Tài liệu miễn phí Báo chí - Truyền thông
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This research concerns pre-positioning knowledge to address development communication
strategies, which in turn are important for addressing the UN Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs).
It is difficult to predict the social impact of new technology. The development community
has to run to keep up with the changes in Information and Communication Technologies
(ICTs), and to determine the opportunities and dangers to the poor of new technology.
This research was commissioned as an opportunity for “future thinking”. Development
research often takes more than 10 years to get from the initial study to the field.
Meanwhile technology is changing on a monthly basis. ...
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The local production and broadcast of messages that ensure useful content for the poor
(especially that generated and managed in the South), might be incorporated into existing
media organisations. This may include the ministry of radio and telecommunications or
private enterprise that already operates national television/radio/printed matter. But it
may also include other groups who can see the potential of the new cheaper mechanisms
for mass communication (e.g. Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health), local
government (a town council that takes up the opportunities), civil society (development
organisations, local community based organisations, advocacy groups), and possibly the
private sector....
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This scoping study is relevant to a variety of potential stakeholders. This subject area is a
classic case of the possibility that those already working with media might be slow to
adopt change preferring “business as usual”, and the new opportunities may be taken up
by entrepreneurial community organisations.
The target audiences are the networks represented by the collaborators in those countries
specified, and a wider global network of organisations working with the collaborators.
The direct users of the scoping study will be policy and decision makers and international
donors. Indirect beneficiaries will include the poor in the partner countries....
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Technical Review. In addition to the above, two technical reviews were commissioned.
One was undertaken by Mr David Rushton, who is a leading pioneer in community
television within the UK (Rushton 2004). The other was a broader look at the emerging
technical options for low-cost broadcasting, undertaken by the core research team
(Eastwick 2004).
This desk-based research was supported by a focus on four countries. In three of the
countries a stakeholder consultation was undertaken culminating in a workshop to discuss
the research. In one country, Honduras, no workshop was held, as stated in the proposal. ...
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The workshops were attended by a wide range of stakeholders. This included
professionals in television and radio broadcasting, those with experience of community
television and radio, film libraries, independent film makers, government policy makers,
regulators, civil society (in particular agencies that have explored participatory video
and/or extension agencies that produce video as a part of their work, but including
agencies exploring the use of new technology in education), academics (in communication
and extension services) and the private sector (suppliers of communication services and
equipment). ...
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“However, the Rockefeller Foundation argues that these traditional approaches to
communication are generally insufficient in addressing the reality of the development
problems that exist, as they do not always reflect the complex changes in the
communications environments taking place in many developing country societies:
“Communication can play a much greater role in enabling people to take control over
their own lives, in enabling people and societies to set their own agendas in relation
to political, economic and social development; and in enabling, in particular, the
voices of the economically and politically marginalized to be amplified and
channeled to mainstream public and political debate.” DevMedia 2003....
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The experience of community radio emphasises the participation and ownership of the
community. There has been a strong role for local radio (private and NGO) and Pro-poor
public programming. It is more than likely that there could be reflections from the
different types of radio stations in the evolution of television. The private sector, if given
the chance, may start a local television station – owned privately but presenting local
content in local language. Similarly there is likely to be a measure of pro-poor
programming as a public service on the many forms of media that may emerge. For this
study, we...
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British people have seen a sample of US public broadcasting that has been so bad that it
features as a snippet in humorous mainstream programmes. With the exception of the
handful of RSLs the impression of the majority of British people is that community based
television is so dire that no one will watch it and it has no value.
In contrast to the UK, Germany has a significantly better track record, and local stations
in the USA do actually form part of a comprehensive service. The main argument for
community television can be found in the following quote:-
Community Broadcasting is a vital...
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One of the challenges for this study is the breadth of application of the subject matter.
Given the DFID focus on poverty, and the countries included in the study, the general
benchmark here is rural Africa. If some particular form or shape of community television
could be found to be relevant to rural Africa, and it was an affordable and realistic option,
it is likely that community television could be applied to other locations of the poor such
as rural Asia and South America, and impoverished urban areas.
In this section we look briefly at some of the information and communication needs of the
poor, in...
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Is this use of television vital for the community information needs? In R8069, the survey
included comment on various sources or means of finding information – about important
subjects. Table 6 demonstrates that TV is seen as a source of information although lower
ranking in importance than face to face communication, and radio. This is not surprising
given the relative ratios of television to radio. What is perhaps slightly surprising is that
television as a source is used by as many people (if not slightly more) than newspapers.
This may reflect literacy rates....
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The idea of the role of various ICTs to communicate information was further developed in
the follow-up research (R8347), in which respondents were asked to rank the importance
of types of information pertinent to rural livelihoods. It can be seen from Table 7 and
Table 8 that there is a great deal of similarity in the types of information regarded as most
important in both countries. Note that priority information needs tend to relate to social
matters.
Table 7 goes on to show the proportions of the sample who regard particular channels as
their principal means of communicating each type of information....
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Note that figures presented in Table 6 are higher than those in Table 7 and Table 8
because they are compiled from multiple responses (people could tick as many boxes as
appropriate), whereas figures from Tanzania and Mozambique represent the most
commonly used channel (people could only tick one box). Nevertheless, these figures
confirm that TV currently plays a significant role in information communication to rural
areas, particularly weather and news.
Once again, looking at India we find a different picture, but one that illustrates changes
that might occur over the next few years in Africa. ...
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We see that television has completely usurped the role of radio in all but social
information. While it has not replaced face to face and the telephone for social and
emergency uses, it is the major source for the weather and news. Below we shall discuss
programming on television and will note that at the moment television cannot respond to
local issues and is limited in what it can discuss – it is best known for news and weather,
hence the responses above. What if it were to present local issues, local business news,
local market data?
Currently television plays a small role in...
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Firms operating in the television industry lie at the interface between two
markets. In the first one, they sell their audience and part of their broad-
casting time to advertising companies (the advertising market). In the second
they compete for increasing the size of their audiences by proposing attrac-
tive program-mixes to TV-viewers (the audience market). Two major links
make these markets tightly interrelated. First, the larger the audience of a
particular TV-channel, the more attractive this channel as a media support
for the advertisers, and the higher their willingness to pay for having ad-spots
inserted in its program. This simply reflects the fact that the impact of...
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The Company’s ability to perform as contemplated in this presentation, including without limitation, its ability to enter
into or remain in any new or existing jurisdictions or to sell new or existing products, is subject to numerous risks, such
as, without limitation, customer concentration, competition from other suppliers, regulatory approvals, licensing
requirements, intellectual property considerations, and other known and unknown circumstances. Those and other
risks are described in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including without limitation,
under “Risk Factors” in the Company’s reports on Form 10-K and Form 10-Q. Many of such risks cannot...
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All forward-looking statements contained herein speak only to the facts and circumstances existing as of the date of this
presentation. Except as required by applicable law, the Company does not undertake and expressly disclaims any
obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, estimates, projections, dates, or risks, whether as a
result of new information, future events, changed circumstances, or otherwise.
This presentation may include non-GAAP financial measures to describe our operating performance, which we believe
are useful in measuring and assessing the performance of our operations. These measures are intended to supplement,
not substitute for, GAAP comparable measures. Investors...
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This document sets out a new framework for local TV in the UK. Chapter One outlines
the background to the local TV project and the stages through which the framework has
developed. Chapter Two explains the purpose and effect of the proposed statutory
instruments the Government intends to lay. It also explains the rationale behind the
proposed approach and how the framework has evolved following the Shott review last
year and in consideration of the responses to the local media action plan earlier this
year. Chapter Three sets out the timetable and processes involved, including Ofcom‘s...
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The Government is creating the opportunity for local TV licences to be awarded
through a competitive selection process run by Ofcom to broadcast targeted and
relevant local content including news, current affairs and entertainment programmes.
An indicative list of potential locations for local TV will be published in due course,
following the conclusion of detailed technical planning work by Ofcom. The
Government is enabling a new local TV market to emerge on a scale never achieved
before. Through the proposed framework the Government is addressing barriers to
entry and creating the right regulatory incentives. ...
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The Government is not mandating ownership structures or business models. It will be
for the market to respond to this framework and bid for the relevant licence or licences
in support of business plans and having regard to anticipated revenues and costs.
What the Government is seeking to achieve through this licensing framework is to
create an opportunity for businesses which may come together as a network if that
makes commercial sense; it also seeks to drive down capital and transmission costs for
the local licensees and ensure good quality local TV provision is provided within a
framework...
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Utilising spectrum on the digital terrestrial television (DTT) platform means that many
localities across the UK will have a chance to receive local TV services. However, this
will not be universal given inherent constraints with spectrum and the DTT platform.
Instead, localities not reached by local DTT broadcasts will in the future be able to
receive local TV through internet protocol television (IPTV) which most set-top boxes
and television sets have or will eventually have the capability of receiving. The
proposed framework prepares for this and sees the DTT solution as a transitional one
that will be...
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Licensed local TV services will gain appropriate prominence in electronic programme
guide (EPG) listings enforceable through Ofcom‘s statutory code. This will manifest as
a high channel number on the DTT platform. The Government anticipates that all local
TV services, whether they are licensed under this scheme or carried separately on
internet protocol television or video on demand, will have the opportunity of
discoverability on the front page of all EPGs. For example, Sky has offered to provide
front page yellow button access to Anytime+ customers; and Virgin Media is looking at
the possibility of front page digital...
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The Government is clear that the development of local TV is a two-stage
process. The first stage will be roll-out on digital terrestrial television (DTT)
services where possible, which may be accompanied by some satellite and
cable services. In the second stage, local TV will be available through Internet
Protocol Television (IPTV). The rollout of super-fast broadband will mean that
local TV will eventually be available to everyone across the UK. This document
is focused on the first stage of the process. ...
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Local content, primarily news, is produced and carried on a range of media
platforms by public and private providers. News consistently ranks as the most
important content genre for audiences. Nine out of ten adults regularly consume
some form of local news3
and over three-quarters of people rate local news and
weather as important types of media4
. News at all levels is an integral part of
the democratic process in the UK as it helps to hold institutions and individuals
to account. It is also an important sector for the practice of journalism and
associated skills...
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However, the Government is concerned about one section of the UK‘s media
market that has consistently struggled to establish itself as a viable and
sustainable force. Local television is common and popular across other parts of
the world especially in Europe and North America where there are well-
established local television services distinct from regional or national broadcasts.
Ofcom research identified that for most people, the term ‗local‘ means a person‘s
village, town or city – the immediate location in which they live5
. Yet, while the
UK has an established regional television service provision, there is hardly any...
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In addition, the Government has also had to consider affordability and
localisation of any framework it will introduce; the scope of engineering required
and the costs involved; and the scale and impact of legislative and regulatory
interventions. These have been considered in the local TV impact assessment
7
.
The framework the Government seeks to put in place will need to address each
of these issues while at the same time allowing the market to operate effectively
and efficiently. The Government believes that any framework should allow for transition within
the media market to future technological change (and this...
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The local media action plan set out the Government‘s thinking earlier this year
on how it could enable a new market of local TV services. The action plan was
largely a consultative exercise that considered the principles of local TV. It
discussed the options the Government could take to incentivise the market, such
as changing the wider regulatory structures or other steps to help create a new
framework for local TV. As part of this consultation, the Government invited
informal expressions of interest from those interested in operating a network
channel for the local services. ...
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Accordingly, the Government has been considering the feasibility of getting local
TV services on to the non-DTT platforms and has held discussions with these
providers. The costs associated with broadcasting on the satellite platform in
particular are likely to be prohibitive to most local TV service providers, primarily
due to the high cost of transponder capacity that would be required in each
location. In addition, the degree of localness that can be provided largely
mirrors the current regional television structure rather than a specifically local
one. Cable naturally lends itself better to a local footprint and there...
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The Government understands that IPTV will indeed play an important role in the
future of television broadcasting. It is Government‘s expectation that local TV
will develop in two phases, the first as outlined in this paper through services
carried on the DTT platform; the second through IPTV. The inherent limitations
of spectrum, including the geographic interleaved spectrum proposed in this
framework, mean that not all viewers will be able to receive local TV in the first
phase. However, the Government aims to have the best superfast broadband in
Europe by 2015. The Government‘s programme will bring...
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For the moment, however, DTT does remain the dominant free-to-air broadcast
platform in the UK. It is likely to remain so for some time. There are limited
indications as to how quickly households will connect to IPTV but it is expected
to take a few years. The Government‘s first stage of focus is bringing local TV to
as many pioneer towns and cities across the UK (given spectrum constraints).
This will be an important start of a process of eventual transition to IPTV over the
coming years to which the Government will be giving further active...
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If a service is not receivable outside of a member state‘s borders, then
advertising minutage restrictions (i.e. the number of minutes per hour during
which advertising can be shown) do not apply. Local TV services broadcasting
on DTT using GI spectrum multiplexes will be able to take advantage of this and
maximise the opportunities of increased advertising minutage. It will be a matter
for those providers to balance the minutage for advertising with sufficiently high
quality programming content to maximise revenues and equally appeal to
audiences. ...
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