Tài liệu miễn phí Báo chí - Truyền thông
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The primary form of funding for both the Flemish and French-language public
broadcasters is government appropriations that are established between the broadcaster
and ruling government via a “management contract.” These contracts (created every five
years) set forth funding levels for the length of the contract and tie that funding to a
variety of performance criteria (D’Haenens et al. 2009). Objectives are established in four
broad areas — services (e.g. reach and appreciation), innovation, staff policy and financial
management; annual funding increases are contingent upon meeting these criteria. Annual
reports are required to establish whether these objectives have been met; a...
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These contracts are themselves relatively recent inventions in Belgium’s media policy
process (Coppens and Saeys 2006). Prior to their creation in 1997, a license-fee system
was used. Critics claimed that this left public service broadcasters both underfunded
and unaccountable. Since the implementation of these contracts, audience shares have
increased for public service broadcasters (De Bens 2004; d’Haenens and Saeys 2001).
Scholars have questioned the general transparency involved in this process: whereas laws
need to go through lengthy parliamentary processes, contracts are formed between a single
department within the ruling government and the public service broadcasters (Coppens
and Saeys 2006)....
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Public service broadcasters are mandated to “reach a maximum number of viewers and
listeners with a range of programmes which excite and satisfy the interest of viewers and
audiences” (VRT 2010). Both Flemish and French-language broadcasters must produce
relevant national programming designed for intended audiences. This is an issue due to
the high level of cable penetration in the country and the dominance of international
programming from other European countries. Mandates are put forth in “media decrees”
passed by Parliament and then specified under management contracts established between
the ruling government and the public broadcaster (Donders 2010). ...
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There are two primary types of external buffers. First, there are national regulatory
authorities — for the Flemish community this is the Vlaamse Regulator voor de Media
(VRM), for the French it is the Conseil Superieur de l’Audiovisuel (CSA). Both agencies are
intended to ensure that the public service broadcasters carry out the objectives set forth
in their contracts. They have no legal authority to intervene in programming decisions.
VRM is led by a five-person general board: by law, this must include a chairman, a judge
and three media professionals. These appointments are made by the Flemish government
and do...
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The other buffer is the Media Council (Sectoral Council for the Media). This council is an
independent advisory body composed of industry professionals and academics. Legally, they
have no binding authority and they are not part of the contract creation process. They make
non-binding recommendations to the government whether new services should be enacted,
based on proposals put forth by the public service broadcasters (Donders 2010: 52).
A 12-person Board of Governors oversees the public service broadcasters (VRT 2010).
These individuals are appointed by the ruling government and serve for a period of five
years. Their tasks include: approval...
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As these opportunities for media use have grown, young
people have taken them up eagerly and begun spending ever
more time with media each day. Minority youth have been
especially quick to adopt these new media platforms, just as
they continue to be more devoted to traditional media.
!ere is no other activity that young people devote
as much of their daily life to as they do to media, and its
place in their lives is still growing. As we consider the impact
of media use on children and adolescents—the types of mes-
sages they are...
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The public’s relationship to their parliament has changed. Where traditionally the work of parliament
might have been reported through media commentary, today members are tweeting and posting
comments to social networks from the chamber and committee rooms as events unfold. The public
can directly follow multiple points of view and different political perspectives on a debate and, in
some cases, directly contribute, communicating with members in real time. The public increasingly
expects these much more instant forms of communication and this extends the role of parliaments
to provide information about and access to parliament across a range of digital channels....
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Social media are platform-agnostic, which means that they can generally be accessed through any
Internet-enabled device, including personal computers and (increasingly) smartphone and tablet
devices but also via gaming consoles and new generation televisions. They are ideal places to connect
and engage with people who would not traditionally think about talking to their parliament or making
submissions on legislation. Social media provide an interactive and bidirectional experience. They
are not another broadcast channel, although they are often still used as a one-directional channel by
many parliaments around the world. What the public engages with is interaction, conversation, stories,
entertainment and,...
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Mistakes happen with social media because it is instant and perceived as a casual environment. Yet,
communication protocols and parliamentary regulations apply here too and staff using social media
must take care to follow these. Of course, these rules only apply to parliamentary staff and not to members
when using social media to present their own political positions and views and exercising their repre-
sentative function. In some instances, however, limitations could also apply to members (see 3.4). The
best rule – for all – is ‘if you’re not supposed to say it, don’t say it’ and to think before you...
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Whilst often defined through their capabilities to publish, share and connect, it is important to recog-
nize that social media are also valuable for listening and monitoring wider conversations, trends and
sentiment. Where first generation websites are about publishing, social media are about conversa-
tions and networks. They work most effectively when they are treated as an active medium, where
you connect and engage, responding to comments and answering questions in real-time.
Good social media practice means listening, responding, asking and sharing; it’s about being an active
participant in the network.
It can be helpful to consider engagement as a set of sequential stages....
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Internal use of social media needs to be clearly defined and well communicated so that all staff are
aware of their roles and responsibilities and understand how social media are used and managed.
Integrating the management of social media within existing structures helps to ensure consistency,
avoid duplication and encourage good auditing and archival procedures. Social media are inherently
two-way and a usage policy would reflect this by ensuring that there are clear guidelines for response
and for getting the most benefit from communities of practice and communities of interest....
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It is also important to consider how requests to create new and innovative channels or products that
use social media will be managed, recognizing that social media is often less formal, more iterative
and experimental. Its design and deployment is not suited to the application of traditional informa-
tion technology methodologies. It is important not to over-complicate social media usage and to
ensure that it stays light, responsive and not overly bureaucratic; otherwise you will lose the ability to
be responsive and engaging....
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Only staff who are authorized to disclose information would post it on social media. Therefore, the
same or similar sign-off processes as traditional media would normally apply. However, the speed and
informal nature of social media generate a higher risk of accidental or inappropriate disclosure, which
must be guarded against by ensuring that clear practices and procedures are developed and that
all staff are aware of these and adhere to them. Above all, staff should resist the temptation to rush to
respond and ensure that the implications of any information that is posted have been considered first....
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Parliaments must protect personal information provided by citizens, particularly when it is subject to
privacy or data-protection laws. Personal information generally means anything that can be used to
personally identify an individual and can include name, address, telephone numbers, e-mail addresses
and other personal data, medical information or biographical information that could lead to the dis-
closure of an individual’s identity.
Where information is being made public it is always good practice to ask permission to disclose it in
advance. It is also important to consider whether anonymous posts (or those made under a pseudonym)
will be allowed and if so whether...
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Every situation is different. The examples in this guide show how different parliaments have created
both ongoing communication channels and time-bound engagement tools to suit a range of purposes.
The tools and techniques that you choose will be different depending on what it is you are trying to do.
Twitter is good for publicizing publications, events and current opportunities for the public to get
involved. Social networks such as Facebook or Orkut take parliament closer to the public and can work
well to guide people to engagement platforms, learn more about parliament and, ultimately, get
involved. The European Parliament’s Facebook...
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It is not only acceptable for people to disagree with you, it is to be expected. Social media lowers
the traditional barriers of authority and hierarchy. Never block or delete comments simply because
someone disagrees with you.
This does not mean you have to engage with such comments. One of the most challenging environ-
ments for a parliament using social media is that the nature of comments will often be political, par-
ticularly when featuring a controversial piece of legislation or investigation. If this is the case you would
not expect parliamentary staff to directly engage in responding to the material comments that...
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“
Abuse is different from dissent. So long as you have a clear terms-of-use policy in place (or the social
media tool you are using does) then this is simply a case of evaluating comments and posts against
that policy.
Where possible explain to the commenter why his or her comments are unacceptable, particularly
if the commenter might simply not have understood or has just got carried away in a discussion.
The exception here is someone who is simply out to ‘troll’ you. This means the person is being inten-
tionally rude, challenging and disrespectful. It is never advisable to engage a troll...
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Measurement and evaluation are vital components of social media but they are in many ways problem-
atic and can appear confusing. At the simplest level, it is common to monitor traditional quantitative
variables such as number of followers (Twitter) or ‘likes’ (Facebook) but these only tell a limited part
of the story. Evaluation can include both an internal assessment of whether the objectives were
achieved and a sufficient quality of submissions or comments were received and an external evalu-
ation of whether all the stakeholders in the process felt that it was worthwhile taking part and that
they felt listened to....
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Whilst building up a strong following is important, it is as much about quality as quantity. Proactively
manage spam-generating followers and resist the temptation to build numbers for the sake of it. The
value of your followers lies in their influence and network. They can magnify anything that you say by
forwarding (sharing or re-tweeting) and promoting (both positively and negatively). It is often seen
as a good measure of social media effectiveness that you follow a range of important accounts and
commentators, although strategically you may wish to do this through other means such as monitor-
ing keywords (including hashtags)...
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As part of the oral evidence session with the Secretary of State for Education, Michael Gove, the UK
Parliament’s Education Select Committee used Twitter to reflect the publics’ main concerns about
education in the UK. They asked one question: ‘What one education policy question do you think the
committee should ask Michael Gove?’ and respondents were asked to use the hashtag ‘AskGove’
in their response (Figure 15).
The committee received 5,081 responses in five days, the majority of which were substantive ques-
tions on education policy. The most popular topics included the curriculum, the status and morale
of the school workforce, special...
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Committee staff grouped questions by subject. During the first part of the session, members asked
the Secretary of State for Education questions informed by the tweets. In the second part the min-
ister was asked rapid-fire questions, including many direct from the public, with members selecting
the tweets from the subject groups or from the full list of questions received. The committee session
was posted on YouTube with direct links to specific questions.
24
In this example, the UK Parliament exploited the capability of Twitter hashtags to broaden input to
and engagement with the committee process. Be aware though that this option is...
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Commons licence. Other institutions recognize that the direct target audience for open data is the
development community not the wider public and so require registration. This is a useful strategy for
managing updates and changes that could affect content and performance of applications derived
from the data.
An important consideration when providing open data is the structure and ensuring that it is readable
and meaningful (to both people and machines). Akoma Ntoso is an international attempt, originated
in the pan-African context, to define a ‘machine-readable’ set of simple XML-based and technology-
neutral representations of parliamentary, legislative and judicial documents and has now...
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Policing in the United States has experienced a watershed of technological innovation that has
impacted all facets of police activities: e.g., investigations, crowd control, and hazards
emergency management. Many of these innovations have been adapted from other industries
such as the military or private security. Unlike the information that is typically released from
traditional media outlets, social media is an integrated, real-time technology that is becoming so
pervasive in our culture that certain law enforcement agencies have adopted the use of social
media into their regular operations to deliver various policing services to the communities they
serve. While other technologies...
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Applicants should consider in their proposed research design how policing outcomes have been
influenced by using the above-referenced applications. Successful applicants will also consider
both official agency-sanctioned uses of social media and unofficial practices of the line officers.
It is recommended that the application include a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
between the applicant and the law enforcement agency for the participating jurisdiction(s) under
exploration. The application should include data sharing agreements between the applicant and
the agencies from which data will be collected.
The successful applicant will be expected to produce a variety of audience-specific research
and...
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I recognize that my biases frame the work in this thesis, particularly the perspective
that i use to consider social interaction and regulation. As an academic, my notions of
social interaction are entirely grounded in a Western, and primarily American
perspective. As a researcher and system designer, i draw from a diverse set of
disciplines, including sociology, psychology, cultural studies, queer theory, and
computer graphics. While i am partially versed in all of these fields, i am by no means an
expert in any of them. Yet, i come to this research as a technologist who...
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Issues of privacy and surveillance are embedded in my research. In handling these
issues, i value the individual over corporations and governments and seek a privacy
approach that makes data transparent to and controlled by their subject. In other words,
i believe that an individual has complete rights to their own data and their presentation.
Although i take a performative approach to identity presentation, i do not believe that
the individual is inherently fragmented. Instead, i see the modern individual as aware of
and reacting to the diverse social climate that we are embedded within. In...
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This thesis offers three novel contributions to this area of research. After grounding
the discussion in different notions of social interaction, i articulate a new theory of how
context operates in the digital realm, focusing on how the underlying architectural
differences require a new set of considerations. In particular, i tackle the problems that
occur when situational contextual information is collapsed and how users reclaim this.
As both contextual feedback and self-awareness are necessary for those seeking
appropriate social presentation, i discuss the importance of self-awareness within the
digital realm. In doing so, i discuss...
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With respect to children over two, the authors emphasize the importance of content in mediat-
ing the effect of television on cognitive skills and academic achievement. Early exposure to age-
appropriate programs designed around an educational curriculum is associated with cognitive
and academic enhancement, whereas exposure to pure entertainment, and violent content in
particular, is associated with poorer cognitive development and lower academic achievement.
The authors point out that producers and parents can take steps to maximize the positive effects
of media and minimize the negative effects. They note that research on children’s television
viewing can inform guidelines for producers of children’s media...
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One area of cognitive development influenc-
ing children’s ability to learn from television is
the perception of video itself. Some research
suggests that children do not begin to discrim-
inate between television and real-life events
until the early preschool years. For example,
Leona Jaglom and Howard Gardner reported
qualitative observations of three children from
age two to five. They noted that at age two,
the children recognized that the television
world was contained within the television set
but not until they reached age three or four
did they realize that the television world could
not affect them—that, for example, television
characters could...
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Other research focusing on children’s ability
to discriminate between televised programs
and commercials has generally demonstrated
that children younger than five cannot con-
sistently make that distinction.
15
Even when
young children correctly label programs and
commercials, they may still think that the
commercial is part of or connected to the
program.
16
Moreover, although children may
be able to identify commercials based on
perceptual cues by age five, their ability to
recognize the persuasive intent and inherent
bias in advertising does not appear to develop
until age seven or eight.
17
Together this research suggests that children
do not comprehend the symbolic nature
of...
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