Xem mẫu
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI
V£ HOP D 6 N G THUfi TAU CHUY6< TRONG HANG HAI QU6C1^
r s , NGUYiN VU HOANG *
ThS.
1. Hpp dong thufi tdu chuyen - khdi niem,
phan lo^i, nguon luat dieu chinh
Hgp ddng thue tdu chuyin (tilng Latinh
la "charta partita", nghTa Id vdn bdn chia ddi,
mdi bfin gifl mOt mia),'" Id hgp ding 1dm
thanh vdn bdn hodc mgt phin 1dm thdnh vdn
bdn vd mgt phdn dupc in an, giiia chu tdu va
ngudi thue tau, Iheo dd con tdu dupe thue
dfi van chuyen hdng hod theo tuyfin dudng
xdc dinh, hodc trong khoang thdi gian xdc
dinh. Theo "Tir difin ludt hpc" ciia Black:
"Hgp ddng thue tdu chuyin Id hgp ddng
theo dd mdt eon tdu hodc phdn chinh cda
con tdu, duac su ddng y cua chu tdu se
dugc thuang nhdn sic dung di chuyen ch&
hdng hod tren mdt tuyen duang da dinh
tru&c t&i mdt hogc mgt vdi dia diim; la hgp
ddng dgc biet giita chu Idu vd nguai thui
tdu de chuyen cha hdng hod... '.
HAVI$THUNG**
- Trong phuong thirc thufi tdu chuyfin
dilu ki^n chuyfin chd, cudc phi, chi phi d&
hang hod Ifin xulng... dugc quy djnh cu thfi
trong hgp ding thufi tdu.
Thj trudng Idu chuyen thudng dupe
ngudi ta chia ra 1dm cdc thj trudng khu vuc
cdn cii vdo phgm vi hogt dgng cua tdu.
- Vdn bdn difiu chinh giflB cdc bfin gIm
cd hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyen vd van don
dudng bifin. Trong dd, mdi quan h? giOa
ngudi di thue tau (chii hdng) va ngudi cho
thufi tdu (chii lau) dugc dieu chinh bdng hpp
ddng thufi tdu chuyen. M^c dii da cd hop
ddng nhung khi nhan hang dfi chd, ngudi
chuyfin chd van phat hdnh van don (van don
theo hgp ding thufi tdu chuyfin).
Hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyin cd the dupe
phan logi thdnh:
Hgp ddng chuyfin (voyage charter
So vdi cac phuang thiic thufi tdu khdc, parly) la hgp ddng thufi tdu va dgi thuy thii
phuang thirc thufi tau chuyfin cd nhirng d$c cho m$l chuyen hanh trinh giiia cdng boc
difim ddc trung rat khdc bipt sau ddy:
hdng va cdng dd hang. Ngudi thue tau
- Tau chuyen khdng chgy theo hdnh trinh thanh lodn lien cho chu tdu trfin co sd tdn
ho?ic trd ggn. Chii sd hfln tau bifin thanh
hodc lich trinh dinh sdn.
- Tau chuyfin thudng chuyen chd nhthig loan tiln cdng bifin, phf nhifin lieu vd chi
logi hdng cd khdi lugng ldn, tinh chat ciia phf thuy thii. Tiln thanh toan cho vi§c thue
hdng hod chuyfin chd tuang doi thudn nhdt tdu gpi Id cudc phf. Hgp ddng chuyin xac
djnh thdi gian (dugc bilt nhu Id thdi gian
vd thudng chd day tdu.
Tdu van chuyen theo phuong thirc
u i g DH
din
chuyfin thudng cd cdu tao mdt boong, mifing * Giing vign Khoa lu^t T r]u§tnqu6c t^Kinh te Qu8c Lu|t
** Giang vifin Khoa phip
Tnrimg DH
ham Idn dfi thudn lien cho vlfic bdc hdng.
HiN6i
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 3/2012
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO OOI
1dm hdng) cho vipc do hdng. Nfiu thdi gian
1dm hdng bi vugt qua, ngudi thufi tau phai
trd phi bdc dd cham, cdn nfiu thdi gian 1dm
hdng ngdn han ban dinh, hgp ddng thufi tau
cd thfi yfiu cdu chii sd hflru tdu tra tifin
thudng bdc dd nhanh.'^'
Hgp dong thufi tau dinh han phd
thdng (time charter) Id hgp ddng thue tdu
cho mgt thdi hgn rifing bifit; chii sd hflu lau
bien quan If tdu nhung ngudi thufi tau lya
chpn cdng bifin va hudng di cua lau. Ngudi
thufi tau thanh todn chi phf nhien lieu, phf
cang bifin va lien thufi hdng ngdy cho chu
sd huu tdu bifin.*""
Hgp ddng thufi tdu djnh hgn Iron
(bareboat charter) Id sy ddn xfip dfi thufi
tdu nhung khdng thue trang thiet bj vd
thuyfin bd. Ngudi thufi tdu cd quyfin chifim
hflu vd kifim sodt ddi vdi tau va ehju trdch
nhifim phap Ii, tdi chfnh ddi vdi viec
chiem hflu dd. Ngudi thufi tdu thanh todn
todn bd chi phi van hanh, bao gdm cd
nhifin lieu, thuyfin vifin, chi phi cang bifin,
chi phi bdo hilm trach nhifim ciia chu lau
va bdo hiem thdn tdu.
Khdc vdi phuong thiic chuyfin chd bang
lau chg, ngudn luat difiu chinh hgp ddng
thufi tau Id luat qudc gia, khdng phai cdc difiu
udc qudc tfi dilu chinh van don. Do khdng
cd difiu udc qudc tfi difiu chinh nfin cdc bfin
trong thufi tdu chuyfin cd xu hudng sii dung
cdc hgp ddng mdu. Su dung hgp ddng mau
giiip lilt kifim thdi gian, tgo co sd thudn lgi
cho dam phan vd dugc cac td chiic hdng hdl
qudc gia, qudc tl khuyin cdo sit dyng.
Hgp ddng mau thue tau chuyin rk
phong phu vd da dang nfin ngudi thue lau luy
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S O 3/2012
theo mdt hdng cy thfi md lya chgn mlu hgp
ding cho phil hgp. Trfin thfi gidi hi?n nay cd
trfin 60 logi mau hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyfin
va dugc phdn chia thdnh 2 nhdm:
- Mau hpp ding thufi tau chuyen mang
tinh chdt ting hgp: Mau hop dong nay
thudng dugc dimg cho viec thufi tdu chuyen
chuyfin chd cdc loai hdng bdch hod. Phd bien
la cdc Ioai mau hgp ddng sau:
+ Mau GENCON: Hgp ddng thufi tdu
chuyen GENCON la hgp ddng mau dp dung
cho nhiing tdu chuyfin chd hang bach hod do
Hgi ddng hdng hai qudc te Baltic (BIMCO)
soan thdo ndm 1922 va da qua nhifiu Idn siia
ddi vao cdc ndm 1974, 1976, 1994.
->- Mau NUVOY: Hgp ddng thufi tau
chuyen NUVOY la hop ddng mau do Hgi
nghi dgi dien cdc ca quan thue tdu vd chu tau
cac nudc Hdi ddng tuong trg kinh tfi phdt
hanh nam 1964.
+ Mdu SCANCON: Hgp ddng thufi tdu
chuyin SCANCON la hgp ddng mau cung
do Hifip hgi hdng hdi qudc tfi Baltic phdt
hanh nam 1956...
- Mau hgp ddng thufi lau chuyfin mang
tinh chat chuyfin dyng: Mau hgp ddng ndy
dugc sii dung khi thufi hang hod cd khdi
lugng Idn nhu: than, quang, xi mdng, ngu
cdc, gd trfin ludng hang nhat dinh, vi du:
+ Mau SOVCOAL ciia Lifin Xd (cfl)
phat hdnh ndm 1962, mdu POLCOAL cua
Ba Lan phat hanh nam 1971 dimg dl thufi
tdu chd than vd mau AMWELSH phdt hdnh
ndm 1993 diing de chd than.
+ Mdu SOVORECON ciia Lifin Xd
(cu) phdt hdnh nam 1950 dung dl thue lau
chd qudng.
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO OOI
+ Mau RUSSWOOD cua Lifin Xd (cu)
phdt hanh ndm 1933 diing dl thufi tdu chd gS
tir Lifin Xd di cdc nudc.
+ Mau EXONVOY. MOBIVOY 96,
SHELLVOY do My phdt hdnh diing dl thufi
tdu chd ddu.
- Mau CEMENCO ciia My phdt hdnh
nam 1922 dfi thufi tau chd xi mdng.
+ Mau NOGRAIN 89 ciia Hipp hgi mdi
gidi vd dgi li My dung thufi chd ngu coc.
+ Mau CUBASUGAR cua Cuba phdt
hdnh diing dfi chd dudng.
2. Chii the cua hgp ding thuc tdu chuyen
Xdc dinh dugc chii the ciia hgp ddng
thufi tdu chuyfin cd vai trd ddc bifit quan
trpng dli vdi khd ndng thyc hifin hop ddng
thufi lau chuyfin. Hgp ddng dugc thyc hipfi
hay khdng phu thudc rat nhieu vao cdc chii
thfi tham gia ki kfit.
Trudc khi ki kfit hgp ddng thufi lau,
ngudi thufi lau can phdi tim hifiu cgn ke ve
ddi lac kfi cd dia chi, sd dien thoai, sd fax...
vi nhifiu khi dau hieu ciia sy lira ddo bdt ddu
tir nhiing chi tifit nhd nh^t nay. Ngudi thufi
tdu cung cdn cd dugc nhung chi tifit ddng ki
rd rdng va vj tri thyc sy cua cdng ti, linh
trang tdi chfnh ciia ddi tac...
Cac ngudn sau cd thfi sir dyng de kifim
tra thdng tin ve ddi Idc:'^'
- Cdc bdn chi dan cua Lloyd;
- Cac chi ddn cua Hgi bdo hiem P&l;
Nhung tham khao thuang mgi dupc
cung cap bdi cac nha khai thdc, cac Id chiic
thuang mgi;
- Phdng thuong mai, dai If lin dung;
- Cdc hifip hpi hang hai;
- Cdc td chiic, ca nhan cd tham gia trong
30
ITnh vyc thuong mgi hdng hdi...
Chu thi ciia hgp ddng gdm ngudi chuyen
chd vd ngudi thue chuyen chd.
Thugt ngfl' "ngudi chuyfin chd" trong ludt
hdng hdi ciia cdc nudc cung khdng gilng
nhau vl djnh nghTa hay cd the ndi Id chua co
sy phdn djnh rS rdng. Theo muc a Difiu I
Cfing udc Brussels ndm 1924: "Ngudi
chuyen ch& cd the Id chu tdu hay Id ngudi
thui tdu djnh hgn, hg Id mgt ben ki hgp dSng
vgn tdi v&i chu hdng ".
Khdi nipm trfin cd vfi don gidn nhung
thyc tfi iai ndy sinh nhifiu van de phuc tgp.
vi du: Tdu chd hang tir Ba I^n theo difiu
kipn ciia hgp ddng Nuvoy, Khi dd hdng,
mpt so hdng bj mdt. Cdng ti bdo hifim sau
khi bdi thudng thifit hai cho ngudi nhan
hdng dd g^p khd khan trong vipc xac dinh
ddi lugng khifiu nai, kifin tyng (kipn ai)
trudc tod dn. Difiu 2 ciia hpp ddng quy dinh
ngudi ki hgp ddng la chii tau - cdng li WB
(cdng ly mdi gidi C la dai difin). Sau thdi
gian difiu tra, cdng ti bdo hifim Balan dS
tim thay trong "LLoyd's Register of Ships"
ngudi chii lau chfnh thiic ciia tau ndi trfin
la dng A.L.H vd da kifin dng ndy ra toa.
A.L.H nggc nhifin vi dng ta dung Id chu tau
nhung khdng khai thdc nd. Tod dn Balan
da di dfin ket lu^n: Chu tdu - dng A.L.H
khdng ehju trdch nhifim vl viec mat hang
hod, yfiu cau ben nguyfin kifin nguoi
chuyen chd. Da hon mdl nam kfi tir ngay
dd hdng, thai hieu Id tyng da hit vd khilu
nai khdng dugc xet xir nfl-a.'*'
Quyfit djnh ciia tod an trong Irudng hpp
nay Id hoan todn phii hgp, bdi le diing ra
cdng ti bdo hifim phai kien ngudi diing ten
TAP CHi LUAT HQC s 6 3/2012
NGHIEN Ciru - TRAO OOI
ki hgp ddng thue tdu. Difiu nay phii hgp vdi
quy djnh cua Cdng udc Brussels ndm 1924,
theo dd ngudi chuyen chd cd thi la chii lau
hay la ngudi thue tdu dinh hgn, hp Id mpt
bfin ki hgp ddng van ldi vdi chii hdng. Vfi
phia ngudi thufi, mac dii da hinh thanh
nhieu loai hgp ddng mdu nhung do nhifiu
mdu hop ddng eiia cac hang tau khdng quy
djnh rd ngudi chu thyc tfi ciia tdu md chi
nfiu tfin ngudi dai dien nen ngudi thufi tau
cdn yeu cdu ghi ro chii thyc le cung nhu
ngudi dai dien.
Nhin chung, theo phdp luat cdc nudc,
ngudi chuyfin chd cd quyfin dugc thu tifin
cudc; quyfin tir chdi xep Ifin tdu nhung hang
hod khdng du lieu chudn an loan vdn
chuyfin. Bfin cgnh dd, ngudi chuyfin chd
cflng phdi thyc hifin nhifiu nghia vu. Mdt
trong nhu-ng nghia vu quan trpng nhat ciia
ngudi chuyen chd la cung cap tau cd kha
nang di bifin: Trudc hodc vdo liic bat dau
hanh trinh, ngudi chuyen chd phdi "can
man hpp If" dl cung cap con lau cd dii khd
ndng di bifin. Cdc nghTa vu khac cung cdn
kfi dfin nhu cung cdp con tdu diing theo hgp
ddng quy djnh. Nfiu con tdu theo hgp ddng
bi sy cd, ngudi chuyfin chd yeu cau difiu
mdl lau tuong duong vdi difiu kipn ngudi
thufi ddng y; difiu lau dfin cang bdc hdng
diing thdi gian va dja difim; bdc hang d
cdng di, san xip hang, dd hang d cdng din
khi hgp ddng cd quy djnh; chi huy, hudng
ddn vd gidm sat viec bdc hdng va san xip
hdng trong hdm tdu; chdm sdc, bdo qudn
cho hang hod trong suit hdnh trinh vd xir li
hdng sap cho cd lgi nhdt cho chii hang; sau
khi hdng dugc bdc Ifin tdu, ngudi chuyen
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 3/2012
chd phai cdp bd van dan cho ngudi giri
hdng; vgn chuyen hang theo tuyen dudng
thudng lp tu cang bdc hang dfin cdng dd
hdng vd trong thdi gian hpp li; tra hdng cho
ngudi nhdn hdng hgp phdp tgi cdng dich.
Ngudi chuyfin chd cung phdi gdnh ehju
nhflng trdch nhifim nhdt djnh nhu phdi bdi
thudng nhung thifit hgi phdt sinh nfiu khdng
cung cdp tdu, cung cdp tdu khdng dii trpng
ldi hodc cung cdp chdm vd phdi bdi thudng
thifit hai ddi vdi thilu hut, dd vo, hu hdng
ciia hang hod nfiu cd ldi.
Ddi vdi ngudi thufi tdu, cdc quyen quan
trpng can ke dfin la quyfin huy hgp ddng vd
ddi bdi thudng thifit hgi tuy timg trudng hgp
nfiu ngudi chuyen chd vi pham hgp ddng md
dd Id do Idi cua ngudi chuyfin chd. Ngudi
thufi tau phai tuan thii nghTa vu cung cap
diing chiing logi hang hoa nhu hgp ddng quy
djnh; dua hdng dfin cdng xep hang diing thdi
gian, dia difim, dii sd lugng, trpng lupng;
nghTa vu xfip dd, san xfip hang nfiu hgp ddng
quy djnh; nghTa vu trd tifin cudc day du va
diing theo quy djnh ciia hgp ddng va trd cac
khodn tifin phat do Idi ciia ngudi thufi tdu.'
3. Cac dilu khoan quan trong va tieu
chuan cua hpp dong thufi tau chuyen
Hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyen gdm nhieu
logi. Id hgp ddng phiic tap cd nhifiu difiu
khodn khdc nhau dfi xdc djnh rd trdch nhiem
vd quyen lgi cac bfin. Hifin nay. nhin chung
cdc hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyfin lieu chuan
thudng chiia dyng cdc difiu khodn sau:
- Difiu khodn xac djnh chti thfi, con tdu,
vd tuyen dudng van chuyfin;
- Difiu khodn hang hoa;
- Dieu khodn cuc«; phi;
31
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO OOI
- Dilu khodn 1dm hdng xdc djnh thdi
gian de hoc dd hdng hod;
- Difiu khodn vfi chi phf bdc dd;
- Difiu khodn thdi gian den dy kiln vd
difiu khodn thdng bdo sdn sdng xfip dd;
- Dieu khoan vl trdch nhipm vd mien
trdch Clia ngudi chuyfin chd;
- Difiu khodn lugt dp dyng va trpng tdi.
* Chu thi ctia hgp ddng
Chil the ciia hgp dong thufi tdu chuyin
bao gdm: Chii tdu (ho$c ngudi chuyen chd)
vd ngudi thufi tdu (ngudi xuat khau ho^c
ngudi nhdp khdu). Trong hgp ddng thufi tau
can ghi rd ten, dja chi ciia cdc ben. NhQng
dai If hodc ngudi mdi gidi Id ngudi duge uy
thae dfi kf hgp ddng thufi tdu thi phdi ghi ro d
cudi hgp ddng chfl "chi Id dai If" myc dfch
de xdc djnh tu cdch ciia ngudi kf hpp ddng.*^'
* Diiu khodn vi tdu
Ddy la dffiu khodn hfit siic quan trpng.
Khi thod thugn de thue vd cho thufi mpt
ehific tdu, ngudi ta phdi chi djnh con tdu cu
the. iGii do, ngudi la phai ghi cy thfi vao hpp
ddng: Tfin con tdu, hd hipu (call sign),*'^
qudc tjch tdu, ten co quan ddng kiem, hgng
tau, nam ddng, noi ddng, mdy chinh (tfin,
cdng sudt), mdy phdt difin (sd mdy, tfin may,
cdng suat), cd tau, trpng tdi todn phdn, trgng
tdi tjnh, dung tich loan phan, dung tich tjnh,
dung tfch chiia hdng rdi, bao kifin, mdn
nudc, cac sd do dai, rgng tdu, van tdc hdnh
trinh, cdu tnic boong, sd lupng cdn cdu, sire
nang, vj trf con lau liic kf hgp ddng.''°'
Thyc Ifi hdng hai da phdt sinh nhifiu
tranh chdp tir hgp ddng thue tdu chuyin
lien quan den difiu khodn ve tdu vd chii yfiu
Id tranh chap kha ndng di bifin cua lau. Vl
m^t phdp If, ngudi ta coi khd ndng di bifin
Id mgt trong nhflng dilu ki$n ciia hpp
ddng, nlu chit tdu vi pham ngudi thufi eo
quyln huy hgp ding.
Theo Dilu 3 Cdng udc Brussels nSm
1924 vd Dieu 75 Bp ludt hdng hdi Viet Nam
ndm 2005 thi trudc vd liic bdt ddu chuyfin di,
ngudi chuyfin chd phdi min cdn dl:
- Ldm cho con tdu cd dd khd ndng di bifin;
Trang bj vd cung cap nhan lyc, nhifin
Ii$u, thyc pham cho tdu mpt each thfch dang
vd day du;
- Chuan bj tit vd thfch hgp cdc hdm,
phdng Ignh va tat ca cdc bg phgn khac cua
tdu diing vdo vi$c chira hdng dl tifip nhgn
chuyfin chd va bao quan hang hod an toan.
Cd ba muc trfin tao thdnh difiu khoan ve
khd ndng di bien cua con lau.
Khi xdy ra ldn that ddi vdi hang hoa,
nfiu dung Id tdu khong dii khd ndng di bien
thi ngudi di kifin phai chiing minh rang lau
khdng du kha ndng di bifin va khdng dii kha
ndng di bifin la nguyen nhdn gdy ra tdn that.
Nfiu nguyfin dan quy kit nguyen nhan
khdng diing vd chiing tir khdng thuyfit phuc
se khdng bu§c dugc chu tau ehju trach
nhipm ddi vdi tdn thdt, vf dy: Tau Vortigem
khdi hanh lii Philippines di Liverpool
(Anh). Hgp ddng thufi tau quy djnh mien
trdch nhipm cho chii lau ddi vdi so sudt ciia
thuyfin trudng vd cdc sT quan may. Hdnh
h-inh dugc chia lam nhifiu chgng. Trong
hanh trinh, tdu ghfi vdo Colombo nhung
khdng ldy them than cho chdng tifip theo
dfin kenh Suez. Khi din gdn bin ldy than,
thuyin trudng cung khdng cho tdu ldy thfim
nhifin lieu vi khdng dugc sT quan mdy bao
TAP CHi LUAT HOC s 6 3/2012
nguon tai.lieu . vn
V£ HOP D 6 N G THUfi TAU CHUY6< TRONG HANG HAI QU6C1^
r s , NGUYiN VU HOANG *
ThS.
1. Hpp dong thufi tdu chuyen - khdi niem,
phan lo^i, nguon luat dieu chinh
Hgp ddng thue tdu chuyin (tilng Latinh
la "charta partita", nghTa Id vdn bdn chia ddi,
mdi bfin gifl mOt mia),'" Id hgp ding 1dm
thanh vdn bdn hodc mgt phin 1dm thdnh vdn
bdn vd mgt phdn dupc in an, giiia chu tdu va
ngudi thue tau, Iheo dd con tdu dupe thue
dfi van chuyen hdng hod theo tuyfin dudng
xdc dinh, hodc trong khoang thdi gian xdc
dinh. Theo "Tir difin ludt hpc" ciia Black:
"Hgp ddng thue tdu chuyin Id hgp ddng
theo dd mdt eon tdu hodc phdn chinh cda
con tdu, duac su ddng y cua chu tdu se
dugc thuang nhdn sic dung di chuyen ch&
hdng hod tren mdt tuyen duang da dinh
tru&c t&i mdt hogc mgt vdi dia diim; la hgp
ddng dgc biet giita chu Idu vd nguai thui
tdu de chuyen cha hdng hod... '.
HAVI$THUNG**
- Trong phuong thirc thufi tdu chuyfin
dilu ki^n chuyfin chd, cudc phi, chi phi d&
hang hod Ifin xulng... dugc quy djnh cu thfi
trong hgp ding thufi tdu.
Thj trudng Idu chuyen thudng dupe
ngudi ta chia ra 1dm cdc thj trudng khu vuc
cdn cii vdo phgm vi hogt dgng cua tdu.
- Vdn bdn difiu chinh giflB cdc bfin gIm
cd hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyen vd van don
dudng bifin. Trong dd, mdi quan h? giOa
ngudi di thue tau (chii hdng) va ngudi cho
thufi tdu (chii lau) dugc dieu chinh bdng hpp
ddng thufi tdu chuyen. M^c dii da cd hop
ddng nhung khi nhan hang dfi chd, ngudi
chuyfin chd van phat hdnh van don (van don
theo hgp ding thufi tdu chuyfin).
Hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyin cd the dupe
phan logi thdnh:
Hgp ddng chuyfin (voyage charter
So vdi cac phuang thiic thufi tdu khdc, parly) la hgp ddng thufi tdu va dgi thuy thii
phuang thirc thufi tau chuyfin cd nhirng d$c cho m$l chuyen hanh trinh giiia cdng boc
difim ddc trung rat khdc bipt sau ddy:
hdng va cdng dd hang. Ngudi thue tau
- Tau chuyen khdng chgy theo hdnh trinh thanh lodn lien cho chu tdu trfin co sd tdn
ho?ic trd ggn. Chii sd hfln tau bifin thanh
hodc lich trinh dinh sdn.
- Tau chuyfin thudng chuyen chd nhthig loan tiln cdng bifin, phf nhifin lieu vd chi
logi hdng cd khdi lugng ldn, tinh chat ciia phf thuy thii. Tiln thanh toan cho vi§c thue
hdng hod chuyfin chd tuang doi thudn nhdt tdu gpi Id cudc phf. Hgp ddng chuyin xac
djnh thdi gian (dugc bilt nhu Id thdi gian
vd thudng chd day tdu.
Tdu van chuyen theo phuong thirc
u i g DH
din
chuyfin thudng cd cdu tao mdt boong, mifing * Giing vign Khoa lu^t T r]u§tnqu6c t^Kinh te Qu8c Lu|t
** Giang vifin Khoa phip
Tnrimg DH
ham Idn dfi thudn lien cho vlfic bdc hdng.
HiN6i
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 3/2012
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO OOI
1dm hdng) cho vipc do hdng. Nfiu thdi gian
1dm hdng bi vugt qua, ngudi thufi tau phai
trd phi bdc dd cham, cdn nfiu thdi gian 1dm
hdng ngdn han ban dinh, hgp ddng thufi tau
cd thfi yfiu cdu chii sd hflru tdu tra tifin
thudng bdc dd nhanh.'^'
Hgp dong thufi tau dinh han phd
thdng (time charter) Id hgp ddng thue tdu
cho mgt thdi hgn rifing bifit; chii sd hflu lau
bien quan If tdu nhung ngudi thufi tau lya
chpn cdng bifin va hudng di cua lau. Ngudi
thufi tau thanh todn chi phf nhien lieu, phf
cang bifin va lien thufi hdng ngdy cho chu
sd huu tdu bifin.*""
Hgp ddng thufi tdu djnh hgn Iron
(bareboat charter) Id sy ddn xfip dfi thufi
tdu nhung khdng thue trang thiet bj vd
thuyfin bd. Ngudi thufi tdu cd quyfin chifim
hflu vd kifim sodt ddi vdi tau va ehju trdch
nhifim phap Ii, tdi chfnh ddi vdi viec
chiem hflu dd. Ngudi thufi tdu thanh todn
todn bd chi phi van hanh, bao gdm cd
nhifin lieu, thuyfin vifin, chi phi cang bifin,
chi phi bdo hilm trach nhifim ciia chu lau
va bdo hiem thdn tdu.
Khdc vdi phuong thiic chuyfin chd bang
lau chg, ngudn luat difiu chinh hgp ddng
thufi tau Id luat qudc gia, khdng phai cdc difiu
udc qudc tfi dilu chinh van don. Do khdng
cd difiu udc qudc tfi difiu chinh nfin cdc bfin
trong thufi tdu chuyfin cd xu hudng sii dung
cdc hgp ddng mdu. Su dung hgp ddng mau
giiip lilt kifim thdi gian, tgo co sd thudn lgi
cho dam phan vd dugc cac td chiic hdng hdl
qudc gia, qudc tl khuyin cdo sit dyng.
Hgp ddng mau thue tau chuyin rk
phong phu vd da dang nfin ngudi thue lau luy
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S O 3/2012
theo mdt hdng cy thfi md lya chgn mlu hgp
ding cho phil hgp. Trfin thfi gidi hi?n nay cd
trfin 60 logi mau hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyfin
va dugc phdn chia thdnh 2 nhdm:
- Mau hpp ding thufi tau chuyen mang
tinh chdt ting hgp: Mau hop dong nay
thudng dugc dimg cho viec thufi tdu chuyen
chuyfin chd cdc loai hdng bdch hod. Phd bien
la cdc Ioai mau hgp ddng sau:
+ Mau GENCON: Hgp ddng thufi tdu
chuyen GENCON la hgp ddng mau dp dung
cho nhiing tdu chuyfin chd hang bach hod do
Hgi ddng hdng hai qudc te Baltic (BIMCO)
soan thdo ndm 1922 va da qua nhifiu Idn siia
ddi vao cdc ndm 1974, 1976, 1994.
->- Mau NUVOY: Hgp ddng thufi tau
chuyen NUVOY la hop ddng mau do Hgi
nghi dgi dien cdc ca quan thue tdu vd chu tau
cac nudc Hdi ddng tuong trg kinh tfi phdt
hanh nam 1964.
+ Mdu SCANCON: Hgp ddng thufi tdu
chuyin SCANCON la hgp ddng mau cung
do Hifip hgi hdng hdi qudc tfi Baltic phdt
hanh nam 1956...
- Mau hgp ddng thufi lau chuyfin mang
tinh chat chuyfin dyng: Mau hgp ddng ndy
dugc sii dung khi thufi hang hod cd khdi
lugng Idn nhu: than, quang, xi mdng, ngu
cdc, gd trfin ludng hang nhat dinh, vi du:
+ Mau SOVCOAL ciia Lifin Xd (cfl)
phat hdnh ndm 1962, mdu POLCOAL cua
Ba Lan phat hanh nam 1971 dimg dl thufi
tdu chd than vd mau AMWELSH phdt hdnh
ndm 1993 diing de chd than.
+ Mdu SOVORECON ciia Lifin Xd
(cu) phdt hdnh nam 1950 dung dl thue lau
chd qudng.
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO OOI
+ Mau RUSSWOOD cua Lifin Xd (cu)
phdt hanh ndm 1933 diing dl thufi tdu chd gS
tir Lifin Xd di cdc nudc.
+ Mau EXONVOY. MOBIVOY 96,
SHELLVOY do My phdt hdnh diing dl thufi
tdu chd ddu.
- Mau CEMENCO ciia My phdt hdnh
nam 1922 dfi thufi tau chd xi mdng.
+ Mau NOGRAIN 89 ciia Hipp hgi mdi
gidi vd dgi li My dung thufi chd ngu coc.
+ Mau CUBASUGAR cua Cuba phdt
hdnh diing dfi chd dudng.
2. Chii the cua hgp ding thuc tdu chuyen
Xdc dinh dugc chii the ciia hgp ddng
thufi tdu chuyfin cd vai trd ddc bifit quan
trpng dli vdi khd ndng thyc hifin hop ddng
thufi lau chuyfin. Hgp ddng dugc thyc hipfi
hay khdng phu thudc rat nhieu vao cdc chii
thfi tham gia ki kfit.
Trudc khi ki kfit hgp ddng thufi lau,
ngudi thufi lau can phdi tim hifiu cgn ke ve
ddi lac kfi cd dia chi, sd dien thoai, sd fax...
vi nhifiu khi dau hieu ciia sy lira ddo bdt ddu
tir nhiing chi tifit nhd nh^t nay. Ngudi thufi
tdu cung cdn cd dugc nhung chi tifit ddng ki
rd rdng va vj tri thyc sy cua cdng ti, linh
trang tdi chfnh ciia ddi tac...
Cac ngudn sau cd thfi sir dyng de kifim
tra thdng tin ve ddi Idc:'^'
- Cdc bdn chi dan cua Lloyd;
- Cac chi ddn cua Hgi bdo hiem P&l;
Nhung tham khao thuang mgi dupc
cung cap bdi cac nha khai thdc, cac Id chiic
thuang mgi;
- Phdng thuong mai, dai If lin dung;
- Cdc hifip hpi hang hai;
- Cdc td chiic, ca nhan cd tham gia trong
30
ITnh vyc thuong mgi hdng hdi...
Chu thi ciia hgp ddng gdm ngudi chuyen
chd vd ngudi thue chuyen chd.
Thugt ngfl' "ngudi chuyfin chd" trong ludt
hdng hdi ciia cdc nudc cung khdng gilng
nhau vl djnh nghTa hay cd the ndi Id chua co
sy phdn djnh rS rdng. Theo muc a Difiu I
Cfing udc Brussels ndm 1924: "Ngudi
chuyen ch& cd the Id chu tdu hay Id ngudi
thui tdu djnh hgn, hg Id mgt ben ki hgp dSng
vgn tdi v&i chu hdng ".
Khdi nipm trfin cd vfi don gidn nhung
thyc tfi iai ndy sinh nhifiu van de phuc tgp.
vi du: Tdu chd hang tir Ba I^n theo difiu
kipn ciia hgp ddng Nuvoy, Khi dd hdng,
mpt so hdng bj mdt. Cdng ti bdo hifim sau
khi bdi thudng thifit hai cho ngudi nhan
hdng dd g^p khd khan trong vipc xac dinh
ddi lugng khifiu nai, kifin tyng (kipn ai)
trudc tod dn. Difiu 2 ciia hpp ddng quy dinh
ngudi ki hgp ddng la chii tau - cdng li WB
(cdng ly mdi gidi C la dai difin). Sau thdi
gian difiu tra, cdng ti bdo hifim Balan dS
tim thay trong "LLoyd's Register of Ships"
ngudi chii lau chfnh thiic ciia tau ndi trfin
la dng A.L.H vd da kifin dng ndy ra toa.
A.L.H nggc nhifin vi dng ta dung Id chu tau
nhung khdng khai thdc nd. Tod dn Balan
da di dfin ket lu^n: Chu tdu - dng A.L.H
khdng ehju trdch nhifim vl viec mat hang
hod, yfiu cau ben nguyfin kifin nguoi
chuyen chd. Da hon mdl nam kfi tir ngay
dd hdng, thai hieu Id tyng da hit vd khilu
nai khdng dugc xet xir nfl-a.'*'
Quyfit djnh ciia tod an trong Irudng hpp
nay Id hoan todn phii hgp, bdi le diing ra
cdng ti bdo hifim phai kien ngudi diing ten
TAP CHi LUAT HQC s 6 3/2012
NGHIEN Ciru - TRAO OOI
ki hgp ddng thue tdu. Difiu nay phii hgp vdi
quy djnh cua Cdng udc Brussels ndm 1924,
theo dd ngudi chuyen chd cd thi la chii lau
hay la ngudi thue tdu dinh hgn, hp Id mpt
bfin ki hgp ddng van ldi vdi chii hdng. Vfi
phia ngudi thufi, mac dii da hinh thanh
nhieu loai hgp ddng mdu nhung do nhifiu
mdu hop ddng eiia cac hang tau khdng quy
djnh rd ngudi chu thyc tfi ciia tdu md chi
nfiu tfin ngudi dai dien nen ngudi thufi tau
cdn yeu cdu ghi ro chii thyc le cung nhu
ngudi dai dien.
Nhin chung, theo phdp luat cdc nudc,
ngudi chuyfin chd cd quyfin dugc thu tifin
cudc; quyfin tir chdi xep Ifin tdu nhung hang
hod khdng du lieu chudn an loan vdn
chuyfin. Bfin cgnh dd, ngudi chuyfin chd
cflng phdi thyc hifin nhifiu nghia vu. Mdt
trong nhu-ng nghia vu quan trpng nhat ciia
ngudi chuyen chd la cung cap tau cd kha
nang di bifin: Trudc hodc vdo liic bat dau
hanh trinh, ngudi chuyen chd phdi "can
man hpp If" dl cung cap con lau cd dii khd
ndng di bifin. Cdc nghTa vu khac cung cdn
kfi dfin nhu cung cdp con tdu diing theo hgp
ddng quy djnh. Nfiu con tdu theo hgp ddng
bi sy cd, ngudi chuyfin chd yeu cau difiu
mdl lau tuong duong vdi difiu kipn ngudi
thufi ddng y; difiu lau dfin cang bdc hdng
diing thdi gian va dja difim; bdc hang d
cdng di, san xip hang, dd hang d cdng din
khi hgp ddng cd quy djnh; chi huy, hudng
ddn vd gidm sat viec bdc hdng va san xip
hdng trong hdm tdu; chdm sdc, bdo qudn
cho hang hod trong suit hdnh trinh vd xir li
hdng sap cho cd lgi nhdt cho chii hang; sau
khi hdng dugc bdc Ifin tdu, ngudi chuyen
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 3/2012
chd phai cdp bd van dan cho ngudi giri
hdng; vgn chuyen hang theo tuyen dudng
thudng lp tu cang bdc hang dfin cdng dd
hdng vd trong thdi gian hpp li; tra hdng cho
ngudi nhdn hdng hgp phdp tgi cdng dich.
Ngudi chuyfin chd cung phdi gdnh ehju
nhflng trdch nhifim nhdt djnh nhu phdi bdi
thudng nhung thifit hgi phdt sinh nfiu khdng
cung cdp tdu, cung cdp tdu khdng dii trpng
ldi hodc cung cdp chdm vd phdi bdi thudng
thifit hai ddi vdi thilu hut, dd vo, hu hdng
ciia hang hod nfiu cd ldi.
Ddi vdi ngudi thufi tdu, cdc quyen quan
trpng can ke dfin la quyfin huy hgp ddng vd
ddi bdi thudng thifit hgi tuy timg trudng hgp
nfiu ngudi chuyen chd vi pham hgp ddng md
dd Id do Idi cua ngudi chuyfin chd. Ngudi
thufi tau phai tuan thii nghTa vu cung cap
diing chiing logi hang hoa nhu hgp ddng quy
djnh; dua hdng dfin cdng xep hang diing thdi
gian, dia difim, dii sd lugng, trpng lupng;
nghTa vu xfip dd, san xfip hang nfiu hgp ddng
quy djnh; nghTa vu trd tifin cudc day du va
diing theo quy djnh ciia hgp ddng va trd cac
khodn tifin phat do Idi ciia ngudi thufi tdu.'
3. Cac dilu khoan quan trong va tieu
chuan cua hpp dong thufi tau chuyen
Hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyen gdm nhieu
logi. Id hgp ddng phiic tap cd nhifiu difiu
khodn khdc nhau dfi xdc djnh rd trdch nhiem
vd quyen lgi cac bfin. Hifin nay. nhin chung
cdc hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyfin lieu chuan
thudng chiia dyng cdc difiu khodn sau:
- Difiu khodn xac djnh chti thfi, con tdu,
vd tuyen dudng van chuyfin;
- Difiu khodn hang hoa;
- Dieu khodn cuc«; phi;
31
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO OOI
- Dilu khodn 1dm hdng xdc djnh thdi
gian de hoc dd hdng hod;
- Difiu khodn vfi chi phf bdc dd;
- Difiu khodn thdi gian den dy kiln vd
difiu khodn thdng bdo sdn sdng xfip dd;
- Dieu khoan vl trdch nhipm vd mien
trdch Clia ngudi chuyfin chd;
- Difiu khodn lugt dp dyng va trpng tdi.
* Chu thi ctia hgp ddng
Chil the ciia hgp dong thufi tdu chuyin
bao gdm: Chii tdu (ho$c ngudi chuyen chd)
vd ngudi thufi tdu (ngudi xuat khau ho^c
ngudi nhdp khdu). Trong hgp ddng thufi tau
can ghi rd ten, dja chi ciia cdc ben. NhQng
dai If hodc ngudi mdi gidi Id ngudi duge uy
thae dfi kf hgp ddng thufi tdu thi phdi ghi ro d
cudi hgp ddng chfl "chi Id dai If" myc dfch
de xdc djnh tu cdch ciia ngudi kf hpp ddng.*^'
* Diiu khodn vi tdu
Ddy la dffiu khodn hfit siic quan trpng.
Khi thod thugn de thue vd cho thufi mpt
ehific tdu, ngudi ta phdi chi djnh con tdu cu
the. iGii do, ngudi la phai ghi cy thfi vao hpp
ddng: Tfin con tdu, hd hipu (call sign),*'^
qudc tjch tdu, ten co quan ddng kiem, hgng
tau, nam ddng, noi ddng, mdy chinh (tfin,
cdng sudt), mdy phdt difin (sd mdy, tfin may,
cdng suat), cd tau, trpng tdi todn phdn, trgng
tdi tjnh, dung tich loan phan, dung tich tjnh,
dung tfch chiia hdng rdi, bao kifin, mdn
nudc, cac sd do dai, rgng tdu, van tdc hdnh
trinh, cdu tnic boong, sd lupng cdn cdu, sire
nang, vj trf con lau liic kf hgp ddng.''°'
Thyc Ifi hdng hai da phdt sinh nhifiu
tranh chdp tir hgp ddng thue tdu chuyin
lien quan den difiu khodn ve tdu vd chii yfiu
Id tranh chap kha ndng di bifin cua lau. Vl
m^t phdp If, ngudi ta coi khd ndng di bifin
Id mgt trong nhflng dilu ki$n ciia hpp
ddng, nlu chit tdu vi pham ngudi thufi eo
quyln huy hgp ding.
Theo Dilu 3 Cdng udc Brussels nSm
1924 vd Dieu 75 Bp ludt hdng hdi Viet Nam
ndm 2005 thi trudc vd liic bdt ddu chuyfin di,
ngudi chuyfin chd phdi min cdn dl:
- Ldm cho con tdu cd dd khd ndng di bifin;
Trang bj vd cung cap nhan lyc, nhifin
Ii$u, thyc pham cho tdu mpt each thfch dang
vd day du;
- Chuan bj tit vd thfch hgp cdc hdm,
phdng Ignh va tat ca cdc bg phgn khac cua
tdu diing vdo vi$c chira hdng dl tifip nhgn
chuyfin chd va bao quan hang hod an toan.
Cd ba muc trfin tao thdnh difiu khoan ve
khd ndng di bien cua con lau.
Khi xdy ra ldn that ddi vdi hang hoa,
nfiu dung Id tdu khong dii khd ndng di bien
thi ngudi di kifin phai chiing minh rang lau
khdng du kha ndng di bifin va khdng dii kha
ndng di bifin la nguyen nhdn gdy ra tdn that.
Nfiu nguyfin dan quy kit nguyen nhan
khdng diing vd chiing tir khdng thuyfit phuc
se khdng bu§c dugc chu tau ehju trach
nhipm ddi vdi tdn thdt, vf dy: Tau Vortigem
khdi hanh lii Philippines di Liverpool
(Anh). Hgp ddng thufi tau quy djnh mien
trdch nhipm cho chii lau ddi vdi so sudt ciia
thuyfin trudng vd cdc sT quan may. Hdnh
h-inh dugc chia lam nhifiu chgng. Trong
hanh trinh, tdu ghfi vdo Colombo nhung
khdng ldy them than cho chdng tifip theo
dfin kenh Suez. Khi din gdn bin ldy than,
thuyin trudng cung khdng cho tdu ldy thfim
nhifin lieu vi khdng dugc sT quan mdy bao
TAP CHi LUAT HOC s 6 3/2012