. They were both equally re-
per cover for sending letters in She
This is trial version sponsible for the mistake.
wrote the address on the envelope and
equipment / kwpmənt/ noun all the
equipment
sealed it. She wrote down all the in-
formation on the back of an envelope. things such as tools, arms and machines
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error 113 Europe
which are needed for something He 1823. We need to establish a good
brought all his camera equipment with working relationship with our col-
him. Do you really need all this equip- leagues. 2. to discover or prove some-
ment for a short climb? (NOTE: no plu- thing If only the police could establish
where the car was parked that evening.
ral: for one item say a piece of equip-
It’s difficult to establish what her rea-
ment.)
sons are for resigning.
error / erə/ noun something that is
error
establishment / st blʃmənt/ noun
establishment
wrong, especially a mistake in writing
or speaking There isn’t a single error 1. the act of creating something She
in the whole document. The waiter helped them with the establishment of
made an error in calculating the bill. the local drama society. (NOTE: no plu-
ral in this sense) 2. a business; an or-
erupt / r pt/ verb (of a volcano) to
erupt
ganisation It’s an establishment which
throw out fire and other very hot sub-
imports radios from China. He runs
stances The volcano last erupted in
an important teaching establishment.
1968.
Establishment, the / st blʃmənt/
Establishment, the
escape / skep/ noun the act of getting
escape
noun the most important people in soci-
away from prison or from a difficult sit-
ety, especially those who are in authori-
uation There were three escapes from
ty He spent a lot of his life fighting
this jail last year. A weekend by the
against the Establishment.
sea was a wonderful escape from the of-
estate / stet/ noun 1. a large area of
estate
fice.
land belonging to one owner He owns
especially / speʃ(ə)li/ adverb 1. used
especially
a 250-acre estate in Norfolk. 2. a group
for showing that something is the case
of houses on one piece of land, usually
to a great degree This suitcase is espe-
all built at the same time
cially heavy. 2. used for showing that
estimate1 / estmət/ noun a calculation
estimate
something is more important or true
She does get tired, especially on school or guess which shows the amount of
day. something you think there is, or its
worth or cost I wasn’t in when they
essay / ese/ noun a piece of writing on
essay
came to read the gas meter, so this bill is
a specific subject a collection of the
only an estimate. Your estimate of two
writer’s most famous essays For our
dozen visitors proved to be correct.
homework, we have to write an essay on
she gave me a rough estimate she gave
pollution.
me an approximate calculation
essential / senʃəl/ adjective which is
essential
estimate2 / estmet/ verb to calculate
estimate
very important or which you must have
or guess how much you think something
You can survive without food for some
will cost or is worth I estimate that it
time, but water is essential. It is essen-
will cost £100,000. He estimated
tial that we get the delivery on time. í
costs at £50,000.
noun a thing which is very important or
etc. /et setərə/, etcetera adverb and so
etc.
which you cannot do without Sun
cream is an essential in the desert. on, and other things like this Fruit
We’ve got all the basic essentials – food, such as oranges, bananas, etc.
water and fuel. euro / jυərəυ/ noun the unit of money
euro
essentially / senʃəli/ adverb used for
essentially
used by most countries in the European
saying what is the most true, or the most Union Many articles are priced in eu-
important fact My new job is essen- ros. What’s the exchange rate for the
tially not so very different from my old euro? (NOTE: written Ä before num-
one. Although he’s essentially a kind bers: Ä250: say: ‘two hundred and fifty
man, he does lose his temper sometimes. euros’)
This is trial version
establish / st blʃ/ verb 1. to create Europe / jυərəp/ proper noun 1. the
establish Europe
something, to set something up The continent of Europe, the part of the
business was established in Scotland in world to the west of Asia, extending
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European 114 evil
from Russia to Ireland Most of the my brother? Have you ever been to
countries of Western Europe are mem- Germany?
bers of the EU. 2. the same area, but not evergreen / evə ri n/ noun a tree
evergreen
including the UK Holidays in Europe which keeps its leaves all winter Holly
are less popular than last year. and other evergreens can be used as
European / jυərə pi ən/ adjective re-
European
decorations in winter.
every / evri/ adjective 1. each It rained
lating to Europe every
evaluate / v ljuet/ verb to make a every day during the holidays. We
evaluate
have a party every New Year’s Day.
judgement about something after think-
Every Wednesday, he goes for a swim in
ing carefully about it The students
the local pool. Every house in the
were asked to evaluate the usefulness of
street has a garden. 2. with a particular
the lessons.
amount of time or distance in between
evaluation / v lju eʃ(ə)n/ noun the
evaluation
The medicine is to be taken every four
act of evaluating something, or the
hours. Have your car checked every
judgement made in this way (NOTE: no
10,000 kilometres.
plural)
everybody / evribɒdi/ pronoun same as
everybody
evaporate / v pəret/ verb (of liquid )
evaporate
everyone
to turn into steam by being heated Wa-
everyone / evriw n/ pronoun all the
everyone
ter gradually evaporates from the soil.
people involved in a particular situation
even / i v(ə)n/ adjective 1. flat, level
even
Everyone has to die some day. If
The road has a smooth, even surface. 2. everybody is here, we can start. Eve-
not changing They kept up an even ryone must show their passport. (NOTE:
pace for miles. The temperature is an everyone and everybody are fol-
even 28° all through the day. í adverb lowed by they, their, themselves,
used for showing surprise or making an etc., but the verb stays singular: Is eve-
expression stronger He doesn’t even ryone enjoying themselves? Not eve-
like strawberries. Even the cleverest rybody likes pop music, do they?)
businessperson can make mistakes. everyone else all the other people
She’s tall, but her sister is even taller. Only Maggie could come – everyone
evening / i vnŋ/ noun the late part of
evening
else was too busy.
the day, when it starts to get dark I everything / evriθŋ/ pronoun 1. all
everything
saw her yesterday evening. The acci- things Did you bring everything you
dent took place at 8.30 in the evening. need? The burglars stole everything
We arrived in London at breakfast time, of value. Everything he says annoys
having left New York the previous me. 2. things in general Everything
evening. We always go to a restaurant was dark in the street. Everything is
on Sunday evenings. They took an under control.
evening flight to Madrid. The evening
everywhere / evriweə/ adverb in all
everywhere
meal is served from 7.30 to 10.30.
places There were papers lying about
evenly / i v(ə)nli/ adverb in an equal
evenly
everywhere. We’ve looked everywhere
way for the key and can’t find it.
event / vent/ noun something important
event
evidence / evd(ə)ns/ noun a fact which
evidence
which happens the events leading up proves that something really exists or
to the war A baby’s first birthday is has happened The bloodstains on his
always a very happy event. coat were clear evidence of the crime.
eventually / ventʃuəli/ adverb in the Scientists are looking for evidence of
eventually
life on Mars. There is no evidence that
end After weeks of hesitation he even-
he was ever there.
tually decided to sell the cottage.
evident / evd(ə)nt/ adjective obvious
evident
This is trial version
ever / evə/ adverb at any time (used with
ever
evil / i v(ə)l/ adjective morally very bad
evil
negatives and in questions) Nothing
ever happens here. Did you ever meet She’s considered to be an evil woman.
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ex- 115 exchange
example / zɑ mpəl/ noun something
His evil intentions were evident as example
soon as he locked the door. chosen to show something This is a
ex- /eks/ prefix used for showing that a good example of French architecture of
ex-
the eleventh century. to set an exam-
person used to have a particular job or
ple to do things well or properly your-
relationship an ex-soldier Tom’s my
self, so that other people can copy you
ex-boyfriend.
He sets everyone a good example by get-
exact / z kt/ adjective completely ac-
exact
ting into the office before 8.00 every
curate, with no more or no less What
morning. to make an example of
is the exact time of arrival? Could you
someone to punish someone so that oth-
repeat the exact words she used? The
ers will learn not to do what that person
salesgirl asked me if I had the exact
did Her teacher made an example of
sum, since she had no change.
her by making her miss the class trip.
exactly / z ktli/ adverb not more, not
exactly
exceed /k si d/ verb to go beyond
exceed
less That comes to exactly ten dollars
something The car was exceeding the
and fifty cents. The time is exactly
speed limit. Our expenses have ex-
16.24.
ceeded our income for the first time.
exaggerate / z d əret/ verb to
exaggerate
Did the UN troops exceed their man-
make things seem, e.g. worse, better, date?
bigger than they really are The wide
excellent / eksələnt/ adjective very
excellent
black belt exaggerates her small waist.
good We had an excellent meal in a
She exaggerated the importance of my
Chinese restaurant. Her handwriting
contribution.
is excellent – it is much clearer than
exam / z m/ noun same as examina-
exam
mine.
The exam was very difficult –
tion
except /k sept/ preposition not includ-
except
half the students failed. She passed all
ing She’s allowed to eat anything ex-
her exams.
cept milk products. Everyone was sick
examination / z m neʃ(ə)n/ noun
examination
on the boat, except (for) me. VAT is
1. an occasion on which someone looks levied on all goods except books, news-
at something to see if it works properly, papers, food and children’s clothes. í
or to see if something is wrong He conjunction other than; apart from He
had to have an X-ray examination. doesn’t do anything except sit and
The examination of the car showed that watch football on the TV. Everything
its brakes were faulty. 2. a written or went well, except that James was sick.
spoken test The examination was very Everyone enjoyed the birthday party,
difficult – half the students failed. He except (that) there wasn’t enough to eat.
did badly in his English examination. (NOTE: [all senses] Do not confuse with
She came first in the final examination accept.)
for the course. (NOTE: often shortened
exception /k sepʃən/ noun something
exception
to exam in this sense)
that is not included All the students
examine / z mn/ verb 1. to look
examine
failed, with one exception. Are there
carefully at something to see what is in
any exceptions to the rule?
it, or what it is like The doctor exam-
exceptionally /k sepʃən(ə)li/ adverb
exceptionally
ined her throat. We will have to exam-
to a very great degree, often so great as
ine the shop’s scales to see if they show
to be surprising
the correct weight. The customs offi-
cials wanted to examine the inside of the exchange /ks tʃend / verb to give
exchange
car. The water samples were exam- one thing and to get another thing back
ined in the laboratory. 2. to test a stu- The footballers from the two teams ex-
dent They examined everyone in changed shirts at the end of the match.
mathematics and computer skills.
This is trial version í noun the act of giving one thing for
examiner / z mnə/ noun a person
examiner
another the exchange of rings during
who conducts an exam the wedding ceremony
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excited 116 expectation
excited /k satd/ adjective lively and cise every day if you want to lose
excited
weight.
happy because you think something
exercise book / eksəsaz bυk/ noun a
good is going to happen She’s excited
exercise book
at or by the thought of going on holiday. notebook with lines on each page for
The children are excited because it’s writing school work in
the Christmas holidays. What’s every- exhausted / zɔ std/ adjective very
exhausted
one so excited about? It was lovely to tired I’m exhausted after running
see the children’s happy and excited three miles. They staggered back
faces. home very late, with three exhausted
excitement /k satmənt/ noun the
excitement
children.
feeling of being excited What’s all the exhibition / eks bʃ(ə)n/ noun a public
exhibition
excitement about? The children are show of things such as paintings or
always in a state of excitement before flowers The exhibition is open from
the holidays. 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. We stood in line for
exciting /k satŋ/ adjective 1. making
exciting
half an hour waiting to get into the Pi-
you feel excited The news about the casso exhibition.
house is really exciting. 2. (of, e.g. a exist / zst/ verb to be real or present
exist
film or an experience) full of activity, When I was a child, colour TV didn’t ex-
sometimes making you a little scared ist. I don’t believe the document exists
because you do not know what is going – I think it has been burnt.
to happen I couldn’t sleep after
existence / zstəns/ noun the state of
existence
watching an exciting film on TV.
being a real thing; life Is there any-
exclaim /k sklem/ verb to say some-
exclaim
thing which proves the existence of life
thing loudly and suddenly on Mars? They lived a miserable ex-
exclude /k sklu d/ verb not to include
exclude
istence in a little coal mining town.
existing / zstŋ/ adjective in opera-
someone or something Damage by existing
fire is excluded from the insurance poli- tion at this moment Can we modify
cy. Don’t exclude his name from your the existing structure in some way?
list. Existing regulations do not allow the
excuse1 /k skju s/ noun a reason given sale of food in the street.
excuse
exit / e zt/ noun a way out of a building
for doing something wrong, or for not exit
doing what was expected His excuse The customers all rushed towards the
for not coming was that he forgot the exits when the fire alarm rang.
date. expand /k sp nd/ verb to increase the
expand
excuse2 /k skju z/ verb to forgive
excuse
size or extent of something We have
someone for making a small mistake plans to expand our business.
Please excuse my arriving late like this. expect /k spekt/ verb 1. to think or to
expect
execute / ekskju t/ verb 1. to kill
execute
hope that something is going to happen
someone as a punishment The gov- We expect him to arrive at any mo-
ernment’s political enemies were exe- ment or he is expected at any moment. 2.
cuted. 2. to do something that has been to think or guess that something is the
planned or agreed (formal ) As part of case I expect you are tired after your
the test, drivers are asked to execute an long train journey. 3. to think that it is
emergency stop. 3. in computing, to car- right that someone should do something
ry out instructions Press ENTER to He expects me to do all the house-
execute the program. work. 4. to be waiting for someone I
can’t talk for long – we’re expecting vis-
exercise / eksəsaz/ noun practice in
exercise
itors.
using physical or mental powers She
expectation / ekspek teʃ(ə)n/ noun
expectation
does her piano exercises every morning.
This is trial version
to take exercise to do physical move- hope; a feeling that something will hap-
ments, like walking or running, in order pen She lived up to all our expecta-
to keep fit You should take some exer- tions. We thought our team would do
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expected 117 export
well, but in the end they exceeded all our asthma. The laboratory does not ex-
expectations. periment on live animals.
expected /k spektd/ adjective 1. expert / eksp t/ adjective 1. knowing a
expected expert
which you think or hope will happen 2. lot about a subject They can give you
due to arrive Our guests are expected expert advice on DIY. 2. expert at do-
at 10 o’clock. ing something very good at doing
something I’m not very expert at mak-
expedition / eksp dʃ(ə)n/ noun a
expedition
ing pastry. í noun 1. a person who
journey to explore a place He set off
knows a great deal about a subject a
on an expedition to the South Pole.
leading expert in tropical medicine or
expense /k spens/ noun an amount of
expense
on tropical diseases A rose expert was
money that you have to pay I can’t af- the judge at the flower show. 2. a person
ford the expense of a holiday just now. who is very good at doing something
The expense of running a household an expert plumber He’s an expert at
seems to increase every week. getting the children to go to bed.
expensive /k spensv/ adjective cost-
expensive
explain /k splen/ verb 1. to give rea-
explain
ing a lot of money Fresh vegetables sons for something Can you explain
are more expensive in winter. Send why the weather is cold in winter and
your furniture to Australia by sea – it warm in summer? 2. to make something
would be much too expensive by air. clear He tried to explain the new pen-
experience /k spəriəns/ noun 1.
experience
sion scheme to the staff. She explained
knowledge obtained by working or liv- what had happened, but the manager
ing in various situations I have no ex- still thought she had tried to steal the
perience of travelling in the desert. watch.
You must write down the full details of explanation / eksplə neʃ(ə)n/ noun a
explanation
your past experience in your CV. reason for something The police offic-
Some experience of selling is required er asked him for an explanation of why
for this job. (NOTE: no plural in this the stolen car was in his garage. The
sense) 2. something that happens to company has given no explanation for
you Going to the top of the Eiffel Tow- the change of plan.
er was a wonderful experience. He
explode /k spləυd/ verb (of bombs,
explode
wrote a book about his experiences in
etc.) to blow up A bomb exploded in a
the desert. í verb to live through some-
crowded train.
thing I’m surprised she’s so cheerful
explore /k splɔ / verb to travel and dis-
explore
after all she experienced in hospital. I
have experienced a great deal of pleas- cover place and things that you have not
ure and frustration in my career. He is seen before It is a part of the jungle
experiencing sharp pains in his tooth. which has never been explored before.
We spent our holidays exploring Hol-
experienced /k spəriənst/ adjective
experienced
land by canal.
good at something because you have
explosion /k spləυ (ə)n/ noun an oc-
explosion
learnt a lot from particular experiences
you have had She’s a very experi- casion on which something such as a
enced doctor. He’s the most experi- bomb explodes Several explosions
enced member of our staff. The police were heard during the night as the army
are experienced in crowd control. occupied the city.
experiment1 /k spermənt/ noun a explosive /k spləυsv/ noun a sub-
experiment explosive
scientific test; a way of finding out stance used for destroying things by
about something to carry out scientif- making them explode Tests revealed
ic experiments We’re offering our cus- traces of explosive on his hands. The
tomers free samples as an experiment. box contained explosives. Police ex-
plosives experts defused the bomb.
This is trial version
experiment2 /k sperment/ verb to
experiment
export1 / ekspɔ t/ noun the business of
export
carry out a scientific test They are ex-
perimenting with a new treatment for selling products in other countries
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export 118 eye
external /k st n(ə)l/ adjective on the
They make cars for export. There is a external
big export trade in wine. í a product outside The external walls of the
sent to a foreign country to be sold house are quite solid. Her injuries
The country’s major export is tea. Ex- were all external.
ports to Africa have increased by 25%. extinct /k stŋkt/ adjective 1. (of a type
extinct
export2 /k spɔ t/ verb to send goods to
export
of animal or plant) no longer in exist-
ence, because all of the same kind have
a foreign country for sale The compa-
died These birds are in danger of be-
ny exports half of what it produces.
coming extinct. 2. ((of a volcano)) no
express /k spres/ verb to show
express
longer active The mountain is an ex-
thoughts or feelings in words, pictures
tinct volcano.
or actions He expressed his gratitude
extra / ekstrə/ adjective more than usu-
extra
in a short speech. His paintings ex-
al; additional We need an extra four
press his inner thoughts. His grief was
teachers or four extra teachers for this
expressed in fierce anger and constant
course. The charge for delivery is ex-
activity. í noun a fast train We took
tra. Staff get extra pay for working on
the express from London to Glasgow.
Sundays.
expression /k spreʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. a
expression
/k strɔ d(ə)nərəli/
extraordinarily
extraordinarily
word, or group of words ‘Until the
adverb extremely Her action was ex-
cows come home’ is an expression
traordinarily brave.
which means ‘for a very long time’. 2. a
extraordinary /k strɔ d(ə)n(ə)ri/ ad-
extraordinary
look on a person’s face which shows a
jective 1. wonderful Seeing her again
feeling His expression showed how
gave him an extraordinary thrill. A
miserable he was. Everyone noticed
peacock’s feathers are quite extraordi-
the expression of surprise on her face. 3.
nary. 2. very unusual It’s extraordi-
the act of expressing thoughts and feel-
nary weather for June.
ings
extreme /k stri m/ adjective 1. very
extreme
extend /k stend/ verb 1. to stretch
extend
great The device is made to withstand
something out She extended both
extreme cold. He showed extreme re-
arms in welcome. 2. to cover a particular
luctance to get involved. 2. considered
are area of land The grounds of the
unreasonable by some people He
house extend over two hectares. 3. to
holds extreme views.
make something longer or bigger We
extremely /k stri mli/ adverb to a very
extremely
are planning to extend our garden.
great degree It was extremely hot in
The company has extended my contract
August. The film is extremely long,
for another two years.
and some people left before the end. It
extension /k stenʃən/ noun 1. the act
extension
is extremely difficult to spend less than
of extending something My visa has
$50.00 a day on meals in New York.
expired, so I have applied for an exten-
eye /a/ noun 1. the organ in the head
eye
sion. 2. a telephone in an office which is
which you see with He has brown
connected to the company’s main line
eyes. Close your eyes and count to ten
Can you get me extension 21? The
while we all hide. I’ve got a bit of dust
manager is on extension 23.
in my eye. 2. a small hole in the end of a
extensive /k stensv/ adjective cover-
extensive
needle, through which the thread goes
ing a large area or amount The to catch someone’s eye to look at
grounds of the house are very extensive. someone who is looking at you She
The church roof needs extensive re- caught his eye and nodded towards the
pair work. door. to keep an eye on someone
extent /k stent/ noun the degree, size or
extent
or something to watch someone or
area of something The extent of the something carefully to see that it is safe
This is trial version
earthquake damage was only revealed Can you keep an eye on the house
later. He opened up the map to its full while we are away? to keep an eye
extent. out for someone or something to
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eyebrow 119 eyesight
eyelash / al ʃ/ noun one of the hairs
watch to see if someone or something is eyelash
available or nearby I must keep an eye growing round the edges of your eyes
out for Seville oranges to make some (NOTE: The plural is eyelashes.)
marmalade. Can you keep an eye out eyelid / ald/ noun a piece of skin which
eyelid
for the traffic warden while I go into the covers the eye
bank?
eyesight / asat/ noun the ability to see
eyesight
eyebrow / abraυ/ noun the line of hair
eyebrow
above each of your eyes
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F
f /ef/, F noun the sixth letter of the alpha- it is surprising Have you seen John re-
f
cently? – as a matter of fact I met him
bet, between E and G
yesterday.
fabric / f brk/ noun cloth used for
fabric
factor / f ktə/ noun 1. a thing which has
factor
making things such as clothes and cur-
influence or importance The key fac-
tains The curtains are made of an ex-
tor is the price. The crucial factor for
pensive fabric.
the success of the village fair is the
fabrication / f br keʃ(ə)n/ noun an
fabrication
weather. 2. one of the numbers which
invented story that is not true The
produce a certain other number when
newspaper story was a complete fabri-
multiplied Four and two are factors of
cation from start to finish.
eight.
face /fes/ noun 1. the front part of your
face
factory / f kt(ə)ri/ noun a building
factory
head Don’t forget to wash your face
where things are made in large quanti-
before you go to the party. 2. the front
ties using machines She works in a
part of something a clock face She
shoe factory. He owns a furniture fac-
put the photograph face down on the
tory. The factory makes computer ter-
desk. í verb to have the face or front to-
minals. (NOTE: The plural is factories.)
wards Can everyone please face the
fade /fed/ verb 1. to lose colour The
fade
camera? The house faces north. to
show your face to come to or be in a more you wash your jeans, the more
place where there are other people Af- they’ll fade. This teeshirt has faded in
ter what he said about my mother he the sun. 2. to become less bright or light
doesn’t dare show his face here. As the light faded, bats came out in
the garden. The light from the torch
face up to phrasal verb to accept an
began to fade as the batteries ran out.
unpleasant situation and try to deal with
The islands faded away into the dis-
it
tance. 3. to become less noisy The
facility /fə slti/ noun 1. an ability to do
facility
sound of the music faded away.
something easily She has a facility for
fail /fel/ verb 1. not to succeed The ex-
fail
languages. (NOTE: no plural) 2. a means
amination was very difficult – half the
of doing something We offer facilities
students failed. He passed in maths,
for payment. 3. a large building that en-
but failed his English exam. She failed
ables people to do or have something
in her attempt to become an MP. 2. not
We have opened our new warehouse fa-
to do something The car failed to stop
cility. (NOTE: The plural is facilities.)
at the red light. She failed to notify the
fact /f kt/ noun 1. something such as a
fact
tax office of her change of address. 3.
piece of information that is true He
not to work properly The brakes
faced up to the fact that he wasn’t fit
failed and he couldn’t stop the car. if
enough for the race. Did you check all
all else fails if you can’t do anything
the facts before you wrote the article? 2.
else If all else fails you can always
in fact, in actual fact really; the truth
borrow my car.
is that He told the police he had seen
failure / feljə/ noun 1. a situation in
failure
a man steal a car but in fact he made the
whole story up. It rained a lot last which something stops working The
This is trial version
month – in fact it rained all month. as accident was caused by brake failure.
a matter of fact actually; used for say- The failure of the plane’s engine caused
ing what is really true, especially when the crash. 2. an occasion on a person or
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faint 121 falsehood
event is not successful His attempts to faithful old dog We must be faithful to
balance on one leg were a complete fail- father’s last wishes.
ure. 3. a person who does not succeed at fake /fek/ noun something which is
fake
things I’m no good at anything – I’m made or designed to look like some-
a failure. thing else that is, e.g. more valuable
faint /fent/ adjective difficult to see or
faint
That picture isn’t by Picasso, it’s a fake.
hear We could just see the faint outline í adjective not real She was wearing
of a man in the fog. They could hear a a fake fur coat.
faint tapping under the wreckage. í
fall /fɔ l/ verb to drop to a lower level
fall
verb to become unconscious for a short
Snow fell all night The pound has fall-
time She fainted when she saw the
en against the dollar. She fell down
blood.
the stairs. He fell off the ladder. Did
fair /feə/ adjective 1. (of hair or skin)
fair
he fall into the river or did someone
light-coloured Her hair is quite fair. push him? (NOTE: falls – falling – fell
Those with fair skin should use a strong- /fel/ – has fallen) í noun 1. the proc-
er sun cream. 2. right, giving someone ess of going to a lower level a wel-
what they deserve That’s not fair – come fall in the price of oil the fall in
you must let other children play with the the exchange rate 2. the act of losing
ball too. It isn’t fair if you go on holi- your balance He had a fall and hurt
day when we have so much work to do. his back. She had a bad fall while ski-
í noun 1. a group of machines for rid- ing.
ing on and stalls where you can win
fall back on phrasal verb to do or use
things, set up in one place for a short
something only after all other things
time The fair is coming to the village
have failed
for the Easter Bank Holiday. 2. an exhi-
fall behind phrasal verb to be late in
bition for selling and advertising goods
doing something
We are going to the car fair tomorrow.
(NOTE: Do not confuse with fare.) fall down phrasal verb 1. to drop to the
ground She fell down and hurt her
fairly / feəli/ adverb 1. in a way that is
fairly
knee. 2. (of a building) to become bro-
right; giving people what they deserve
ken down through age The place has
She complained that she had not been
been deserted for so long it’s falling
treated fairly in the interview. 2. to some
down.
degree I’m fairly certain I have seen
this film before. She had been working fall off phrasal verb to become fewer
there a fairly short time. The hotel is The number of customers starts to fall
fairly close to the centre of town. (NOTE: off after 4 o’clock.
The order of words for fairly and quite fall out phrasal verb 1. to drop to the
is different: He’s a fairly good worker ground after having been in something
but He’s quite a good worker.) We put cushions on the floor next to
fairness / feənəs/ noun a tendency or
fairness
the bed in case she fell out. 2. to have an
ability to do things in a fair way Eve- argument They fell out over the bill
ryone acknowledged her fairness in for drinks.
dealing with staff complaints. fall over phrasal verb to fall down after
fairy / feəri/ noun a small imaginary
fairy
having been upright
creature who can perform magic (NOTE: fall through phrasal verb not to take
The plural is fairies.) place as planned
false /fɔ ls/ adjective not real; designed
false
faith /feθ/ noun 1. belief or trust
faith
I
to look like something real a set of
don’t have much faith in these new
false nails
teaching methods. 2. a religious belief
We must respect people of other faiths.
This is trial version falsehood / fɔ lshυd/ noun a lie (liter-
falsehood
faithful / feθf(ə)l/ adjective (of a per-
faithful
ary) It appears that he had told sever-
son or an animal ) trusting or loyal his al falsehoods under oath.
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familiar 122 fashion
familiar /fə mliə/ adjective heard or here. How far away is Paris from Lon-
familiar
don? The road was blocked by cars as
seen before; that you know The dog
far as we could see. 2. used with com-
wagged its tail as it heard its master’s
paratives to mean ‘much’ It is far
familiar voice at the door. He looked
cheaper to go by bus than by train.
round the room, and saw a couple of fa-
Restaurant food is far nicer than the
miliar faces.
food at college. í adjective a long way
family / f m(ə)li/ noun 1. a group of
family
away; distant The shop is at the far
people who are related to each other, es-
end of the High Street. (NOTE: far – far-
pecially mother, father and children
ther / fɑ ðə/ or further / f ðə/ - far-
The Jones family are going on holiday
thest / fɑ ðəst/ or furthest / f ðəst/)
to Spain. He grew up in a big family.
fare /feə/ noun a price which you have to
fare
2. a group of animals or plants which
pay for a journey Rail fares have been
are closely related Lions and tigers
increased by 10%. The tourist-class
are members of the cat family. (NOTE:
fare is much less than the first class one.
The plural is families. When family is
If you walk to work, you will save £5
used to mean a group of people it can
a week on bus fares. (NOTE: Do not con-
take a singular or plural verb: The fam-
fuse with fair.)
ily were out.)
farewell /feə wel/ interjection, noun
farewell
famine / f mn/ noun a very serious
famine
goodbye It’s time to say farewell. í
lack of food
adjective (of an event) at which you say
famous / feməs/ adjective known to
famous
goodbye We gave a farewell party for
many people, especially most people in
our neighbours who were going to live
a place or country a famous depart-
in Canada.
ment store He’s a famous footballer.
far from / fɑ frɒm/ adverb not at all
far from
This tea shop is famous for its cakes.
The food here is far from cheap.
fan /f n/ noun 1. a piece of equipment
fan
farm /fɑ m/ noun an area of land used for
farm
for moving air to make people or things
growing crops and raising animals He
cooler We put electric fans in the of-
runs a pig farm. We’re going to work
fice to try to keep cool. 2. an enthusiastic
on a farm during the holidays. You
supporter of something or someone, e.g.
can buy eggs and vegetables at the farm
a team or a pop group There was a
shop. í verb to grow crops or raise ani-
crowd of fans waiting for him outside
mals on a farm He farms dairy cattle
the theatre.
in Devon.
fancy / f nsi/ verb 1. to want to have
fancy
farmer / fɑ mə/ noun a person who man-
farmer
something (informal ) I fancy an ice
ages or owns a farm
cream – anyone else want one? Do
farming / fɑ mŋ/ noun the work of
farming
you fancy sharing a taxi to the airport?
2. to like someone in a sexual way I’m managing a farm, e.g. growing crops or
sure that guy fancies you. (NOTE: fan- keeping animals for sale
cies – fancying – fancied) í adjec- fascinate / f snet/ verb to make
fascinate
tive attractive or decorated He wore a someone very interested
fancy tie to the party.
fascinating / f snetŋ/ adjective
fascinating
fantastic /f n t stk/ wonderful We
fantastic
very interesting A microscope gives
had a fantastic time on holiday. í ad- you a fascinating glimpse of life in a
jective strange; like a dream His sto- drop of water. The book gives a fasci-
ries are full of fantastic creatures. nating description of London in the
fantasy / f ntəsi/ noun an invented sto-
fantasy
1930s. It was fascinating to hear her
ry Her story of meeting a rich man in talk about her travels in India.
Paris was pure fantasy. (NOTE: The plu- fashion / f ʃ(ə)n/ noun the most popu-
fashion
This is trial version
ral is fantasies.) lar style at a particular time It was the
far /fɑ / adverb 1. a certain distance away
far
fashion then to wear your hair very
The railway station is not far from short. She always follows fashion.
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fashionable 123 fax
fashionable / f ʃ(ə)nəb(ə)l/ adjective your fault – if you hadn’t stayed in bed
fashionable
all morning we would be at the seaside
1. of a style which is popular at a partic-
by now. 2. an instance of something not
ular time These loose trousers are re-
working properly The invoice was
ally fashionable at the moment. 2. pop-
wrong because of a computer fault.
ular with rich or glamorous people
The engineers are trying to mend an
She lives in the fashionable West End of
electrical fault. 3. a mistake in serving
London. It’s a fashionable restaurant
in tennis He served two double faults.
for film stars and journalists.
at fault having made a mistake The
fast /fɑ st/ adjective 1. quick I just love
fast
shop is at fault if they sent you the wrong
driving fast cars. She was driving in
table.
the fast lane of the motorway. 2. not
faulty / fɔ lti/ adjective 1. not working
faulty
stopping anywhere This is the fast
train to London. 3. (of a clock) to show correctly or not made correctly The
a time which is later than the correct lights are flickering – there must be a
time Your watch is fast. í adverb 1. faulty connection somewhere. 2. with
quickly Walk faster if you want to mistakes in planning or judgment a
catch up with the children in front. faulty argument
Don’t go so fast – you almost hit that favor / fevə/ noun, verb US spelling of
favor
man on the zebra crossing. 2. tightly favour
fixed in a particular position The win-
favorable / fev(ə)rəb(ə)l/ adjective US
favorable
dow was stuck fast and I couldn’t open
spelling of favourable
it. í verb to eat nothing for religious or
health reasons Many people fast dur- favorite / fev(ə)rət/ noun, verb US
favorite
ing Lent. He fasted for a week. spelling of favourite
fasten / fɑ s(ə)n/ verb to close or attach
fasten
favour / fevə/ noun 1. a friendly act
favour
something tightly Please fasten your done to help someone Can I ask a fa-
seatbelts. These shoes fasten with a vour – will you look after my bike while
buckle.
I’m in the post office? 2. approval or
fastener / fɑ s(ə)nə/ noun an object
fastener
popularity She tried to win the favour
which fastens something such as a piece of the committee. í verb 1. to like or
of clothing prefer something The managers fa-
fat /f t/ adjective having too much flesh vour moving to a bigger office. 2. to
fat
make things easier for someone The
or weighing too much Two fat men got
conditions favour Australian bowlers.
out of the little white car. You’ll have
to eat less – you’re getting too fat. favourable / fev(ə)rəb(ə)l/ adjective
favourable
He’s fatter than me. í noun a part of good
meat which is yellowish-white If you
favourite / fev(ə)rət/ adjective which
favourite
don’t like the fat, cut it off.
you like best Which is your favourite
fatal / fet(ə)l/ adjective which causes
fatal
TV programme? í noun 1. something
death There were three fatal accidents or someone you like best Which ice
on this road last year. cream is your favourite? This game is
father / fɑ ðə/ noun a man who has a son
father
a favourite with the children. The
or daughter Ask your father if he will singer was a favourite in the fifties. 2.
lend you his car. She is coming to tea someone who is treated better than other
with her mother and father. people by a particular person She was
faucet / fɔ st/ noun US an object always her father’s favourite.
faucet
which, when you twist it, lets liquid or fax /f ks/ noun a copy of a document or
fax
gas come out picture sent to someone using telephone
fault /fɔ lt/ noun 1. the fact of making a
fault
lines Post it to me, or send a fax.
This is trial version Can you confirm the booking by fax? í
mistake or of being to blame for some-
thing going wrong It isn’t my fault if verb to send a document or picture by
there’s nothing in the fridge. It’s all telephone I will fax the design to you
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fear 124 feeling
or I will fax you the design as soon as it Washington. Federal law is more im-
is ready. portant than state law. 2. relating to a
system where a group of states exist un-
fear /fə/ noun the feeling of being afraid
fear
der a central government the former
Fear of the dark is common in small
Federal Republic of Germany
children. She has no fear of heights. í
fed up / fed p/ adjective feeling bored
fed up
verb to be afraid of something (formal )
What do you fear most? and unhappy (informal )
feast /fi st/ noun 1. a very large meal for fee /fi / noun money paid to someone
feast fee
a group of people, especially one eaten such as a doctor or lawyer for work done
to celebrate a special occasion 2. a spe- Private school fees are very high.
cial religious day Today is the Feast of The lawyer’s fee for two days’ work was
St Nicholas. more than I earn in a month!
feat /fi t/ noun an particularly difficult feeble / fi b(ə)l/ adjective 1. physically
feat feeble
act weak, especially because of illness or
age He gave a feeble wave with his
feather / feðə/ noun one of many light
feather
hand. The voice on the phone sounded
soft parts which cover a bird’s body
feeble. (NOTE: feebler – feeblest) 2.
feature / fi tʃə/ noun 1. a part of the face
feature
not strong or able to be seen or heard
such as the nose or mouth His unusual well She replied in a feeble voice.
features make him easy to recognize. 2.
feed /fi d/ verb 1. to give food to a person
feed
an important part or aspect of something
or an animal I’d better just feed the
The main feature of the castle is its
baby before we go out. Could you feed
huge tower. 3. an important story or ar-
the cat while we’re away? 2. (of a baby
ticle in a TV news programme or in a
or young animal ) to take milk from its
newspaper a feature on nuclear pow-
mother Please don’t disturb the baby
er Did you see the feature on St Pe-
while she’s feeding. (NOTE: feeds –
tersburg? í verb 1. to have someone as
feeding – fed /fed/ – has fed)
the main performer of a film, a TV pro-
feedback / fi db k/ noun information
feedback
gramme or a play The film featured
Charlie Chaplin as the tramp. The or comments about something which
circus features Russian clowns. 2. to has been done
have something as the most important feel /fi l/ verb 1. to touch something, usu-
feel
part The tour features a visit to the ally with your fingers Feel how soft
Valley of the Kings. The next pro- the bed is. 2. to seem soft, cold, etc.,
gramme will feature a discussion be- when touched The bed feels hard.
tween environmental experts. 3. to ap- The stone floor felt cold. 3. to experi-
pear as the main actor in, or as the sub- ence something with your body or mind
ject of a film or a TV programme She Did you feel the table move? I felt
has featured in many TV series. the lift go down suddenly. Do you feel
February / februəri/ noun the second
February
warmer now that you’ve had a cup of
month of the year, between January and tea? They felt happy when they saw
March My birthday is in February. that all was well. By twelve o’clock
He died on February 17th. We are she was feeling hungry. (NOTE: feels –
feeling – felt /felt/ – has felt)
moving to new offices next February.
(NOTE: February 17th: say ‘the seven- feel for phrasal verb to be sympathetic
teenth of February’ or ‘February the towards someone
seventeenth’, or in US English ‘Febru-
feel up to phrasal verb to be strong or
ary seventeenth’.)
well enough to do something
fed /fed/ past tense and past participle of
fed
feeling / fi lŋ/ noun something which
feeling
feed you think you know I had a feeling
This is trial version
federal / fed(ə)rəl/ adjective 1. relating
federal
that this strange man knew who I was. í
to the central government of the United feelings someone’s emotions I didn’t
States Most federal offices are in want to hurt her feelings.
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feet 125 fiftieth
few /fju / adjective, noun not many
feet /fi t/ plural of foot
feet few
She has very few friends at work. We
fell /fel/ past tense of fall
fell
go to fewer concerts than last year.
fellow / feləυ/ noun 1. a man
fellow
A young
fib /fb/ noun a lie about something unim-
fib
fellow came up to me and asked me the
portant (informal ) That was a little fib,
time. Who’s that fellow with a beard?
wasn’t it?
2. a person who belongs to the same
fibre / fabə/ noun 1. a small thread of
fibre
group I was OK on the boat, but sev-
material From the fibres left at the
eral of my fellow passengers were sick.
scene of the murder, the police could
felt /felt/ noun a thick material made of
felt
work out what the murderer had been
wool fibres pressed together wearing. 2. thin threads in foods such as
female / fi mel/ adjective 1. relating to
female
vegetables and bread, which cannot be
women or girls a female athlete 2. re- digested, but which helps food to pass
lating to the sex of an animal, insect or through your body You need to eat
bird which gives birth to young or pro- more fibre.
duces eggs a female kitten 3. relating fiction / fkʃən/ noun novels fiction
fiction
to a flower which produces seeds writers such as Graham Greene To
feminine / femnn/ adjective like a
feminine
find the latest novels you must look in
woman or suitable for a woman Her the fiction section of the library. (NOTE:
long white silk dress was very feminine. no plural)
field /fi ld/ noun 1. a piece of ground on
fence /fens/ noun a type of wall made of
field
fence
a farm, used for keeping animals or
wood or wire, used to keep people or an-
growing crops a field of potatoes
imals in or out of a place The fence
The sheep are in the field. 2. a piece of
was blown down. The boys looked
ground for playing a game a football
through the hole in the fence. The
field The two teams ran onto the field.
builders put up a fence round the con-
struction site. fierce /fəs/ adjective very angry and
fierce
ferocious /fə rəυʃəs/ adjective wild
ferocious
likely to attack Watch out – that dog
looks fierce.
and angry a ferocious dog
fiercely / fəsli/ adverb strongly She is
fiercely
ferry / feri/ noun a boat which carries
ferry
fiercely independent.
cars and trucks or people across a
fifteen /ff ti n/ noun the number 15
stretch of water We are going to take
fifteen
the night ferry to Belgium. There’s a There are fifteen players in a rugby
ferry across the Rhine here. team. She’s fifteen (years old).
festival / festv(ə)l/ noun 1. a religious Come and see me in fifteen minutes.
festival
The train leaves at nine fifteen (9.15).
celebration which is celebrated at the
fifteenth /ff ti nθ/ adjective relating to
fifteenth
same time each year and is usually a
public holiday The tour will visit number 15 in a series the fifteenth of
Hong Kong for the Lantern Festival. 2. July or July the fifteenth (July 15th).
an event, often lasting several days, That’s the fifteenth phone call I’ve made
where entertainment is provided We this morning. It will be her fifteenth
saw some excellent plays at the Edin- birthday next week. í noun number 15
burgh Festival this year. in a series Our house is the fifth on the
right.
fetch /fetʃ/ verb to go to a place and
fetch
fifth /ffθ/ adjective relating to number 5
fifth
bring someone or something back It’s
your turn to fetch the children from in a series The fifth of May or May the
school. Can you fetch me the atlas? fifth (May 5th). It’s his fifth birthday
tomorrow. í noun one part of five equal
fever / fi və/ noun a state in which the
fever
parts
This is trial version
body’s temperature is higher than nor-
fiftieth / fftiəθ/ adjective relating to
fiftieth
mal You must stay in bed until the fe-
number 50 in a series í noun the
ver goes down.
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fifty 126 finance
number fifty in a series He’s fiftieth on water. She was filling the boxes with
presents. The bucket filled slowly.
the waiting list.
fifty / ffti/ noun the number 50 fill out phrasal verb to write in all the
fifty
My
empty spaces on a form Could you
mother made fifty pots of jam. He’s
please fill out this form?
fifty (years old).
fill up phrasal verb to make something
fight /fat/ noun 1. an occasion on which
fight
completely full; to become completely
people try to hurt each other or knock
full He filled the bottle up with fresh
each other down He got into a fight
water.
with boys who were bigger than him.
film /flm/ noun 1. moving pictures
film
Fights broke out between the demon-
shown at a cinema or on TV Have you
strators and the police. 2. a situation in
seen this old Laurel and Hardy film?
which people do everything they can to
We’ve seen the film already on TV. 2. a
stop something from happening a
roll of material which you put into a
fight against the new developments í
camera to take photographs or to record
verb 1. to be involved in a situation in
moving pictures I must buy another
which people try to hurt each other or
film before the wedding. Do you want
knock each other down Rival gangs
a colour film or a black and white one?
fought in the street. 2. to do everything
3. a thin layer of something A film of
you can try to stop something from hap-
grease had formed on the walls around
pening We are committed to fighting
the oven. í verb to take pictures of
crime. Doctors are fighting to control
something or someone with a camera
the disease. (NOTE: fights – fighting –
Security cameras filmed him robbing
fought /fɔ t/ – has fought)
the bank. ‘Star Wars’ was filmed in
figure / f ə/ noun 1. a written number,
figure
1977.
e.g. 35 I can’t read the figure on the filthy / flθi/ adjective very dirty Your
filthy
order – is it 250? He added up the fig- hands are absolutely filthy! (NOTE: filth-
ures on the bill. Cheques have to be ier – filthiest)
made out in both words and figures.
fin /fn/ noun a thin part on the body of a
fin
double, single 2. the shape of a person
fish which sticks out and helps it to
the figures at the front of the painting
swim From the beach they could see a
We could see some figures through the
shark’s fin in the sea.
mist. í verb especially US to consider
final / fan(ə)l/ adjective last; coming at
final
or think something I figure the costs
the end This is your final warning – if
will be high. We figured that you’d be
your work doesn’t improve you will
late because of the show. Had you fig-
have to go. The competition is in its fi-
ured on being there before two o’clock?
nal stages. í noun the last competition
figure out phrasal verb to try to think in a series between several teams or
of an answer to a problem Try to fig- competitors I thought they would win
ure out the answer yourself, instead of a couple of rounds, but I never imagined
asking someone else. they would get to the final.
file /fal/ noun 1. a metal tool used for
file
finally / fan(ə)li/ adverb at last; in the
finally
making rough surfaces smooth Use a end The police finally cleared up the
file to round off the edges of the metal. 2. mystery. The little boy finally turned
a container similar to an envelope, used up in Edinburgh.
for keeping documents in When you
finance / fan ns/ noun money, espe-
finance
have finished with the papers, put them cially money which belongs to the pub-
back in the file. The police have a file lic or to a company How are you go-
on him. 3. a set of information held in a ing to raise the finance for the project?
computer Type the name of the file My finances are in a poor state at the
and then press ‘enter’.
This is trial version moment. í verb to provide money for
fill /fl/ verb to make something full; to
fill
something How are you going to fi-
become full He filled the bottle with nance your course at university if you
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financial 127 first
finish / fnʃ/ verb 1. to do something
don’t have a grant? The redevelop- finish
ment of the city centre is being financed completely Haven’t you finished your
locally. homework yet? Tell me when you’ve
financial /fa n nʃəl/ adjective relating finished reading the paper. You can’t
financial
go out until you’ve finished doing the
to money What is our financial posi-
washing up. 2. to come to an end The
tion? The company has got into finan-
game will finish at about four o’clock.
cial difficulties.
find /fand/ verb 1. to see where some- finish up phrasal verb 1. to be some-
find
where in the end We got lost and fin-
thing hidden or lost is after looking for
ished up miles from our hotel. 2. to eat
it I found a £2 coin behind the sofa.
something completely You must finish
Did she find the book she was looking
up all your vegetables.
for? 2. to discover something which was
fir /f / noun fir tree a tree with needle-
fir
not known before No one has found a
cure for the common cold yet. (NOTE: shaped leaves Fir trees are often used
finds – finding – found /faυnd/) as Christmas trees.
fire /faə/ noun 1. something which is
fire
find out phrasal verb to discover infor-
burning and gives off heat They burnt
mation I found out something very in-
the dead leaves on a fire in the garden.
teresting last night. Where can I find
2. something which heats We have an
out about my family’s history?
fine /fan/ adjective 1. (of the weather ) electric fire in the living room. 3. an
fine
emergency in which something such as
dry and sunny We’ll go for a walk to-
a building burns They lost all their be-
morrow if the weather stays fine. Let’s
longings in the fire. 4. shooting with
hope it’s fine for the village fair next
guns The soldiers came under fire. í
week. 2. well; healthy I was ill in bed
verb 1. to shoot a gun The gunmen
yesterday, but today I’m feeling fine. 3.
fired at the police car. We could hear
with no problems How are things at
guns firing in the distance. 2. to tell
home? – Fine! 4. acceptable It’s fine
someone that they must leave their job
to wear casual clothes for this meeting.
because of something wrong they have
5. very thin or very small Use a sharp
done She was fired for being late.
pencil if you want to draw fine lines. I
fireplace / faəples/ noun a hole in the
can’t read the notice – the print is too fireplace
fine. í adverb satisfactorily or well wall of a room where you can light a fire
It’s working fine. í noun money which for heating
you have to pay as a punishment for firework / faəw k/ noun a small tube
firework
having done something wrong I had holding chemicals which will shine
to pay a £25 fine for parking in a No brightly or explode when lit
Parking area. í verb to make someone
firm /f m/ adjective 1. solid or fixed
firm
pay money as a punishment for having
Make sure that the ladder is firm before
done something wrong He was fined
you climb up. My back hurts – I think
£25 for parking on double yellow lines.
I need a firmer mattress. 2. strong; like-
finger / fŋ ə/ noun 1. one of the parts at
finger
ly to change There is no firm evidence
the end of your hand, sometimes not in- that he stole the money. She is a firm
cluding the thumb He wears a ring on believer in hard work. í noun a busi-
his little finger. He pressed the button ness or company When he retired, the
with his finger. 2. one of the parts of a firm presented him with a watch. The
glove that cover the fingers I must firm I work for was taken over last year.
mend my glove – there’s a hole in one of
firmly / f mli/ adverb in a firm way
firmly
the fingers. Gloves without fingers are
firmness / f mnəs/ noun 1. the quality
firmness
called ‘mittens’. 3. a piece of food
shaped like a finger a box of chocolate of being strong or firm 2. determination
This is trial version
fingers first /f st/ noun number 1 in a series
first
fingernail / fŋ ənel/ noun the hard
fingernail
Our house is the first on the left. í ad-
thin part covering the end of a finger jective relating to number 1 in a series
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first aid 128 flash
five /fav/ noun the number 5
That was the first time I ever saw him. five
(NOTE: As a number can be written
fix /fks/ verb 1. to fasten or to attach one
fix
1st.) í adverb 1. at the beginning She
thing to another Fix one end of the
came first in the exam. 2. before doing cord to the tree and the other to the
anything else Wash your hands first, fence. 2. to organise a time for some-
and then you can eat. at first at the thing such as a meeting We’ll try to fix
beginning At first he didn’t like the a time for the meeting. 3. to repair some-
work, but later he got used to it. first thing The telephone people are com-
come, first served dealing with things
ing to fix the telephone. Someone’s
such as requests in the order in which coming to fix the telephone this after-
they are received Applications will be noon. Can you fix the dishwasher?
dealt with on a first come, first served
Does anyone know how to fix the photo-
basis.
copier?
first aid / f st ed/ noun the help given
first aid
fixed /fkst/ adjective attached firmly
fixed
to a person who is hurt before a doctor
The sign is fixed to the post with nails.
or the emergency services arrive
fizzy / fzi/ adjective full of small balls of
fizzy
first-class / f st klɑ s/ adjective 1.
first-class
gas (NOTE: Drinks which are not fizzy
very good quality You can get a first-
are still. A drink which is no longer
class meal in that hotel. 2. using the
fizzy is flat.)
most expensive seats on a plane or train
flag /fl / noun a piece of brightly col-
flag
Can I have a first-class return to Par-
oured material with the symbol of a
is, please?
country or an organisation on it The
fish /fʃ/ noun an animal which lives in
fish
French flag has blue, red and white
water and swims; it has fins and no legs,
stripes. The ship was flying the British
I sat by the river all day and only
flag. The flags were blowing in the
caught two little fish. í verb to try to
wind.
catch a fish We often go fishing in the
flake /flek/ noun 1. a small, very thin
flake
lake. They fished all day but didn’t
catch anything. piece of something The paint came off
fishing / fʃŋ/ noun the sport or indus- in little flakes. 2. a small piece of snow
fishing
which falls from the sky Snow fell in
try of catching fish
large soft flakes all night.
fist /fst/ noun a tightly closed hand
fist
flame /flem/ noun a brightly burning
flame
fit /ft/ noun a sudden sharp attack of ill-
fit
part of a fire, or the light that burns on a
ness, or of an emotion such as anger
candle Flames could be seen coming
She had a coughing fit or a fit of cough-
out of the upstairs windows.
ing. In a fit of anger he threw the plate
flap /fl p/ noun a flat part which is at-
flap
across the kitchen. She’s having one
tached to an object and has a special
of her periodic fits of efficiency. í ad-
type of fastening allowing it to move up
jective healthy and having a lot of phys-
and down The pilot tested the wing
ical energy He isn’t fit enough to go
flaps before taking off. í verb to move
back to work. You’ll have to get fit if
up and down like a bird’s wing Flags
you’re going to run in that race. í verb
were flapping in the breeze. The
to be the right size or shape He’s
swans stood by the edge of the water,
grown so tall that his jackets don’t fit
flapping their wings. (NOTE: flaps –
him any more. These shoes don’t fit
flapping – flapped)
me – they’re a size too small. (NOTE: fits
flash /fl ʃ/ noun 1. a short sudden burst
– fitting – fitted) flash
fitness / ftnəs/ noun 1. being physical-
fitness
of light Flashes of lightning lit up the
ly fit She does fitness exercises every sky. 2. a piece of equipment used for
morning. Physical fitness is important making a bright light, allowing you to
This is trial version
in the marines. 2. being suitable take photographs in the dark People
Doubts were expressed about her fitness sometimes have red eyes in photos taken
with a flash. í verb 1. to light up quick-
for the job.
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nguon tai.lieu . vn
