Tài liệu miễn phí Y Tế - Sức Khoẻ
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Almost all of the 250 MSM surveyed knew that
HIV/AIDS could be contracted through sexual
intercourse and 80 percent cited condoms as a
way to prevent the disease, although actual use
does not reflect knowledge.
Many respondents reported having experienced
STI-related symptoms. For example, 42 percent
had had burning or penile discharge and 22
percent reported having had lesions or pustules on
their anus (Table 2). When asked about the causes
of penile discharge or burning, most respondents
mentioned such non-viral or bacterial causes as
poor hygiene, irritation from intercourse without
sufficient lubrication, spicy foods, long periods of
abstinence, masturbation, too much sex, or other
illnesses. More than a third said they had no idea
of...
8/30/2018 2:01:55 AM +00:00
In many countries of the world, government health ministries and education ministries work
separately with different goals. However, the evidence is growing from across the world that health
and education are inextricably linked to each other and to other issues, including poverty and income
level. This is evident in the importance the United Nations Millennium Development Goals attach to
education and health in setting out their development targets. It is now clear that education has the
power to improve not only economic prosperity in a country, but that it has a major effect on health
outcomes. This is particularly true...
8/30/2018 2:01:54 AM +00:00
Within developing countries, health sector reform, often including decen-
tralized priority setting, increases the information and advocacy burden for
inclusion of SRH concerns. Central functions (like operating logistic systems
and service quality control) require high-level commitment and a supportive
policy and regulatory framework.
The international discussion on SRH emphasizes an outcome-oriented
public health approach but people react to multiple dimensions. Strong pas-
sions and intensive debates continue on a range of issues: abortion, adolescent
SRH and even family planning. These issues elicit renewed discussion at every
relevant intergovernmental conference. Donor policies can advance or stif le
discussion and reproductive health program development. ...
8/30/2018 1:56:53 AM +00:00
Creating economic development is connected to increasing productivity
and investments in areas such as education, nutrition and health. Population
momentum joined with declining fertility rates provides a unique chance to
spur economic development as the work force increases and the dependency
burden of society decreases. However, this requires policies that create jobs for
the growing work force. The young age dependency burden in the least devel-
oped countries and regions creates expanding demands for resources to and
investment in education, nutrition and health just to keep pace with popula-
tion growth. The projected declines in birth rates, should adequate resources
help realize...
8/30/2018 1:56:53 AM +00:00
Until the HIV/AIDS epidemic, mortality levels were expected to continue
to decline in all regions. However, this tendency has been reversed in coun-
tries where HIV/AIDS is most prevalent, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.
Life expectancy at birth is lower in the developing regions than in the more
developed regions but it is projected to increase in both less and least develop-
ing countries. This is dependent on successful implementation of HIV/AIDS
prevention and treatment programs and on other health interventions. Migra-
tion, both internal and international, also conditions the prospect for progress
towards the MDGs....
8/30/2018 1:56:53 AM +00:00
Population trends affect the course of and prospects for poverty reduction.
Diverse and changing population dynamics have had dramatic impacts in sev-
eral world regions. Sub-Saharan Africa remains in a poverty trap where demo-
graphic factors – high fertility, high infant and child mortality, and excess
adult mortality (including that due to HIV/AIDS) – play significant roles.
Eastern Asia, on the other hand, has seen dramatic declines in the number
of persons living in income poverty. Recent analyses suggest that 25–40 per-
cent of economic growth is attributable to the effects of decreased mortality
(health affects productivity) and declining fertility (allowing a deepening...
8/30/2018 1:56:53 AM +00:00
SRH programs can help improve the nutritional status of women and their
children and advance progress on the hunger and maternal and child health
targets. Supplemental feeding programs for pregnant women, improving wom-
en’s knowledge of the nutritional requirements of themselves and their children
and increasing women’s power to negotiate access to needed nutrition must
be part of a multi-intervention strategy. Closely spaced pregnancies and the
associated high fertility levels place women at an increased risk of anemia and
other conditions of absolute and relative malnutrition.
Progress in alleviating hunger also requires targeted inputs to improve agri-
cultural productivity. Community level cooperative action...
8/30/2018 1:56:53 AM +00:00
The world has an unprecedented opportunity to improve the lives of billions of
people by adopting practical approaches to meeting the Millennium Develop-
ment Goals (MDGs). At the request of the UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan,
the UN Millennium Project has identified practical strategies to eradicate pov-
erty by scaling up investments in infrastructure and human capital while pro-
moting gender equality and environmental sustainability. These strategies are
described in the UN Millennium Project’s report Investing in Development:
A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals, which was co-
authored by the coordinators of the UN Millennium Project Task Forces....
8/30/2018 1:56:53 AM +00:00
The original motivation for writing this book was rather personal. The first author, in the
course of his teaching career in the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical
Statistics (DPMMS), University of Cambridge, and St John’s College, Cambridge, had
many painful experiences when good (or even brilliant) students, who were interested
in the subject of mathematics and its applications and who performed well during their
first academic year, stumbled or nearly failed in the exams. This led to great frustration,
which was very hard to overcome in subsequent undergraduate years. A conscientious
tutor is always sympathetic to such misfortunes, but even pointing out a student’s obvious
weaknesses (if...
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
The idea for The Phylogenetic Handbook was conceived during an early edition of
theWorkshop on Virus Evolution andMolecular Epidemiology. The rationale was
simple: to collect the information being taught in the workshop and turn it into
a comprehensive, yet simply written textbook with a strong practical component.
Marco and Annemie took up this challenge, and, with the help of many experts in
the field, successfully produced the First Edition in 2003. The resulting text was an
excellent primer for anyone taking their first computational steps into evolutionary
biology, and, on a personal note, inspired me to try out many of the techniques
introduced by the book in my...
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
the years that have passed since the pioneering work of Kakutani, Kac, and
Doob, it has been shown that Brownian motion can be used to prove many results
in classical analysis, primarily concerning the behavior of harmonic and
analytic functions and the solutions of certain partial differential equations. In
spite of the many pages that have been written on this subject, the results in this
area are not widely known, primarily because they appear in articles that are
scattered throughout the literature and are written in a style appropriate for
technical journals. The purpose of this book, then, is to bring some of these
results together and to...
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
Amer ic a faced a host of biological threats to health
and security at the turn of the twenty-first century. Between 1990
and 2009, the United States contended with a foreign biological
weapons program, bioterrorism, and a pandemic. Concerns about
Saddam Hussein’s biological weapon caches sent the U.S. military
scrambling to immunize troops against smallpox and anthrax. The
2001 anthrax attacks demonstrated that non-state actors could terrorize
civilian populations with biological weapons as well. A strange
outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 and
new avian and swine flu strains provided further reminders of the
pandemic potential of infectious diseases....
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
HOW DID ORDINARY PEOPLE THINK ABOUT MATHEMATICS IN THE PAST?
How did they write about it? How did they learn it and teach it? If—like
me—you think those questions are fascinating, read on.
Mathematics has been written about and thought about in all kinds of
different ways over the centuries, and, since the beginning of printing more
than 500 years ago, whole genres of mathematical writing have appeared
and, often, disappeared. This book brings together a taste of many of those
kinds of writing. As a result, it’s more like a spice rack than a finished
recipe—a rambling garden of delights rather than an orderly display of
prize blooms....
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
In the last few years, there has been an exciting growth of interest in questions about what we
do as human geographers and how we do it. Reflecting the general shift within the social
sciences towards a reflexive notion of knowledge, geographers have begun to question the constitution
of the discipline – what we know, how we know it and what difference this makes both
to the type of research we do and who participates in it with us either as colleagues or research
subjects … An intrinsic part of these debates has been a greater self-consciousness about research
methods. (McDowell, 1992a: 399–400)...
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
I’m the worst, because as I said there’s no way I can get it into my head, even though I pay
attention’ (Abreu, 1993, p. 124).
This was how Severina, daughter of an unschooled sugar-cane farm worker, judged
her performance in school mathematics. She entered school at the age of 6. At 14 she
was still in year 5. She repeated year 4 three times. After school she worked on the
production of manioc flour, and also helped her father in sugar-cane farming during
the harvest. She acknowledged that people in sugar-cane farming could do sums:
‘Yes, they do, but I think they do sums in their...
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
Another book on Emmanuel Levinas? In the context of the incomplete
and still unpredictable “return of religion” to academic and public
discourse, the work of Levinas becomes more pertinent, even as criticism
of it becomes more caustic. As the interaction but also the tension between
the religious and the secular increases, Levinas stands out among modern
thinkers for the original way he weaves together the religious and the secular
without opposition. In 1922, Carl Schmitt formulated his now well
known dictum that “all the significant concepts of the theory of the modern
state are secularized theological concepts.”1 According to this view, the
contemporary deployment of concepts such as sovereignty,...
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
A FORAY INTO THE WORLDS OF ANIMALS AND HUMANS
1 5 1 • 0 4 1 3 2 O V 0
.CARY WOLFE, SERIES EDITOR 12 A Foray into the Worlds of Animals and Humans with A Theory of Meaning Jakob von Uexkiill 11 Insect Media: An Archaeology of Animals and Technology Jussi Parikka 10 Cosmopolitics II Isabelle Stengers 9 Cosmopolitics I Isabelle Stengers What Is Posthumanism ? Cary Wolfe Political Affect: Connecting the Social and the Somatic John Protevi Animal Capital: Rendering Life in Biopolitical Times Nicole Shukin Dorsality: Thinking Back through Technology and Politics David Wills Bios: Biopolitics and...
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
In this volume of interviews and collected writings, Joy Harjo acts as
a guide, taking us on a journey into her identity as a woman and as
an artist, poised between poetry and music, encompassing tribal heritage,
productive reassessments, and comparisons with the American
cultural patrimony. But even before presenting herself in an exquisitely
literary context, she proudly underlines her Indian roots, and this allembracing
assertion unceasingly leaves a profoundly coherent mark
on form and content. Thus these interviews accompany the reader on
a human and professional itinerary, where the reading of her poems
is often an illuminating exegetic commentary, directly or more often
perceptibly, but at the same time...
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
The 'All Our Futures' report was published in 1999. The report was
commissioned by the government following the 1997 publication of
the White Paper 'Excellence in Schools' and alongside the revisions to
the National Curriculum, including the advent of the National Literacy
and Numeracy Strategies (DfES 1998 and 1999 respectively). Its
messages were long overdue to most teachers of early years and primary
age children as this was the first time in over a decade - since the
advent of the National Curriculum - that creativity was reinstated in
the political agenda. Not only was the focus on creativity welcome but
the messages the report contained were forthright and...
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
This is the third volume in the series of books on translational medicine gleaned
from the annual vascular biology and clinical medicine workshop held at the Royal
College of Physicians. The chapters are invited papers presented by internationally
recognized basic science and clinical experts. The aim of the workshop is to bring
basic scientists and clinicians together to discuss their work and perspectives in
areas of cardiovascular medicine and biology. We ask them to address the areas
which are likely to be important in the future and the associated challenges....
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
Everyone feels angry at times. By itself, anger is not a problem. It is simply a feeling, just like feeling happy,
excited, scared or sad. However, if it’s being stuffed or becomes explosive, anger can turn harmful and
destructive. Eventually, our anger can control everything we do and damage important relationships with
others.
Seeing Red is a curriculum designed to help elementary and middle-school aged students better understand
their anger so they can make healthy and successful choices and build strong relationships. The overall
objectives of Seeing Red are for participants to realize that they can control their behavior and develop
practical skills and strategies to manage...
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ was born on July 1, 1646, in Leipzig. His father, Friedrich, a scholar and a Professor of Moral Philosophy
at the University of Leipzig, died in September 1652, when Leibniz was only
six years old. But despite his father's early death, the younger Leibniz was
later to recall how his father had instilled in him a love of learning. Learning
was, indeed, to become an important part of his life. Leibniz began school
when he was seven years old. Even so, he later describes himself as selftaught.'
Leibniz seems to have taught himself Latin at age seven or eight, in
order to read editions...
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
.The Contest Problem Book V
American High School Mathematics Examinations and American Invitational Mathematics Examinations
198S1988
Problems and solutions compiled and augmented by George Berzsenyi
Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Stephen B Maurer
Swarthmore College
THE MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA
.NEW MATHEMATICAL LIBRARY published by The Mathematical Association of America Editorial Committee Underwood Dudley, Editor DePauw University Ross Honsberger, University of Waterloo Daniel Kennedy, Baylor School Michael J. McAsey, Bradley University Mark E. Saul, Bronxville Schools Peter Ungar Anneli Lax, Consulting Editor New York University The New Mathematical Library (NML) was begun in 1961 by the School Mathematics Study Group to make available to high school students short expository...
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
In Kant’s writings, the topic of religion occupies a strategic space at the
confluence of epistemology, ethics, and politics. Inquiries into the validity
of religious truth claims and the possible meanings of religious writings
and images form a vital part of Kant’s ethical and political project. This
project focuses on advancing human autonomy, both individually and in
terms of political concerns with shared worldviews, laws, and rights. In its
mature form, this line of inquiry begins with the Critique of Pure Reason,
is further developed in Kant’s ethical writings and the Critique of the
Power of Judgment, and reaches fruition in Religion within the Boundaries
of Mere Reason. This...
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
While looking at the papers collected in this volume one feels that, in spite
of their diverse themes, these seven studies have quite a lot in common
and, as a collection, seem to be signaling the existence of a distinct, relatively
new type of research in mathematics education. A comparison
with, say, a fifteen-year-old issue of Educational Studies in Mathematics
or of Journal for Research in Mathematics Education would reveal
a long series of differences.
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
Stress and university. These are not two words you often see together! Many people
recollect university as being the ‘best days of their lives’ or ‘a great laugh’ and we
hope that this will be the case for you too.
However, university is associated with huge change, and for most people change
brings stress. At university there is a need to be more proactive in your studies, your
social life and your ability to manage on your own. Although this transition is often
depicted as being good fun, many students have difficulty in dealing with the fine
balance between freedom and autonomy coupled with self-reliance and being...
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
The History of the Development of Muscle Energy Concepts
The development and refinement of what is now known as Muscle Energy Technique has been a process
in evolution over the past fifty years. Muscle Energy Technique (MET), which originated with Fred L.
Mitchell, Sr., continues to develop and evolve, first in the hands and minds of those who were privileged
to study and learn the method directly from Fred Sr. (the 'second generation'), and now, as the third
and fourth generation of students of the method apply it in their practices.
In the late 1940s while I was still in high school, Fred Mitchell and Paul...
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
One reason why the study of thermodynamics is so valuable to
students of chemistry and chemical engineering is that it is a theory
which can be developed in its entirety, without gaps in the argument,
on the basis of only a moderate knowledge of mathematics. It is
therefore a self-contained logical structure, and much benefit--and
incidentally much pleasure-may be obtained from its study. Another
reason is that it is one of the few branches of physics or chemistry
which is largely independent of any assumptions concerning the
nature of the fundamental particles. It does not depend on 'mechanisms',
such as are used in theories of molecular structure and
kinetics, and...
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
In 1856, Rudolf Virchow published “Cellular pathology” based on macroscopic and
microscopic observation of diseases, and described a triad of factors on thrombosis. The
three components were vascular change, blood flow alteration, and abnormalities of blood
constituents. Although Virchow originally referred to venous thrombosis, the theory can
also be applied to arterial thrombosis, and it is considered that atherothrombus formation is
regulated by the thrombogenicity of exposed plaque contents, local hemorheology, and
blood factors. Thrombus formation on a disrupted atherosclerotic plaque is a critical event
that leads to atherothrombosis. However, it does not always result in complete thrombotic
occlusion with subsequent acute symptomatic events (Sato et al., 2009)....
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00
The definition of a tree accepted by science and the forestry industry
is “A woody plant (arboreal perennial) usually with a single columnar
stem capable of reaching six metres in height”. Less than six metres
(21ft) of potential height is regarded as a shrub.This definition is not absolute; gardeners
contest the height threshold, some
preferring five metres (17ft) and others
choosing a threshold of three metres
(13ft). It is likely that bonsai enthusiasts
would entirely dismiss any figures
suggested. Horticultural selections of
dwarf conifers also fall into a grey area
usually called “dwarf trees”....
8/30/2018 1:52:59 AM +00:00