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Compiled by the Employment and Economic Policy Research Programme of the Human Sciences Research Council
Published by HSRC Press
Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za
© 2005 Human Sciences Research Council
First published 2005
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
ISBN 0-7969-2100-8
Cover by Flame Design
Copy edited by Susan de Villiers Typeset by Jenny Wheeldon
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CONTENTS
List of Tables v List of Figures vii Contributors viii
Acknowledgements ix Acronyms x
1 Introduction 1
2 Limpopo Province Case Study — Themba Mthethwa 3
2.1 Introduction 3
2.2 The context of Limpopo province 3 2.3 The Dihlophaneng community 4 2.4 The Depaarl Agricultural Project 9 2.5 Dendron 11
2.6 Summary 14 2.7 References 15
3 Western Cape Case Study — Andries du Toit 17
3.1 Introduction 17
3.2 The Western Cape: a context 18 3.3 The agricultural labour market 20 3.4 Off-farm poverty 32
3.5 Policy issues 42 3.6 References 43
4 Eastern Cape Case Study — Cobus de Swardt 45
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 Overview of the Mount Frere District and description of the Mount Frere research 46
4.3 The utilisation of land among subsistence and other small-scale agriculturalists 47
4.4 Sketching the socio-economic environment as a background to micro-enterprise development 53
4.5 Government policies and initiatives to promote the rural economy 60 4.6 Concluding recommendations 64
4.7 References 65
5 Kwazulu-Natal Case Study — Themba Mbhele & Michael Aliber 67
5.1 Introduction 67
5.2 A statistical overview of the sectors 67 5.3 Skhonyana 71
5.4 Macambini 73 5.5 Amahlubi 75 5.6 Amanyuswa 77 5.7 Umzumbe 79 5.8 Summary 80
5.9 Appendix: Summary notes on focus group interviews 81 5.10 References 85
6 Synthesis and Conclusions — Michael Aliber 87
6.1 Introduction 87
6.2 Labour absorption in commercial agriculture 87 6.3 The subsistence/small-scale agriculture sector 90 6.4 The rural micro-enterprise sector 99
6.5 Government projects 105 6.6 Conclusion 108
6.7 References 109
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Summary of assets within the Dihlophaneng community 5
Table 2.2 Factors influencing the trend in subsistence and small-scale production in Dihlophaneng 7
Table 2.3 Duration of business and employment trends at Dendron 13 Table 3.1 A profile of the farms surveyed, by district and main activity 21 Table 3.2 Reported changes to permanent labour force in 1997–2000 22 Table 3.3 Planned changes to permanent labour force 23
Table 3.4 Labour usage per hectare for various categories of labour 24
Table 3.5 A comparison of labour intensity for regular and seasonal labour 25 Table 3.6 Use of labour for businesses with/without a packing house or cellar 26 Table 3.7 Main sources of temporary labour 27
Table 3.8 Gender and racial composition of permanent labour force and harvesting teams 27
Table 3.9 Proportion of farms using labour contractors 28
Table 3.10 Tasks performed by contractors on farms that used contractors 29 Table 3.11 Distribution of empty houses on farms surveyed 31
Table 3.12 Stated future plans for housing on farms 31
Table 3.13 Gender and site distribution of adults in Ceres survey 34
Table 3.14 Places from which adults have moved in previous five years (percentages) 34
Table 3.15 Most important employment sectors for those with access to paid employment 35
Table 3.16 Access to land for agricultural use (percentage of households) 36 Table 3.17 Households reporting hungry periods 37
Table 3.18 Employment status of adults, showing gender distribution 39
Table 3.19 Gender distribution of individuals spending more than an hour a day on key activities 40
Table 3.20 Individuals receiving various types of grants (of entire sample) and mean per household grant income for households receiving 41
Table 3.21 Percentages of adults reported as self-employed 41
Table 4.1 Livestock ownership percentages within the categories 49
Table 4.2 Table 4.3
Table 4.4
The distribution of large livestock ownership and income comparison 49 Food items in order of frequency (Food Security Survey, August 2002) 51
Income categories, hunger periods, and food security relative to the
previous year 53
Table 4.5 Tasks adults perform on average for more than one hour per day 54 Table 4.6 Years of education in relation to paid work 55
Table 4.7 Sources of income 56
v ©HSRC 2005
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