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- Check Point QoS
Administration Guide
Version NGX R65
700726 March 2007
- © 2003-2007 Check Point Software Technologies Ltd.
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For third party notices, see: THIRD PARTY TRADEMARKS AND COPYRIGHTS.
- Contents
Preface Who Should Use This Guide.............................................................................. 10
Summary of Contents ....................................................................................... 11
Appendices ................................................................................................ 11
Related Documentation .................................................................................... 12
More Information ............................................................................................. 15
Feedback ........................................................................................................ 16
Chapter 1 Overview
What is Quality of Service ................................................................................. 18
Internet Bandwidth Management Technologies ................................................... 19
Overview .................................................................................................... 19
Superior QoS Solution Requirements ............................................................ 19
Benefits of a Policy-Based Solution .............................................................. 20
How Does Check Point Deliver QoS.................................................................... 21
Features and Benefits ...................................................................................... 23
Traditional Check Point QoS vs. Check Point QoS Express ................................... 24
Workflow......................................................................................................... 26
Chapter 2 Introduction to Check Point QoS
Check Point QoS’s Innovative Technology........................................................... 30
Technology Overview ................................................................................... 31
Check Point QoS Architecture ........................................................................... 33
Basic Architecture ...................................................................................... 33
Check Point QoS Configuration..................................................................... 35
Concurrent Sessions.................................................................................... 38
Interaction with VPN-1Pro and VPN-1 Net ......................................................... 39
Interoperability ........................................................................................... 39
Chapter 3 Basic QoS Policy Management
Overview ......................................................................................................... 42
Rule Base Management.................................................................................... 43
Overview .................................................................................................... 43
Connection Classification............................................................................. 44
Network Objects ......................................................................................... 44
Services and Resources ............................................................................... 45
Time Objects .............................................................................................. 45
Bandwidth Allocation and Rules ................................................................... 45
Default Rule............................................................................................... 47
QoS Action Properties ................................................................................. 47
Example of a Rule Matching VPN Traffic....................................................... 48
Bandwidth Allocation and Sub-Rules ............................................................ 49
Table of Contents 5
- Implementing the Rule Base............................................................................. 51
To Verify and View the QoS Policy ................................................................ 51
To Install and Enforce the Policy .................................................................. 51
To Uninstall the QoS Policy ......................................................................... 52
To Monitor the QoS Policy ........................................................................... 52
Chapter 4 Check Point QoS Tutorial
Introduction .................................................................................................... 54
Building and Installing a QoS Policy .................................................................. 56
Step 1: Installing Check Point Modules......................................................... 57
Step 2: Starting SmartDashboard ................................................................. 57
To Start SmartDashboard............................................................................. 58
Step 3: Determining QoS Policy ................................................................... 61
Step 4: Defining the Network Objects ........................................................... 61
To Define the Gateway London ..................................................................... 62
To Define the Interfaces on Gateway London ................................................. 66
To Define the QoS Properties for the Interfaces on Gateway London................. 72
Step 5: Defining the Services....................................................................... 73
Step 6: Creating a Rule Base ....................................................................... 73
To Create a New Policy Package ................................................................... 74
To Create a New Rules ................................................................................ 75
To Modify New Rules .................................................................................. 76
Step 7: Installing a QoS Policy..................................................................... 82
Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 84
Chapter 5 Advanced QoS Policy Management
Overview ......................................................................................................... 86
Examples: Guarantees and Limits...................................................................... 87
Per Rule Guarantees ................................................................................... 87
Per Connections Guarantees ........................................................................ 90
Limits........................................................................................................ 91
Guarantee - Limit Interaction ....................................................................... 91
Differentiated Services (DiffServ) ...................................................................... 93
Overview .................................................................................................... 93
DiffServ Markings for IPSec Packets ............................................................. 93
Interaction Between DiffServ Rules and Other Rules ...................................... 94
Low Latency Queuing ....................................................................................... 95
Overview .................................................................................................... 95
Low Latency Classes ................................................................................... 95
Interaction between Low Latency and Other Rule Properties.......................... 100
When to Use Low Latency Queuing ............................................................. 101
Low Latency versus DiffServ....................................................................... 102
Authenticated QoS......................................................................................... 103
Citrix MetaFrame Support............................................................................... 104
Overview .................................................................................................. 104
Limitations............................................................................................... 105
Load Sharing................................................................................................. 106
Overview .................................................................................................. 106
6
- Check Point QoS Cluster Infrastructure ....................................................... 107
Chapter 6 Managing Check Point QoS
Defining QoS Global Properties ....................................................................... 112
To Modify the QoS Global Properties........................................................... 112
Specifying Interface QoS Properties................................................................. 114
To Define the Interface QoS Properties ....................................................... 114
Editing QoS Rule Bases.................................................................................. 118
To Create a New Policy Package ................................................................. 118
To Open an Existing Policy Package............................................................ 119
To Add a Rule .......................................................................................... 119
To Rename a Rule .................................................................................... 121
To Copy, Cut or Paste a Rule...................................................................... 121
To Delete a Rule ....................................................................................... 122
Modifying Rules............................................................................................. 123
Modifying Sources in a Rule ...................................................................... 123
Modifying Destinations in a Rule ................................................................ 126
Modifying Services in a Rule ...................................................................... 128
Modifying Rule Actions.............................................................................. 130
Modifying Tracking for a Rule .................................................................... 135
Modifying Install On for a Rule................................................................... 135
Modifying Time in a Rule........................................................................... 138
Adding Comments to a Rule....................................................................... 140
Defining Sub-Rules ........................................................................................ 142
Working with Differentiated Services (DiffServ) ................................................. 144
To Define a DiffServ Class of Service .......................................................... 145
To Define a DiffServ Class of Service Group................................................. 146
To Add QoS Class Properties for Expedited Forwarding ................................. 147
To Add QoS Class Properties for Non Expedited Forwarding .......................... 148
Working with Low Latency Classes ................................................................... 150
To Implement Low Latency Queuing ........................................................... 150
To Define Low Latency Classes of Service.................................................... 151
To Define Class of Service Properties for Low Latency Queuing...................... 151
Working with Authenticated QoS ..................................................................... 153
To Use Authenticated QoS ......................................................................... 153
Managing QoS for Citrix ICA Applications ......................................................... 155
Disabling Session Sharing.......................................................................... 155
Modifying your Security Policy ................................................................... 156
Discovering Citrix ICA Application Names.................................................... 157
Defining a New Citrix TCP Service .............................................................. 160
Adding a Citrix TCP Service to a Rule (Traditional Mode Only)....................... 161
Installing the Security and QoS Policies ...................................................... 161
Managing QoS for Citrix Printing ..................................................................... 162
Configuring a Citrix Printing Rule (Traditional Mode Only)............................. 162
Configuring Check Point QoS Topology........................................................ 163
Viewing the Check Point QoS Modules Status ................................................... 164
To Display the Status of Check Point QoS Modules Controlled by the SmartCenter
Server ................................................................................................... 164
Table of Contents 7
- Enabling Log Collection.................................................................................. 165
To Turn on QoS Logging ............................................................................ 165
To Confirm that the Rule is Marked for Logging ........................................... 166
To Start SmartView Tracker........................................................................ 167
Chapter 7 SmartView Tracker
Overview of Logging ....................................................................................... 170
Examples of Log Events.................................................................................. 174
Connection Reject Log .............................................................................. 174
LLQ Drop Log ........................................................................................... 174
Pool Exceeded Log.................................................................................... 175
Examples of Account Statistics Logs................................................................ 177
General Statistics Data .............................................................................. 177
Drop Policy Statistics Data......................................................................... 178
LLQ Statistics Data ................................................................................... 178
Chapter 8 Command Line Interface
Check Point QoS Commands........................................................................... 180
Setup ........................................................................................................... 181
fgate Menu ................................................................................................... 182
Control ......................................................................................................... 183
Monitor......................................................................................................... 185
Utilities ........................................................................................................ 187
Chapter 9 Check Point QoS FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
Questions and Answers................................................................................... 190
Introduction ............................................................................................. 190
Check Point QoS Basics ............................................................................ 191
Other Check Point Products - Support and Management ............................... 194
Policy Creation ......................................................................................... 195
Capacity Planning ..................................................................................... 196
Protocol Support....................................................................................... 197
Installation/Backward Compatibility/Licensing/Versions................................. 198
How do I? ................................................................................................ 198
General Issues.......................................................................................... 199
Chapter 10 Deploying Check Point QoS
Deploying Check Point QoS............................................................................. 202
Check Point QoS Topology Restrictions ....................................................... 202
Sample Bandwidth Allocations ........................................................................ 204
Frame Relay Network ................................................................................ 204
Appendix A Debug Flags
fw ctl debug -m FG-1 Error Codes for Check Point QoS...................................... 208
Index .......................................................................................................... 217
8
- Preface P
Preface
In This Chapter
Who Should Use This Guide page 10
Summary of Contents page 11
Related Documentation page 12
More Information page 15
Feedback page 16
9
- Who Should Use This Guide
Who Should Use This Guide
This guide is intended for administrators responsible for maintaining network
security within an enterprise, including policy management and user support.
This guide assumes a basic understanding of
• System administration.
• The underlying operating system.
• Internet protocols (IP, TCP, UDP etc.).
10
- Summary of Contents
Summary of Contents
This guide describes QoS components and contains the following chapters and
appendices.
Table A-1
Chapter Description
Chapter 1, “Overview” presents an overview of Quality of Service and
how it is delivered by Check Point QoS.
Chapter 2, “Introduction to presents an overview of QoS, including
Check Point QoS” technologies and architecture.
Chapter 3, “Basic QoS Policy describes how to manage a basic FloodGate-1
Management” QoS Policy Rule Base.
Chapter 4, “Check Point QoS is a short tutorial describing how to define a QoS
Tutorial” Policy.
Chapter 5, “Advanced QoS describes the more advanced policy management
Policy Management” features of Check Point QoS that enable you to
refine basic QoS policies.
Chapter 6, “Managing Check describes how to manage QoS, including
Point QoS” modifying and changing policies and rules.
Chapter 7, “SmartView describes the features and tools that are
Tracker” available for monitoring Check Point QoS.
Chapter 8, “Command Line discusses how to work with Check Point QoS via
Interface” the Command Line.
Chapter 9, “Check Point QoS a compilation of frequently asked questions and
FAQ (Frequently Asked their answers.
Questions)”
Chapter 10, “Deploying Describes how to deploy Check Point QoS and
Check Point QoS” provides sample bandwidth allocations.
Appendices
This guide contains the following appendices
Table A-2
Appendix Description
Appendix A, “Debug Flags” contains a list of debugging error codes.
Preface 11
- Related Documentation
Related Documentation
The NGX R65 release includes the following documentation
TABLE P-1 VPN-1 Power documentation suite documentation
Title Description
Internet Security Product Contains an overview of NGX R65 and step by step
Suite Getting Started product installation and upgrade procedures. This
Guide document also provides information about What’s
New, Licenses, Minimum hardware and software
requirements, etc.
Upgrade Guide Explains all available upgrade paths for Check Point
products from VPN-1/FireWall-1 NG forward. This
guide is specifically geared towards upgrading to
NGX R65.
SmartCenter Explains SmartCenter Management solutions. This
Administration Guide guide provides solutions for control over
configuring, managing, and monitoring security
deployments at the perimeter, inside the network, at
all user endpoints.
Firewall and Describes how to control and secure network
SmartDefense access; establish network connectivity; use
Administration Guide SmartDefense to protect against network and
application level attacks; use Web Intelligence to
protect web servers and applications; the integrated
web security capabilities; use Content Vectoring
Protocol (CVP) applications for anti-virus protection,
and URL Filtering (UFP) applications for limiting
access to web sites; secure VoIP traffic.
Virtual Private Networks This guide describes the basic components of a
Administration Guide VPN and provides the background for the
technology that comprises the VPN infrastructure.
12
- Related Documentation
TABLE P-1 VPN-1 Power documentation suite documentation (continued)
Title Description
Eventia Reporter Explains how to monitor and audit traffic, and
Administration Guide generate detailed or summarized reports in the
format of your choice (list, vertical bar, pie chart
etc.) for all events logged by Check Point VPN-1
Power, SecureClient and SmartDefense.
SecurePlatform™/ Explains how to install and configure
SecurePlatform Pro SecurePlatform. This guide will also teach you how
Administration Guide to manage your SecurePlatform machine and
explains Dynamic Routing (Unicast and Multicast)
protocols.
Provider-1/SiteManager-1 Explains the Provider-1/SiteManager-1 security
Administration Guide management solution. This guide provides details
about a three-tier, multi-policy management
architecture and a host of Network Operating Center
oriented features that automate time-consuming
repetitive tasks common in Network Operating
Center environments.
TABLE P-2 Integrity Server documentation
Title Description
Integrity Advanced Explains how to install, configure, and maintain the
Server Installation Integrity Advanced Server.
Guide
Integrity Advanced Provides screen-by-screen descriptions of user
Server Administrator interface elements, with cross-references to relevant
Console Reference chapters of the Administrator Guide. This document
contains an overview of Administrator Console
navigation, including use of the help system.
Integrity Advanced Explains how to managing administrators and
Server Administrator endpoint security with Integrity Advanced Server.
Guide
Integrity Advanced Provides information about how to integrating your
Server Gateway Virtual Private Network gateway device with Integrity
Integration Guide Advanced Server. This guide also contains information
regarding deploying the unified SecureClient/Integrity
client package.
Preface 13
- Related Documentation
TABLE P-2 Integrity Server documentation (continued)
Title Description
Integrity Advanced Provides information about client and server
Server System requirements.
Requirements
Integrity Agent for Linux Explains how to install and configure Integrity Agent
Installation and for Linux.
Configuration Guide
Integrity XML Policy Provides the contents of Integrity client XML policy
Reference Guide files.
Integrity Client Explains how to use of command line parameters to
Management Guide control Integrity client installer behavior and
post-installation behavior.
14
- More Information
More Information
• For additional technical information about Check Point products, consult Check
Point’s SecureKnowledge at https://secureknowledge.checkpoint.com/.
• See the latest version of this document in the User Center at
http://www.checkpoint.com/support/technical/documents
Preface 15
- Feedback
Feedback
Check Point is engaged in a continuous effort to improve its documentation. Please
help us by sending your comments to:
cp_techpub_feedback@checkpoint.com
16
- Chapter 1
Overview
In This Chapter
What is Quality of Service page 18
Internet Bandwidth Management Technologies page 19
How Does Check Point Deliver QoS page 21
Features and Benefits page 23
Traditional Check Point QoS vs. Check Point QoS Express page 24
Workflow page 26
17
- What is Quality of Service
What is Quality of Service
Quality of Service is a set of intelligent network protocols and services that are
used to efficiently manage the movement of information through a local or wide
area networks. QoS services sort and classify flows into different traffic classes, and
allocate resources to network traffic flows based on user or application ID, source
or destination IP address, time of day, application specific parameters, and other
user-specified variables.
Fundamentally, QoS enables you to provide better service to certain flows. This is
done by either raising the priority of a flow or limiting the priority of another flow.
18
- Internet Bandwidth Management Technologies
Internet Bandwidth Management
Technologies
In This Section
Overview page 19
Superior QoS Solution Requirements page 19
Benefits of a Policy-Based Solution page 20
Overview
When you connect your network to the Internet, it is most important to make
efficient use of the available bandwidth. An effective bandwidth management
policy ensures that even at times of network congestion, bandwidth is allocated in
accordance with enterprise priorities.
In the past, network bandwidth problems have been addressed either by adding
more bandwidth (an expensive and usually short term “solution”) or by router
queuing, which is ineffective for complex modern Internet protocols.
Superior QoS Solution Requirements
In order to provide effective bandwidth management, a bandwidth management tool
must track and control the flow of communication passing through, based on
information derived from all communication layers and from other applications.
An effective bandwidth management tool must address all of the following issues:
• Fair Prioritization
It is not sufficient to simply prioritize communications, for example, to specify
a higher priority for HTTP than for SMTP. The result may well be that all
bandwidth resources are allocated to one service and none to another. A
bandwidth management tool must be able to divide the available resources so
that more important services are allocated more bandwidth, but all services are
allocated some bandwidth.
• Minimum Bandwidth
Chapter 1 Overview 19
- Benefits of a Policy-Based Solution
A bandwidth management tool must be able to guarantee a service’s minimum
required bandwidth. It must also be able to allocate bandwidth preferentially,
for example, to move a company’s video conference to the “head of the line” in
preference to all other internet traffic.
• Classification
A bandwidth management tool must be able to accurately classify
communications. However, simply examining a packet in isolation does not
provide all the information needed to make an informed decision. State
information — derived from past communications and other applications — is
also required. A packet’s contents, the communication state and the application
state (derived from other applications) must all be considered when making
control decisions.
Benefits of a Policy-Based Solution
Based on the principles discussed in the previous section, there are basically three
ways to improve the existing best-effort service that enterprise networks and ISPs
deliver today:
• Add more bandwidth to the network.
• Prioritize network traffic at the edges of the network.
• Guarantee QoS by enforcing a set of policies that are based on business
priorities (policy-based network management) throughout the network.
Of these, only policy-based network management provides a comprehensive QoS
solution by:
• Using policies to determine the level of service that applications or customers
need.
• Prioritizing network requests.
• Guaranteeing levels of service.
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