Tài liệu miễn phí Báo chí - Truyền thông

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MEDIA AND POLITICAL POLARIZATION

The primary form of funding for both the Flemish and French-language public broadcasters is government appropriations that are established between the broadcaster and ruling government via a “management contract.” These contracts (created every five years) set forth funding levels for the length of the contract and tie that funding to a variety of performance criteria (D’Haenens et al. 2009). Objectives are established in four broad areas — services (e.g. reach and appreciation), innovation, staff policy and financial management; annual funding increases are contingent upon meeting these criteria. Annual reports are required to establish whether these objectives have been met; a...

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Producing your own media

These contracts are themselves relatively recent inventions in Belgium’s media policy process (Coppens and Saeys 2006). Prior to their creation in 1997, a license-fee system was used. Critics claimed that this left public service broadcasters both underfunded and unaccountable. Since the implementation of these contracts, audience shares have increased for public service broadcasters (De Bens 2004; d’Haenens and Saeys 2001). Scholars have questioned the general transparency involved in this process: whereas laws need to go through lengthy parliamentary processes, contracts are formed between a single department within the ruling government and the public service broadcasters (Coppens and Saeys 2006)....

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Public support for the media: a six-country overview of direct and indirest subsidies

Public service broadcasters are mandated to “reach a maximum number of viewers and listeners with a range of programmes which excite and satisfy the interest of viewers and audiences” (VRT 2010). Both Flemish and French-language broadcasters must produce relevant national programming designed for intended audiences. This is an issue due to the high level of cable penetration in the country and the dominance of international programming from other European countries. Mandates are put forth in “media decrees” passed by Parliament and then specified under management contracts established between the ruling government and the public broadcaster (Donders 2010). ...

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PUBLIC MEDIA AND POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE: Lessons for the Future of Journalism from Around the World

There are two primary types of external buffers. First, there are national regulatory authorities — for the Flemish community this is the Vlaamse Regulator voor de Media (VRM), for the French it is the Conseil Superieur de l’Audiovisuel (CSA). Both agencies are intended to ensure that the public service broadcasters carry out the objectives set forth in their contracts. They have no legal authority to intervene in programming decisions. VRM is led by a five-person general board: by law, this must include a chairman, a judge and three media professionals. These appointments are made by the Flemish government and do...

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BLOGS AND BULLETS NEW MEDIA IN CONTENTIOUS POLITICS

The other buffer is the Media Council (Sectoral Council for the Media). This council is an independent advisory body composed of industry professionals and academics. Legally, they have no binding authority and they are not part of the contract creation process. They make non-binding recommendations to the government whether new services should be enacted, based on proposals put forth by the public service broadcasters (Donders 2010: 52). A 12-person Board of Governors oversees the public service broadcasters (VRT 2010). These individuals are appointed by the ruling government and serve for a period of five years. Their tasks include: approval...

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EvAluAting mEdiA intERvEntionS in ConfliCt CountRiES

As these opportunities for media use have grown, young people have taken them up eagerly and begun spending ever more time with media each day. Minority youth have been especially quick to adopt these new media platforms, just as they continue to be more devoted to traditional media. !ere is no other activity that young people devote as much of their daily life to as they do to media, and its place in their lives is still growing. As we consider the impact of media use on children and adolescents—the types of mes- sages they are...

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NEW MEDIA AND CONFLICT AFTER THE ARAB SPRING

The public’s relationship to their parliament has changed. Where traditionally the work of parliament might have been reported through media commentary, today members are tweeting and posting comments to social networks from the chamber and committee rooms as events unfold. The public can directly follow multiple points of view and different political perspectives on a debate and, in some cases, directly contribute, communicating with members in real time. The public increasingly expects these much more instant forms of communication and this extends the role of parliaments to provide information about and access to parliament across a range of digital channels....

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ALTERNATIVES ON MEDIA CONTENT, JOURNALISM, AND REGULATION

Social media are platform-agnostic, which means that they can generally be accessed through any Internet-enabled device, including personal computers and (increasingly) smartphone and tablet devices but also via gaming consoles and new generation televisions. They are ideal places to connect and engage with people who would not traditionally think about talking to their parliament or making submissions on legislation. Social media provide an interactive and bidirectional experience. They are not another broadcast channel, although they are often still used as a one-directional channel by many parliaments around the world. What the public engages with is interaction, conversation, stories, entertainment and,...

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Religion or belief and the Workplace

Mistakes happen with social media because it is instant and perceived as a casual environment. Yet, communication protocols and parliamentary regulations apply here too and staff using social media must take care to follow these. Of course, these rules only apply to parliamentary staff and not to members when using social media to present their own political positions and views and exercising their repre- sentative function. In some instances, however, limitations could also apply to members (see 3.4). The best rule – for all – is ‘if you’re not supposed to say it, don’t say it’ and to think before you...

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MACLEANS MAGAZINE: A CASE STUDY OF MEDIA-PROPAGATED ISLAMOPHOBIA

Whilst often defined through their capabilities to publish, share and connect, it is important to recog- nize that social media are also valuable for listening and monitoring wider conversations, trends and sentiment. Where first generation websites are about publishing, social media are about conversa- tions and networks. They work most effectively when they are treated as an active medium, where you connect and engage, responding to comments and answering questions in real-time. Good social media practice means listening, responding, asking and sharing; it’s about being an active participant in the network. It can be helpful to consider engagement as a set of sequential stages....

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Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals

Internal use of social media needs to be clearly defined and well communicated so that all staff are aware of their roles and responsibilities and understand how social media are used and managed. Integrating the management of social media within existing structures helps to ensure consistency, avoid duplication and encourage good auditing and archival procedures. Social media are inherently two-way and a usage policy would reflect this by ensuring that there are clear guidelines for response and for getting the most benefit from communities of practice and communities of interest....

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Rethinking Public Media: More Local, More Inclusive, More Interactive

It is also important to consider how requests to create new and innovative channels or products that use social media will be managed, recognizing that social media is often less formal, more iterative and experimental. Its design and deployment is not suited to the application of traditional informa- tion technology methodologies. It is important not to over-complicate social media usage and to ensure that it stays light, responsive and not overly bureaucratic; otherwise you will lose the ability to be responsive and engaging....

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EXPERT ROUND TABLE ON SOCIAL MEDIA AND RISK COMMUNICATION DURING TIMES OF CRISIS: STRATEGIC CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Only staff who are authorized to disclose information would post it on social media. Therefore, the same or similar sign-off processes as traditional media would normally apply. However, the speed and informal nature of social media generate a higher risk of accidental or inappropriate disclosure, which must be guarded against by ensuring that clear practices and procedures are developed and that all staff are aware of these and adhere to them. Above all, staff should resist the temptation to rush to respond and ensure that the implications of any information that is posted have been considered first....

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The Council of Europe: Protecting the rights of Roma

Parliaments must protect personal information provided by citizens, particularly when it is subject to privacy or data-protection laws. Personal information generally means anything that can be used to personally identify an individual and can include name, address, telephone numbers, e-mail addresses and other personal data, medical information or biographical information that could lead to the dis- closure of an individual’s identity. Where information is being made public it is always good practice to ask permission to disclose it in advance. It is also important to consider whether anonymous posts (or those made under a pseudonym) will be allowed and if so whether...

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Focus on Formative Feedback

Every situation is different. The examples in this guide show how different parliaments have created both ongoing communication channels and time-bound engagement tools to suit a range of purposes. The tools and techniques that you choose will be different depending on what it is you are trying to do. Twitter is good for publicizing publications, events and current opportunities for the public to get involved. Social networks such as Facebook or Orkut take parliament closer to the public and can work well to guide people to engagement platforms, learn more about parliament and, ultimately, get involved. The European Parliament’s Facebook...

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MEDIA Programme (2007-2013) * CALL FOR PROPOSALS EACEA

It is not only acceptable for people to disagree with you, it is to be expected. Social media lowers the traditional barriers of authority and hierarchy. Never block or delete comments simply because someone disagrees with you. This does not mean you have to engage with such comments. One of the most challenging environ- ments for a parliament using social media is that the nature of comments will often be political, par- ticularly when featuring a controversial piece of legislation or investigation. If this is the case you would not expect parliamentary staff to directly engage in responding to the material comments that...

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FRAMING AS A THEORY OF MEDIA EFFECTS

“ Abuse is different from dissent. So long as you have a clear terms-of-use policy in place (or the social media tool you are using does) then this is simply a case of evaluating comments and posts against that policy. Where possible explain to the commenter why his or her comments are unacceptable, particularly if the commenter might simply not have understood or has just got carried away in a discussion. The exception here is someone who is simply out to ‘troll’ you. This means the person is being inten- tionally rude, challenging and disrespectful. It is never advisable to engage a troll...

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Science and the Media

Measurement and evaluation are vital components of social media but they are in many ways problem- atic and can appear confusing. At the simplest level, it is common to monitor traditional quantitative variables such as number of followers (Twitter) or ‘likes’ (Facebook) but these only tell a limited part of the story. Evaluation can include both an internal assessment of whether the objectives were achieved and a sufficient quality of submissions or comments were received and an external evalu- ation of whether all the stakeholders in the process felt that it was worthwhile taking part and that they felt listened to....

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Sensis® Social Media Report - What Australian people and businesses are doing with social media

Whilst building up a strong following is important, it is as much about quality as quantity. Proactively manage spam-generating followers and resist the temptation to build numbers for the sake of it. The value of your followers lies in their influence and network. They can magnify anything that you say by forwarding (sharing or re-tweeting) and promoting (both positively and negatively). It is often seen as a good measure of social media effectiveness that you follow a range of important accounts and commentators, although strategically you may wish to do this through other means such as monitor- ing keywords (including hashtags)...

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Settler arrivals 1996-97 to 2006-07 Australia States and territories

As part of the oral evidence session with the Secretary of State for Education, Michael Gove, the UK Parliament’s Education Select Committee used Twitter to reflect the publics’ main concerns about education in the UK. They asked one question: ‘What one education policy question do you think the committee should ask Michael Gove?’ and respondents were asked to use the hashtag ‘AskGove’ in their response (Figure 15). The committee received 5,081 responses in five days, the majority of which were substantive ques- tions on education policy. The most popular topics included the curriculum, the status and morale of the school workforce, special...

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Research and Evaluation on the Impact of Social Media on Policing

Committee staff grouped questions by subject. During the first part of the session, members asked the Secretary of State for Education questions informed by the tweets. In the second part the min- ister was asked rapid-fire questions, including many direct from the public, with members selecting the tweets from the subject groups or from the full list of questions received. The committee session was posted on YouTube with direct links to specific questions. 24 In this example, the UK Parliament exploited the capability of Twitter hashtags to broaden input to and engagement with the committee process. Be aware though that this option is...

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Social Media Guidelines for Parliaments

Commons licence. Other institutions recognize that the direct target audience for open data is the development community not the wider public and so require registration. This is a useful strategy for managing updates and changes that could affect content and performance of applications derived from the data. An important consideration when providing open data is the structure and ensuring that it is readable and meaningful (to both people and machines). Akoma Ntoso is an international attempt, originated in the pan-African context, to define a ‘machine-readable’ set of simple XML-based and technology- neutral representations of parliamentary, legislative and judicial documents and has now...

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Children, Media, and Race Media Use Among White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American Children

Policing in the United States has experienced a watershed of technological innovation that has impacted all facets of police activities: e.g., investigations, crowd control, and hazards emergency management. Many of these innovations have been adapted from other industries such as the military or private security. Unlike the information that is typically released from traditional media outlets, social media is an integrated, real-time technology that is becoming so pervasive in our culture that certain law enforcement agencies have adopted the use of social media into their regular operations to deliver various policing services to the communities they serve. While other technologies...

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SOCIAL MEDIA PREDICTIONS 2009

Applicants should consider in their proposed research design how policing outcomes have been influenced by using the above-referenced applications. Successful applicants will also consider both official agency-sanctioned uses of social media and unofficial practices of the line officers. It is recommended that the application include a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the applicant and the law enforcement agency for the participating jurisdiction(s) under exploration. The application should include data sharing agreements between the applicant and the agencies from which data will be collected. The successful applicant will be expected to produce a variety of audience-specific research and...

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Interim guidelines on prosecuting cases involving communications sent via social media

I recognize that my biases frame the work in this thesis, particularly the perspective that i use to consider social interaction and regulation. As an academic, my notions of social interaction are entirely grounded in a Western, and primarily American perspective. As a researcher and system designer, i draw from a diverse set of disciplines, including sociology, psychology, cultural studies, queer theory, and computer graphics. While i am partially versed in all of these fields, i am by no means an expert in any of them. Yet, i come to this research as a technologist who...

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Designing social media policy for government: Eight essential elements

Issues of privacy and surveillance are embedded in my research. In handling these issues, i value the individual over corporations and governments and seek a privacy approach that makes data transparent to and controlled by their subject. In other words, i believe that an individual has complete rights to their own data and their presentation. Although i take a performative approach to identity presentation, i do not believe that the individual is inherently fragmented. Instead, i see the modern individual as aware of and reacting to the diverse social climate that we are embedded within. In...

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Let’s taLk Social Media for Small Business

This thesis offers three novel contributions to this area of research. After grounding the discussion in different notions of social interaction, i articulate a new theory of how context operates in the digital realm, focusing on how the underlying architectural differences require a new set of considerations. In particular, i tackle the problems that occur when situational contextual information is collapsed and how users reclaim this. As both contextual feedback and self-awareness are necessary for those seeking appropriate social presentation, i discuss the importance of self-awareness within the digital realm. In doing so, i discuss...

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SOCIAL MEDIA MONOPOLIES AND THEIR ALTERNATIVES

With respect to children over two, the authors emphasize the importance of content in mediat- ing the effect of television on cognitive skills and academic achievement. Early exposure to age- appropriate programs designed around an educational curriculum is associated with cognitive and academic enhancement, whereas exposure to pure entertainment, and violent content in particular, is associated with poorer cognitive development and lower academic achievement. The authors point out that producers and parents can take steps to maximize the positive effects of media and minimize the negative effects. They note that research on children’s television viewing can inform guidelines for producers of children’s media...

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Literacy For the 21 Century st - An Overview & Orientation Guide To Media Literacy Education

One area of cognitive development influenc- ing children’s ability to learn from television is the perception of video itself. Some research suggests that children do not begin to discrim- inate between television and real-life events until the early preschool years. For example, Leona Jaglom and Howard Gardner reported qualitative observations of three children from age two to five. They noted that at age two, the children recognized that the television world was contained within the television set but not until they reached age three or four did they realize that the television world could not affect them—that, for example, television characters could...

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THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA VIOLENCE ON YOUTH

Other research focusing on children’s ability to discriminate between televised programs and commercials has generally demonstrated that children younger than five cannot con- sistently make that distinction. 15 Even when young children correctly label programs and commercials, they may still think that the commercial is part of or connected to the program. 16 Moreover, although children may be able to identify commercials based on perceptual cues by age five, their ability to recognize the persuasive intent and inherent bias in advertising does not appear to develop until age seven or eight. 17 Together this research suggests that children do not comprehend the symbolic nature of...

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