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- International Journal of Management (IJM)
Volume 11, Issue 5, May 2020, pp. 120-125, Article ID: IJM_11_05_012
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijm/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=11&IType=5
Journal Impact Factor (2020): 10.1471 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
ISSN Print: 0976-6502 and ISSN Online: 0976-6510
DOI: 10.34218/IJM.11.5.2020.012
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
VISION “HEALTHY INDIA”- CHANGES AND
CHALLENGES IN HEALTHCARE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Sarita
Department of Business Administration, Chetan Dattaji Gaikwad
Institute of Management Studies, Pune, India
Amitesh Datta
Department of Microbiology, Maharaja Agrasen Medical College,
Agroha, Hisar, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
Health is the state of complete physical, mental, social well-being and not merely
in the absence of disease and infirmity. Every residents of the country have the right
to the highest attainable standard of health both physically and mentally. A strong
healthcare management system will ensure the adequate number of trained health-
care workers for better services through e-Health (Healthcare using Internet
technologies), mobile wireless technology (mHealth) through mobile apps and
MEDIDRONE based technology can play an important role for the access of
healthcare to the population all over the world. This study highlights the changes and
challenges faced by Indian healthcare management system in recent time, especially
against the pandemic disease COVID-19 and other life-threatening diseases
throughout the country. India needs to focus on accessibility and affordability of
health care, human resource, infrastructure development, e-health, IoT (Internet of
things) technology in healthcare sector, research and innovation development to
contain the spread of diseases (like, break the chain of Coronavirus) and other life-
threatening diseases.
Keywords: Changes and challenges, COVID-19, e-health, Infrastructure
development, Healthcare management
Cite this Article: Sarita and Amitesh Datta, Vision “Healthy India”- Changes and
Challenges in Healthcare Management System, International Journal of Management,
11 (5), 2020, pp. 120-125.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=11&IType=5
http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 120 editor@iaeme.com
- Vision “Healthy India”- Changes and Challenges in Healthcare Management System
1. INTRODUCTION
Health is a primary human right for every individual in this world. Declaration of health as a
fundamental human right in WHO agenda, “Health for All” means the resources for
healthcare evenly distributed and accessible to everyone.[1] To achieve this goal, the
Government of India has taken initiative like vision “HEALTHY INDIA” to provide
preventive, affordable and quality healthcare for all.[2] Quality care can be delivered by an
effective healthcare management system which determines the service quality in hospitals by
healthy interactions and staff engagement results desired outcome.[3] A sounded healthcare
management system is helpful to fight against deadly diseases like “COVID- 19”, a pandemic
outbreak throughout the world. But today’s healthcare services facing lot of challenges like
health awareness, infrastructure planning and supply chain management to save the life of
country’s 1.37 billion people.
When challenges demand changing, few initiatives can improve our entire health care
system to provide better health for everyone.
2. INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
Achievable healthcare services is the constitutional rights of peoples of India. Every
individual of the country deserves a cost effective and optimal standard healthcare services for
their physical and mental development.[4] But at present, the standard of health care
infrastructure is not enough improved and needs fundamental reform in order to combat
against emerging deadly pandemic disease “COVID-19.” It was estimated (2017) based on
service target approach, a normative need of around 11,304 healthcare management
professional’s (HMP’s) position were vacant for hospital management sector in India. Around
a thousand of consultants would be required in future institutes like National Institute of
Health and Family Welfare (NIHFW), National Health Systems Resource Centre (NHSRC),
State Health Resource Centre (SHSRCs) etc. to work in project management section. It was
assumed that, the additional requirement of healthcare management professional’s (HMP’s)
are 2435 by 2020,5681 by 2024 and 7300 by 2026, to achieve our nation vision “Healthy
India.” [5] In April 2020, WHO (World health organization) released a report showing, there is
global shortfall of 5.9 million nurses as world battling against coronavirus outbreak.[6]
Table 1 Data show health workforce (in numbers) in India by Global observatory data repository [7]
Year Medical Nursing Community Physiotherapist Medical and Pharmacists
Doctors and Health Personals Pathology
Midwifery Workers Laboratory
Scientist
2018 11,59,309 23,36,204 97,07,676 1,20,000 5,00,000 11,99,518
(8.571) (17.271) (8.868)
2017 10,41,395 28,21,815 - - - -
(7.779) (21.029)
2016 10,05,281 19,80,536 - - - -
(7.590) (14.953)
(Note: Figure shows in brackets represents per 10,000 population health workforces by Global Health
Observatory Repository in India)
2.1. Quality Care
Customer satisfaction is most important parameter for judging the delivery of quality care.
Service quality in hospital is determined by healthy staff interactions with patient. Human
resource management practices play a significant role in recruitment and retention of high
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- Sarita and Amitesh Datta
calibre hospital staffs.[8] India has made strategic investment to renovate healthcare
management system. National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), currently known as National
Health Mission (NHM) was launched in year 2005 to ensure quality and affordable healthcare
for all.[9] But the biggest challenge in rural healthcare system is lack of adequate
infrastructure, underfinanced, low supply of medicines, illiteracy, affordability, unawareness
for providing standard of care. The solution of this problem is improvement of quality care,
increase awareness, community participation, AYUSH services, collaborative approach and
health education to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDA) and Healthy India.[10]
2.2. Affordability of Healthcare
It is well known that the private sector is the dominant player in the healthcare arena in India.
Almost 75% of healthcare expenditure comes from the pockets of households and
catastrophic healthcare cost is important aspect of improvement. The public sector offers
healthcare at low or no cost but is perceived as being unreliable of different quality and
generally is not the first choice, unless one can’t afford private care. The solution to the
problem of affordability of healthcare lie in national and local initiative. Nationally, boost the
needed infrastructure and manpower, education, insurance schemes should be affordable and
accessible to everyone throughout the country. Locally, a consciousness of cost needs
awareness to be built into healthcare sector, from the smallest to the highest level.[11]
Currently India is spending 1.6% of GDP which is lowest with compared to global data. It is
assumed that the share of consumer expenditure on healthcare is expected to increase by
amount of 13% across the country in 2025. So, Government of India needs to declare some
SOP (Standard, operative, procedures) to raise the percentage of spending in healthcare sector
on technology, education, innovation and research.[12]
1.8
1.58
1.6 1.48
Value In Trillion Indian Rupees
1.4
1.22
1.16
1.2 1.12
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY2017 FY 2018
Public Health Expenditure From Financial Year 2014-2018
(Current health expenditure as percentage of GDP)
Graph 1 Data shows current health expenditure as percentage of GDP (%) in India [13]
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- Vision “Healthy India”- Changes and Challenges in Healthcare Management System
Research and development expenditure
1
0.9 0.859
0.813 0.831
0.805
0.8 0.757 0.757
[VALUE].704 0.726
0.7 0.639 0.62 0.597
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2011 2015 2018
Graph 2 Data shows research and development expenditure (percentage of GDP) in India by World
bank [14]:
3. TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES
Big data refers to the data generated in large volumes with complexities involving many
parameters and relevance. Every industry is going through transformation so as healthcare
also. Emerging and re-emerging diseases are threatening us constantly in today’s world. The
new way of treatment based on research, new drugs, advancement in procedures and use of
micro tools has changed the heath sector.[15] The assessment or monitoring the whole
population of India is the biggest challenge to measure the patient’s health parameter,
processing and analysis. To deal with such challenges, the digital revolution plays an
important role such as IoT (Internet of things), cloud computing technology, wearable devices
for monitoring, body area network devices and the MEDIDRONES. BAN (Body area
network, used for monitoring patients) and MEDIDRONE has been designed to provide on
time emergency services to people in rural villages using drones which is biggest challenge
for India.[16]
4. RESEARCH AND INNOVATION
Healthcare sector is one of the important sectors that require improvement and innovation. As
new technology evolves around us in day to day life events, there is a need for improved
operations in healthcare services.[17]According to World Bank report, India spent 0.597% of
total GDP in research and development in 2018.[18] According to Economic Advisory Council
to Prime Minister, “The research expenditure should be increased with the economy growth
and targeted to reach at least 2% of the GDP by 2022. It was pointed out that India’s public
investment in research and development as a fraction of GDP has remained stagnant over the
last two decades.[19] Healthcare offers the opportunity to find ways to make medical services
“more understandable, affordable and accessible”. So, to take the opportunity in healthcare
sector, there should be contribution of research and innovation in medical industry, e-health,
digital system, m-health, artificial intelligence, electronic health records, IoT technology,
http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 123 editor@iaeme.com
- Sarita and Amitesh Datta
AYUSH services and Robotic services which will contribute to economic growth of
country.[20]
5. CONCLUSION
Health is a state of complete harmony of the body, mind and spirit. A person is supposed to be
healthy if their surrounding environment is clean and living in a well-developed health care
management system. Healthcare covers not merely medical care but also all aspects of
preventive care too. This study concludes and suggests that a developing country like India
should focus on e- health, IoT based care, artificial intelligence, supply chain management,
infrastructure development, technology advancement, quality of delivery care, human
resource ratio, research and innovation in healthcare sector. Health awareness, collaborative
approach may be helpful to break the chain of today’s biggest challenge like COVID-19 and
others life threatening diseases.
REFERENCES
[1] “Health for All” Available from https://www.medicinenet.com/
[2] “Healthy India “Available from https://www.narendermodi.in>healthy-india.
[3] SC Jacob, J Manalel, MC Minimol, Service quality in healthcare sector: do HRM practice
matter?” British journal of heathcare management, 26 (2), pp 1-9. 2020.
[4] D. Sangeetha, M Venkata Rathnam, R. Vignesh, Jitta Sai Chaitanya, V. Vaidehi
“MEDIDRONE- a predictive analysis- based on smart healthcare system” published in
book of Proceedings 6th International Conference on Big Data & Cloud Computing
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[5] Ritika Tiwari, Himanshu Negandhi, Sanjay P. Zodpey “Study on health management
workforce for India in 2030” Aug 20, 2018 available from
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[6] Berkeley lovelace Jr “article WHO says there a global shortfall of 5.9 million nurses as
world battles coronavirus pandemic” available from https://www.cnbc.com published
April 6, 2020.
[7] Health workforce by Global observatory data repository in India available from
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[8] Khushboo Sabhrwal Gupta, Varsha Rokade, “study on importance of quality in healthcare
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[9] Ritika Tiwari, Himanshu Negandhi, Sanjay P.Zodpey “Study on health management
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[10] Nenavath Sreenu “healthcare infrastructure development in rural India: a critical analysis
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[11] Arvind Kasthuri “study on challenges to healthcare in India-The five A’s” Published in
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[12] Sanika Diwanji “study on Health in India- Statistics and facts on March27, 2020. available
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[13] Current health expenditure as percentage of GDP available from
https://www.statista.com/statistics/684924/india-public-health-expenditure/.
[14] Research and development expenditure data available from https://data.worldbank.org
http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 124 editor@iaeme.com
- Vision “Healthy India”- Changes and Challenges in Healthcare Management System
[15] Siddharth Kale, Harsh Tamakuwala, V. Vijayakumar, Longzhi Yang, Bharat S. Rawal
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[16] D. Sangeetha, M Venkata Rathnam, R. Vignesh, Jitta Sai Chaitanya, V. Vaidehi “study on
MEDIDRONE- a predictive analysis- based on smart healthcare system” in Proceeding of
6th International conference on big data & cloud computing challenges on Oct 5,
pp 19-33. 2019.
[17] Study: top innovation to expect from heath care published by science hub April4, 2020.
[18] “India spends in research and development in 2018” available from
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDVGD.Zs?
[19] “Target research and development expenditure of 2% of GDP by 2022: EAC-PM
available from https://www.the Hindu businessline.com published on July24,2019
[20] How technology is changing Heath care in India available on “https://knowledge-
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[21] N. Kamakshi Priya and Dr. M. Kalyana Sundaram, A Study on Relationships among Job
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[22] M.A. Shanti, K. Saravanan, An Effect of Data Mining Techniques in Public Healthcare-A
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[23] Ayan Chattopadhyay, Arpita Banerjee Chattopadhyay, Healthcare Management Status of
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http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 125 editor@iaeme.com
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