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- UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION
UNIVERSITY
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Embedded System
ThS. Le Hoai Nghia
nghialh@uit.edu.vn
February 2009
Embedded System – p 1/27
- Spot the Computer
Embedded System – p 2/27
- Hidden Computers
Casio Nokia 7110 Sony
Camera Browser Playstation 2
Watch Phone
Philips Philips
DVD Player TiVo Recorder
Embedded System – p 3/27
- Technical
Challenges
Real-time Complexity
Concurrency Legacy Languages
Embedded System – p 4/27
- Software complexity
growing
Size of Typical Embedded System
1985 13kLOC
1989 21 kLOC 44 % per year
1998 1 MLOC
2000 2MLOC
2008 16 MLOC Windows NT 4.0
2010 32MLOC Windows 2000
Source: “ESP: A 10-Year Retrospective,” Embedded Systems Programming, November
1998
Embedded System – p 5/27
- Digital Camera Block Diagram
Embedded System – p 6/27
- The Design Challenge
Design optimal device that meets constraints on
Price Functionality
Performance Size
Power Time-to-market
Maintainability Safety
Embedded System – p 7/27
- The Time to Market Challenge
Typical
time-to-market
constraint:
8 months
Market
Window
Time
Embedded System – p 8/27
- Simplified Revenue Model
Sales Loss due to delay
Market ramp On-time curve
Delayed curve
Time
DW 2W
Assuming a constant market ramp, on-time revenue is 2 1bh = 1 2 •2W• W = W2 and delayed
revenue is1 (2W - D)(W - D) so fractional revenue loss is
2
D(3W - D)
= O(D2)
2W2
Example: when W = 26 and D = 10, fraction lost is about 50%.
Embedded System – p 9/27
- NRE
Nonrecurring engineering cost:
The cost of producing the first one.
NRE cost dominates
Production cost dominates
Low NRE, high production costs
High NRE, low production costs
log Embedded System – p 10/27
- Embedded System Technologies
Integrated Circuits
Processing elements
Design tools
Embedded System – p 11/27
- IC
Technology
1947: First transistor (Shockley, Bell Labs)
1958: First integrated circuit (Kilby, TI)
1971: First microprocessor (4004: Intel)
Today: six wire layers, 45 nm features
Embedded System – p 12/27
- Moore’s Law
Gordon Moore, 1965: Exponential growth in the
number of transistors per IC
Source: Intel
Embedded System – p 13/27
- $1000buys you this many CPS
Electromechanical Tube Transistor Integrated Circuit
Relay
10
8
10
6
10
4
10
2
1
10-2
10-4
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Source: Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual000
2 Machines
Embedded System – p 14/27
- 1918 Sears Roebuck Catalog
About $100 in today’s dollars.
From Donald Norman, The Invisible Computer, 1998.
Embedded System – p 15/27
- Spectrum of IC choices
You choose Flexibility
polygons (Intel)
Full Custom
circuit (Sony)
ASIC
wires
Gate Array
logic network
FPGA logic function
PLD program (e.g., Pentium)
GP Processor program (e.g., DSP)
SP Processor settings (e.g., Ethernet)
part number (e.g., 74LS00)
Multifunction
Fixed-function
Embedded System – p 16/27
- Hardware and Software
Hardware Software
Parallel Sequential
Synchronous Asynchronous
Logic Gates Stored programs
Wire-based Memory-based
communication communication
Fixed topology Highly programmable
Low power High power
More detailed Less detailed
High NRE
No NRE
Faster
Slower Embedded System – p 17/27
- Design
Tools
Hardware Software
Logic Synthesis Compilers
Place-and-route Assemblers
D RC/E RC/LVS Linkers
Simulators Debuggers
Embedded System – p 18/27
- Cost of Designs is Rising
1981: 100 designer-months for leading-edge chip
10k transistors, 100 transistors/month
2002: 30 000 designer-months
150M transistors, 5000 transistors/month
Design cost increased from $1M to $300M
10G
100M
1M
10k
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Embedded System – p 19/27
- Your Nemesis: The Altera DE2
Embedded System – p 20/27
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