Tài liệu miễn phí Báo chí - Truyền thông
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Reality TV is only one of the ways in which the visual images of surveillance cameras are
circulated. It is institutional and often commercial, so usually individuals do not have an active
role in producing it – except when it comes to some programs presenting ‘the funniest home
videos’. Webcams are of a different order. Also many of them are institutional and commercial,
but there is a huge amount of webcams installed by individuals, for other individuals, without any
commercial tone. The webcam network can be conceptualised as a “grassroots telepresence
project” (Campanella, 2004: 61). Indeed, from...
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Some sites are presented as virtual cities where digital individuals live their lives parallel to the
‘real ones’, some promote the images of real cities being an increasingly important place
marketing tool. Especially the most iconic global tourist cities provide images that aim to give to
these material places new meaning in the virtual space. Apart from being part of the virtual realm,
webcams can, indeed, create ‘real interest on a real place’ adding to them “a whole new stratum
of cultural space” (Campanella, 2004: 59). Privately run ‘home webcams’ present daily lives of
individuals. While all surveillance tends...
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The purpose of this thesis is to delineate important issues that sociable designers
should consider when they develop structures intended to encourage social interaction.
In doing so, i address both theoretical and computational contributions to this area of
research. While i sketch a conceptual model for addressing these issues, the prototypes
that are discussed reveal the challenges that we, as researchers and designers, must face.
Rather than providing solutions, they expose the weaknesses in this area of research and
suggest paths for future research. Explicitly structuring a system for social interaction
requires overcoming many obstacles, as...
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From its inception, a primary use of the Internet has been to engage people in social
interaction. From email to Usenet to instant messenger, some of the most popular
applications have focused on building community and aiding in communication. Yet,
while these systems are quite popular, the architecture also restricts the types of social
interactions possible online. Online mediums are quite valuable for quickly sharing data,
but they prove limited in providing the support necessary for building community.
Community requires trust, yet building trust online requires understanding how trust is
built and designing systems accordingly (Bos,...
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Trust is complicated by the lack of consistent communication techniques and
expectations. As Saville-Troike (1982) noted in reference to physical interactions,
differing notions of communicative competence create misunderstandings; this also
applies online, although the likelihood of differing communicative expectations is
greater. Messages are often misinterpreted, resulting in flame wars or otherwise
unnecessary arguments. Yet, assessing a situation for communicative norms requires the
ability to determine interpersonal context; online, other people are difficult to see. Just as
presence is difficult to ascertain, so are the cues that people tend to embody. Context
takes on a different...
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These differences should be embraced and appreciated. Although access is not
universal, the digital era allows certain groups of people to connect across vast distances
in unprecedented ways. Information can be accessed with ease and spread rapidly
around the globe. Anyone online can publish their thoughts in a public space and
connect with people who have similar thoughts. While the digital opportunities are
invaluable, understanding and working with the differences to provide users with a
more sociable space can only enhance the possibilities of the digital realm. ...
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In order to provide users with appropriate mechanisms for presenting themselves, i
propose a two-tiered approach. First, users should have tools to be aware of themselves
and others. Second, they should have tools to manage their identity and presentation.
Given this perspective, Chapter 4 introduces digital self-awareness tools. By
presenting a selection of current tools, i discuss the motivations of designers in providing
users with necessary feedback mechanisms, including visualization tools and data
collection systems. From the perspective of empowerment, i critique this area of work
and suggest desired improvements. After discussing what types...
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Following this, i switch modes to analyze the sample prototypes that i helped design to
test these theoretical concepts. Chapter 6 introduces the applications section of this
thesis, while Chapters 7 and 8 detail Social Network Fragments and SecureId, including the
conceptual theory, the algorithms and the design approach.
Chapter 7 reflects on the design and concepts behind Social Network Fragments, a
visualization tool that i built in collaboration with Jeff Potter. Beginning with an
introductory background to social networks, i introduce the motivation behind this
awareness tool, reflecting on the importance of social networ ks...
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During social interaction, people regularly present themselves while simultaneously
reading the presentations of others. Depending on one’s personality, an individual will
adjust aspects of their presentation according to the reactions and presentations of those
around them. Fundamentally, social interaction is a negotiation between individuals
performing within a particular social context to convey aspects of their identity. This
negotiation often occurs with little conscious thought; people comfortably interact with
one another, revealing what is appropriate while assessing what information is being
given. Although these interactions happen at an unconscious level, it is important to
understand exactly what...
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In this chapter, i articulate some of the underlying motivations and actions that occur
as people interact, focusing on face-to-face communication. In particular, i emphasize a
multi -faceted approach to identity, Goffman’s notions of performance/perception, and the
importance of and mechanisms for context awareness and regulation. I have chosen to
explicitly consider these four aspects of social interaction for their relevance to the design
of digital spaces. These characteristics are affected by the underlying architecture; thus, i
feel as though their subtleties require closer examination. In discussing them, i also
relate psychological notions of self-monitoring, postmodern...
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Self-awareness allows individuals to have a sense of who they are in relation to society
and culture. By reflexively adjusting one’s perception of self in reaction to society,
people construct their individual identity. Approaches to identity abound, and they refer
to many different ideas about the self, much of which is grounded in contemporary
Western cultural values. Frequently, identity refers to at least two different aspects of the
individual – that which is an internalized notion of the self, and that which is the
projected version of one’s internalized self. Researchers have constructed this distinction
in...
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To clarify, my notion of internal identity refers to an individual’s self-perception in
relation to their experiences and the world. As it is reflective in nature, self-perception
cannot be purely manifested internally. Without society and experience as a basis for
reflexivity, there can be no internalized evaluation (Giddens 1991: 52-53). As such,
history, experience and interaction provide the model by which individuals can give
meaning to the physical, psychological, philosophical, and moral aspects of their identity.
One’s identity is not simply based on the characteristics that are written on the body or
the circumstances in...
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These two formations of the self do not operate alone; instead, the social identity and
the internal identity are in constant interplay. The public version of one’s self is impacted
by the internalized version, which in turn evolves based on one’s experiences. The more
that an experience challenges an individual’s notion of self in relation to society, the more
it impacts their identity. People notice who they are in relation to the people around
them, particularly noting that which is different. It is because of this that people are quite
conscious of their position in relation to...
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While interacting socially, people are aware of and react to the feedback that they
receive by the other people in an environment. They adjust their body posture, their
facial expressions, and their general presentation. These adjustments are made not to be
artificial but to convey appropriate social information for the situation. As articulated
best by Goffman (1956), all social interactions can be seen as a series of interactive
performances, where the actors are constantly altering their presentation based on their
assumptions about what is acceptable in this situation and the reactions that they receive
from others. ...
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Drawing from Goffman’s performance theory, there are three fundamental
components to the passage of social information between individuals. When information
is to be conveyed explicitly, it is given, but these messages are also impacted by the
subtle, and perhaps unconscious messages that are given off by the actors, as well as the
intention that the observer might infer (Goffman 1956: 2). Thus, any social message is not
simply a set of factual data, but a negotiation in communication relying on both the
signals presented by the actor as well as the signs perceived by the observer. ...
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While interaction operates on impressions, people are often naturally (or neurotically)
motivated to suppress their own desires in order to please others (Rank 1932; Moustakas
1972). In other words, they seek to create a good impression. Social conformity, or
collective action, relies on this behavior. The internal need to conform and the fear of
perceived social gatekeepers creates a mechanism for society to be regulated by social
norms. Yet, while there is a general desire to follow the social order, individual
personality characteristics determine how important and relevant conformity is. ...
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In his theories of self-monitoring, Snyder (1974) suggests that personality determines the
level at which people regulate their performance in relation to others’ reactions. As such,
an individual’s reaction to socially normative pressures is dependent on where they are
situated along an axis of self-monitoring. High self -monitors are highly attuned to the
expectations and reactions of others, and are therefore extremely conscious of presenting
themselves in a way that creates the desired impressions, either positive or negative.
Conversely, low self-monitors fail to incorporate social feedback when constructing their
presentation. Self-monitoring is important for considering how...
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“Without monitoring conversations on the Web, you won’t know who’s talking about your brand and your
products or services, and what the positive and negative sentiments are about them,” says Davenport.
“You won’t know how influential a particular praising or criticizing customer is. You won’t be able to
compare different brand messages, commercial videos, etc. and see what the quick reaction is to them.
In short, you’re missing a lot of marketing opportunity.”
In the survey, there was a small group of companies — just 12% — who described themselves as effective
users. This group comprised a kind...
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Tham khảo sách 'tunisian media in transition', văn hoá - nghệ thuật, báo chí - truyền thông phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả
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While effective media communication always aims to strengthen trust, its specific objectives
can vary. The intention in some situations may be to proactively raise awareness of actual or
potential risk, or to inform people prior to an emergency so they are better prepared to
respond. In other cases, it may be a more reactive response to an existing situation. Other
purposes include informing individuals and disseminating information on how to mitigate
the effects of an emergency. In yet other cases, the purpose may be to build consensus and
engage people in a public dialogue....
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This handbook is organized around the seven-step process for guiding public health
communicators in planning and implementing effective media communication shown in
FIGURE ONE. Its primary focus is on relations with the news media (both print and broadcast)
during a public health emergency – “media communication” can be taken to mean “news
media communication”. Many cultures, however, rely on folk and traditional
5
means of mass
communication which typically originate from the beliefs, culture and customs of a specific
population. As such, the handbook can be supplemented with materials, practices and
guidance for specific localities and target populations. A guiding principle of effective media
communication in a global context is...
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Journalists are often ill equipped to meet the information needs of special populations during
health-related emergencies. They also may not see it as their job or role to communicate
directly with these audiences. Special populations include elderly people, disabled people,
homeless people, housebound populations, racial and cultural minorities, linguistic minorities,
illiterate populations, transient populations (for example, tourists, business travellers and
migrant workers) and institutionalized populations. Because mass media outlets tailor their
content to reach particular demographic groups, it is the role of the public health body to get
its message to as many different audiences through as many different channels as possible.
This includes special audiences who cannot...
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In addition to these reactions, research based on interviews with individuals experiencing grief
indicates that such individuals may go through the following processes: trauma, shock, denial
(by ignoring warnings or ignoring messages to take protective actions), anger (for example, in
the form of emotional outbursts or assigning blame to others), bargaining (trying to find
something to mitigate or solve the problem), depression, acceptance of loss and forgiveness.
One highly stressed group often overlooked as a target audience for emergency
communication is first responders, health care workers and their families. For example, their
stress levels are likely to be significantly higher if they are not in receipt of...
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Many of these potential feedback mechanisms may not however be practical in an emergency,
and as a result, many will most frequently be used before or after an event (for example, as
part of follow-up and evaluation). For all these reasons, engagement with the mass news
media should always be only one aspect of a larger communication strategy during public
health emergencies. To facilitate this, the worksheet presented in FIGURE SEVEN should be
used in advance to identify and profile media outlets serving the community and a media-
communications strategy planned accordingly. During the planning process each media
outlet’s past coverage should be considered. It should be...
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Context of childhood sexual violence: The three most common perpetrators of sexual violence experienced by
females prior to age 18 were strangers, neighbours, and dating partners. Nearly two-thirds of these females
reported that at least one incident of sexual violence involved a perpetrator who was 10 or more years older. About
one-half of males 13 to 24 years of age reported that at least one of their incidents of childhood sexual violence was
perpetrated by someone older. The most common locations where sexual violence occurred at least once for both
females and males were someone’s house, at school, or while...
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Physical violence: About 6 in 10 females and 7 in 10 males reported experiencing physical violence prior to the
age of 18. Almost 1 out of 2 females and more than 4 in 10 males 13 to 17 years old reported that they experienced
physical violence in the past 12 months by either a relative, authority fi gure (such as teachers) or an intimate
partner. Among females and males who experienced physical violence prior to the age of 18, approximately 4 in
10 reported physical violence by their mother. Almost 3 in 10 females and about 6 in 10...
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Emotional violence experienced in childhood: about 1 in 7 females 13 to 24 years of age and 1 in 5 males reported
experiences of emotional violence prior to turning age 18. Among 13 to 24 year olds who experienced emotional
violence prior to the age 18, around one-half reported that a relative perpetrated the emotional violence and about
one-half reported that a neighbour perpetrated emotional violence.
Experiences of childhood sexual violence and current health status: Females who experienced sexual violence
prior to age 18 were signifi cantly more likely to report feelings of depression in the past 30 days than...
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The MSTF proposes the following immediate, medium, and long-term responses to the survey results. These are
further expounded upon in the discussion and recommendations section. Immediately, the survey fi ndings should
be widely shared with senior government offi cials, key stakeholders and the public. In addition, a communication
strategy should be developed to raise awareness on the issues highlighted in the report, particularly around social
norms surrounding violence against children. In the medium term, the MSTF and the government working with
stakeholders should develop a “National Plan of Action to Prevent and Respond to Violence against Children”,
develop...
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Violence against children is a global human rights and public health issue, with signifi cant negative
health and social impact on children’s development. The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
states that all children have the right to be protected against all forms of violence, exploitation and
abuse, including sexual abuse and sexual exploitation.
1
The short- and long-term consequences of
such violence are severe, not only for those who experience the violence, but also for families and
communities, and constitute a critical societal concern.
2,3,4
According to the World Report on Violence
and Health, child abuse or maltreatment...
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Many psychiatric institutions, general hospitals and social care homes in countries continue to use caged beds routinely
to restrain patients with mental disorders and mental retardation. Caged beds are beds with netting or, in some cases,
metal bars, which serve to physically restrain the patients. Patients are often kept in caged beds for extended periods,
sometimes even years. This type of restraint is often used when staff levels or training are inadequate, and sometimes
as a form of punishment or threat of punishment. The use of restraints such as caged beds restricts the mobility of
patients, which can result in a number of physical hazards...
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