Xem mẫu
- PGS.TS. B In Q uoe KHANH - TS. H OANG XUiiN BiNH
UG HI Dii ·DII11rVA nt
I I I I I
CAU TRUC VA CAN TRUC
• •
NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC v A KY T HUAT
HA N ()[· 2006
- C /II t ruc "d' Cti'li t rue t il lO~lI' t hict h i dU(fC t UlIiR b i t rOll!; t ltt c d ("(Ie n llil m dy s dll
x lliir (,(llIg n ghi"fJ 1111/( fUJIIR C lic I Ighdllh c o' A.M, IIIY!!11 k ilN, d611J,; /(111 l 'llt fU'1I x dy d l/lig.
T rong C lie ( "(Ilig t rill/r . wly d l/llg ( hill d l/Jlg, .W/.\· d ung c611g I iRhi£'p, X I)\' dltn,,>; C till ("(i'll/.! .
D i)c /}[(;t trolli-!, O Il" CUII.'' ( hlllg {;I/Il {(Ii l l{;u (IUIIII k luio c ho ('(Ie k,v SIr I Igllllll C /) / /(;11 £j1l01l
h ill/r £1(/0 \·d U le f !t;IY C(I g Ulo l WI bl! /lUI/I
T dp f h/,dc g ill' XIII c1llill I lu/nl! n im ( i/l
_~' A.lc'il c ho
- PHAN 1. DQNG L l)C HQC C VA c Ac c o CAU
c Au T Rl)C - CAN TRUC
C HUJNG \ . KHAI Q UAT CHUNG VB c Au TRl,JC CAN TRl,JC
Cli.u tn,lc va can t fl,lC him nhi¢m V1,I chuy~n d~ch hang hoa. v~t t l!. thie't bi tu e hb D ay s ang
ehb k Mc. T hi dJ..! t rang x.ay dl!Jlg c60g trinh c ong nghi¢p cau tqlC nAng c ae t hiet b~ c ang ngh¢ tu
m~t d at l en c ao de tap n ip thanh ffitit dAy c huyen san xullt. T rang n ha m ay l uy¢n k im cliu trl).c v~n
chuy~n cu~m thep. ph6i thep ho~c c ae thUng kim lo~i n ong chay M vao khuon d ue ... T rang c ae nha
m ay c o k hi c au tn,lC v~n chuy~n c ae phOi gia c 60g M ga la.p l en m ay hay v~ c huyen c ae chi tiet
dlIQC gia cang x ong dlJ'a s ang c6ng do
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1-h,,11 1.1. C all c han d e'Sokol f rang b i clio c ang bii'll.
C (i'li
Hin/! 1 .2. C all Ctfll cluin de' bile x lp h ang f iri M ng gall I Igo(lm
2 . C an tr~c l ap dQt tren c ong t6ng noi
Can trt;lc d ng l ap d;)t tr~n c nng 16ng nOi trlnh b ay t ren hlnh 1.3, lo'.\ i nay th uang c 6
trQ ng tiii nang 16n, d ung M nA ng h
- bi~ n ( huang Irang bj l o~i d n Ir",c nay vai s 6 l uqng khOng n hieu, n hung linh co dQng cua
n6 ra' i cao d~ d ap ung y~u d u cUa b6c x~p hang hmi si~u IrQ ng, rna vA n dam bao Ifnh k inh
It! t rong v~ n han h k hai (hac.
,"
l fin" 1.3. C all tr~'c c allg h ip d (jl1rell pJIl({Jllg ti~1l tJtliy
3, C an c au - 101 h ang I ren l ou b illn
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Ire" tau Illliy
/-n,,11 1..1. Can tr/}c
7
- Clln d u - Ioi h ang Iren c ae tau bi~n khl c~p c ang (ham gia vao qua t rinh b6c x lp
hang hoa Irinh bay Ir~n h lnh 1.4. c an d u tr~n lau Ihuy c 6 ctiu 11:'0 g 6m ba CO' cA"u die:u
khien chuy~n dQng c hinh: c o cA"u n ang hI:' h ang. CO' c1(u n ang hl,\ d n va CO' c1(u q uay. SI!
hOl:lt dQng clla c an d u I ren lau (huy phI,! thuQc nhi~u vao g 6c nghieng c ua lau trong q ua
trinh b6c xe'p h ang hoa, g 6c nghieng trong qua trlnh ho~t dQng Ian h an s o v6'i d n du
c han de' lap d~t a d ng.
Toi hang Ir!'!n lau (huy Ihuong c 6 hai lo~i: loi d an va Ib'i kep. Toi d an la 10l:li loi chi
c 6 mQI clln, cae c huytn dQng clla n6 luang II! d n d uo Toi kep la 10l:'i toi c 6 hai d n
I huang c 6 hai c huytn dQng khi b6c xe'p hang hoa Iii. n ang h~ va k eo bang lai M d ich
c huytn hang hoa t rong k hoang d ch g iua hai dinh d n.
OJ!,c d iem Him vi¢c cua loi d on tr~n lau Ihuy dam bao dlfqc Ifnh linh ho~t cao, t hoi
gian d ua vao lam vi¢c n hanh han so v6'i toi kep. Nhuqc di~m c ua lo~i n ay dbi hoi c 6ng
sun'1 d~ll6'n hon so vai loi kep.
4. Xe n ang - can cau t ren o to
Xc nang va d n d u t ren 616 Irang bi c ho d ng b ien d uqc Irlnh bay tren hinh 1.5 va
hlllh 1.6.
l li ll" / .5. Xe l Iallg c llllyill container c llllybl dl.l1Ig
8
- •
H illh / .6. C all t n,lC /dp d ijl t rell x e 616
N h6m t hiet bi b6c xep hitng hoa n ay c6 s6 l uqng Ian b Cling b ien, c hung c6 tfnh
l inh hOl;lt caD, hi ¢u q ua k inh t e [ rong Slr dl,lng. C ae x e n ang chuy~n dl,log n hu h loh 1 .5,
(huang c6 cae c o ca'u d ieu k hien c huyen d ¢ng l uang t ll d n d ll: chuy~n d ¢og nang hl;l hang
va chuyen d¢og nang hl;l d o, chuy~n dl;lng quay. Can d u tr~n 616 c6 ca.c c o d u d i ~u k hien
c huyen dQng c hloh w ang tl! d n I (I:IC.
D~c d iem e ua d n d ll d~1 t ren OtO va x e n ang Ja c hti yeu Slr d \lng nAng illQ'ng dAu
diezen, h¢ I h 6ng (Tuyen dQng c6 t he bAng dQng co di¢n ho~c d i¢n - thuy iL!c.
5. C an cC'iu z iczac
Ca.n d u zicz&c d uqc t dnh b ay tn~n h loh 1.7, iiI IOl;li d n d u t rang bj M thl,lc hi¢n
cOng l ac d jch V\l n hl! lAp mai, s ua c hu a k ho bai nha xuang va cOng l1ie baa duong h¢
th6ng cung ca'p di¢n, cae d n d u c han de...
D~c di~m c 6ng t ac c ua d n c au ziczAc Iii t fnh linh ho
- l I ill hl .7. Ca ll tr ue zic:dc
cau
6. tr\,l c t rang b j c ho k ho b oi v a n ha x u o ng
b,
Ca ll Ir~ c c h1.lY In~ n ray I rn ng c ho kho h an g. d e ph an x ub ng CC1 kh f d uqe bi ti u
di e n Ir C! n h lnh 1.8a VlI 1.8 b. Ca u Ifl,l C 10
- H illh I .Sa. Cciu tr~IC t rong IIl1d m dy c all Ion
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H illll I .8b. C dll tr~/c f rong / lllii md)-' n t k Ill
7. COu Ir~c k hung dOm hQp chQY I ren d uong r oy
CAu trl;lc k hung dAm t hep d",ng h(lp ch~y tr~n d uong ray d uqc bi~u d ien tren h inh
1.9a va 1.9b, d uqc t rang b~ cho d ng bi~n, cac nha may d 6ng t au bi~n. Lo~i nay thuong
duqc thief ke c o t r9ng tid n ang lon, lam vi¢c [rong ph~m vi q uy dinh. G 6m b a c o cau di€u
khi~n chuy~n d¢ng: cq d u n ang h~ h ang, cO ca'u di chuye:n xe con, cO d iu di chuy~n g ian.
\
- H inh / 9a. C all trl!c k hung d am h(!p cht;Jy t ren d uiing r ay
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._ ~'»o,
i ii ,~,,;
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L .._.S
Jllilli J . 9b. C du tr,!c khllng dihn h(!p ch\lY f rell dl(ong r ay
12
- 8 , c 6u t rvc b oc xep c ontainer
CAll tr~c g ian b anh I 6p b 6c x.~p c ontainer d uqc b ieu di~n I ren h loh 1.10. Cae c o ca-u
dieu k hitn c huyin d¢ng chroh c ua d o 1fl,lC gian M oh 1 b ao g6m: co elfu nang hl,l hang.
6p
c o cd'u di c huyen xe c on, c o ca'u d i c huyen g ian. Y i¢c ca'p n gu6n d i¢n c ho d u trye hO~H
d ¢ng bfing di~zen lai may p Mt di¢n d 6ng bl). O~c diem lAm vi¢c c ua d o t rI,le gi~m baoh
16p la c 6 tfoh c o d ¢ng, n!tog sua't c ao .
•
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/ -li/lll J . /0. C all rn/c b allll IO'p boc x lp c ontainer
C~U 1fl,lC gian ch~y t ren dlJong ray b6c xe'p c ontainer d ugc bieu d ien tren h loh 1.11.
Cae co elfu dit!u khien chuyen dQng chloh cua d o If!}C g i an M oh 1 baa g6m: co ca'u
6p
nang hl). hang, co ca'u d i chuyen xe can. co ca'u d i chuyen gian va ca ca'u nAng hl;l gian
(nAng h~ c Ongson). Dl)c d iem cOng tac nOi b~t c ua i O{li n ay H1 c 6 l am voi v a trQng tai nAng
16'n, nang s ua't b6c x€p rA'1 c ao. Duqc trang b, c ho c ac c~u Cling c huyen dl,mg b6c xe'p
container.
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gia" btfc xep clwyell
H l"h 1.11. C all I n.IC C Ol/lower d l.lI/g
chlJY I re" d lfon8 r ay
13
- 1.2 NHlrNG D,b.C DIE'M C O BAN CUA H~ TRUYEN D QNG DI~N CAU TRVC vA
CAN TRVC
Phan IOn c ae c o cau cUa d u tfl,lC va d n tr\le duqc {[uyen d\)ng boi cae dqng c o di¢n
cung cap di¢n c ho h¢ t fUyen dl)ng c6 b a d~ng:
- Cung d fp di~n t u l u6i q ua c ae t hanh gop di¢n c 6 d~nh, lo~i n ay thuang Iii. call tr\le
phfln xuong.
- Cung c ap d i¢n t u lu6'i q ua cae cUQn c ap d i¢n, lo;:ti n ay t huang d ung d 6i v 6i d u
va d n tf1:1C d~ch chuy~n t hea d uong ray tren m~t d al.
tf1,lC
- Cung cap d i¢n ttt m ay ph at die zen t huang c ho lo~i d u tf,!-C d i d ¢og tren 6t6
vi~c
M 6i t ruong l am
P ban Wn m 6i truong l am vi¢c eua cau tr\lc d n trl,lc r at k hac n ghi¢t. T hf d\l t rang
ca.c o M m ay c o k hi l uy¢n k im m 6i t wang t am vi¢c d u t fl,lC n ong Am n hieu b1,li. T ren c aog
bi~n d u tn,lc, d o tn,!c phiii l am vi¢c ngoai trai. C he dQ l am vi¢c d u tr\le va c an trI:Le 13
c he dQ ngAn h
- tv trQng
ehuy~n. n~n,
D6i voi c o cJlu d teh do m6men can t'lnh va m 6men can k h6ng
t al 111 :
M:II= ( 30 - 50%)M drn d oi voi xe can; Mco= (50-55%)Mdm d oi v oi xe d ll ( xem hlnh
1.13).
M
Hinh 1.13. D4e t{nh phI!- tdi c d cou dic/J chllye'n
D oi voi t ruytn d ¢ng di¢n cho cae C d c au d i chuy~n ella d u tr~c - dn tr1,lc p hai
dam b aa kh6"i d qng dQng cO 6" chi! dQ tOlln tai. D~c bi¢t mila d6ng k hi m6i t wang l am tang
momen rna s at t rong d e (') d o d in den lam ta.ng d ang k~ m omen c an t inh Mc. T ren hlnh
1.14 bie:u di~n moi q uan h¢ phl,l thll¢e g iua m 6men can ['lnh va toe dQ dQng eo: Me = f(oo) .
•
I
Mo
~
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1
I f fi
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o Cl),~
H inh J .14. Quan II¢ Me = f ( (iJ) khi khai .:1cjllg d¢ng c d cae c d d iu di chuye'n
Tren do thi ta thay: Khi 00 =0, Me lOn h an 2 M n 2,5 IAn thlg vai toe d¢ dinh mue,
Doi voi cae dQng c o t ruyen dQng eho c ae c o eau nfing h~ himg, m 6men thay deli
t hea tai rat r6 r¢t. Khi k hong co tai trQng (khi k h6ng tai), mom e n dQng k h6ng VU'
- ehu ky kh6ng n hu n hau v a n ha h an tn:;mg tiii dinh mue, eho n en phl:l t ai e ua dt'>ng eo chi
d~t ( 60 + 7 0)% cbng suat d!nh mue e ua dt'>ng c a.
M IM " "
" ...
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0 ,8
o ,e
0 ,'
0"
0,' o ,e 0 ,8 G IG.",
H lnh 1.15. M omen c ua d ¢ng cO phlJ thu¢c vao t di l rQng.
1- Drng c o di c huyln xe cau, 2- Drng c o di c huyln xe 3 - Drug c o nang hq.
C Oil,
Do d ieu ki~n lam vi~c c ua can tr\lc va cau tr\lc rat n~ng ne, t huang x uyen tam vi~c
trong ch~ d ¢ qua tiii, vi v~y c an trl:lc cau trl,lc dUQc c he t~o c6 d ¢ ben va h~ s 6 dl,l' trii c ua
e ac co cau c o k bi k m M c hiu q ua tai.
16
- C HUONG 2. C O SO LY THUy/ET T iNH TOAN C O CAU
CVA CAU TRUC - CAN TRUC
2.1. O QNG H
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~C':='=4~k~O~~tir
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n
2 547
g)
H i"h 2.1. S a d6 c d" m i c c ac C d c all c hfnh Clio c d" / rile
a) C u cdll nting h{J h ang , m yl" d ¢ng bdng d~ng c o di~n J- M ac co',, ; 2 · ' pllly "ting: 3 - BMc M il
can; 4 - Cap nang; 5- T,,,'ng tai ; 6- B ~ tru yln; 7- D¢ng C d di ¥// : 8 · C d c d" ham . b) C d c tlll ' ha y
d d; ' am v ui M ng '/ray dd, g 6c II ghUnS Clio c d n ttllyell dr)n8 MlIg d t) ng Cd di~" c ) C u C all n ang
gall "80{WI va I hoy d o; t am wi; trll yl" d r) n8 "hOm . 9- Cdll ngoCJm ; 1 0 - Cap nall g. 11- Cap dl;'ng
g al/; 12· Cap liang. 13· Tr"-n8 t al, 14 - Kh up Iy hf/p; / 5- Cd cO"/ll uilll, /6 - 8 r) I m y' '' : / 7- D(jn g c a
di f n . d) Cd c all d, d illY/II bdllg bOn" / 8 - Btillh x t'; / 9 - Duong ray; e) C u ccfll , hay dt/i ( alii 1'01
trb, c aw 20- Cadi'" (II e /lllyln , 2 1· C ap keo; 22- 8Mc (11"-". IJ C clcau di chu yln Mllg b allh /6p. 23-
BallI, khf I Iltl. 2-1 -B ~ I ruyi" vi s ai.g) C d e au d i Cf"IY / ,1 MilS b01111 x i e ll 25- Xfch: 26- Dio M llh soo: 2 7·
Kh&p d du kl,,/1I c lrr/ll c huyl" d~ IIS· I t) C u c rlu qllO y. 28- B ~ Iruy/ll ; 29- 86111! relllS Irullg g'OII; 10- BOIII,
rdllg 1611. J } C d c ou q ua y t rll}"/lI d~ lI g M ilS c dp kiQ. JJ- Dio 1&11; 12- Cdp k to: 13- Tllilt b! /dill cdll 8 edp
k io.
18
- h~
'" Co eau thay d6i Him v ai (nAng d n);
se D~ .
a) Khi thay d6i d(l n ghieng e ua d n: Me = ( 2.5)
•2'
ST D ; .
=
b) Khi di ehuye'n xe t oi t heo d n: (2.6)
•2'
N€u ky hi~u ne la t6e dq q uay ella khAu eu6i (tr6ng tiJi, M nh xe di ehuy~n hay p Mn
q uay e ua d n trL.1e) tfnh bang vg/ph, hi~u s uat ella bq t ruyen 11"(f thl eong suat t ruyen dQng
eua dt)ng e o la:
( 2.7)
t rong do Me - m6men tfnh b ang kG.m. Gi
- T6n hao rna s at Fm. khi co C all lam vi¢c co the phAn rhanh hai thanh p Un: Ml')t
thanh phAn khOng d6i F;, va rnl')t thRnh phAn thay d 6i ty l¢ v ai tM F;•• ta c6:
Fm s-F" +FTs
- ms (2.12)
m
= F;,
Truong hqp phl:l t ai nhc. co the coi Fms
Truong hqp phl:l tai 16n c6 the coi Fms = F~s
= Fo + Fm. va hi¢u su.!t nAng
Ne'u t r9ng t ai nAng HI. Fo thi tr9ng tai toan ph!ln 18. Fs
tai du'lc tinh:
F
11= ( 2.13)
G
FG + Fms
Nhu v~y co the xac dinh t6n hao rna sal qua hi¢u sua:t khi nang:
F" ~ Fo I~~ ~ Fo(~-I)
h~:
va hi¢u s urt k hi
I
2 -- (2.14)
~
Nhln chung hi¢u suat 11 k hi nAng va hi¢u suat 11' k hi h~ chi k hac nhau nhieu khi
hi¢u s urt tMlp. D 6i voi cO c.!u nAng h~, hi¢u su.!t clla bl') truyen co k hi k hi h~ nhc. hon hi¢u
su.!t k hi nAng (11' < 11). Khi hi¢u suat nAng 11 :-:; 0,5 c o c.!u t ro n~n tl! phanh va gia tri clla 11
phI,! thu('lc vao tai tn;mg.
H~ d~c n~p
s6 t rung cho rnuc tai:
va ta co:
T6n hao rna sat du'lC xac djnh n hu sau:
F,-F"+FT .'
.. - . . . m
Fm. = a.F~" + b.K.~m
a d1y a va b Ht d .c h~ s 6 k h6ng d 6i.
Khi nAng:
I
a
l +-+b
K
a
I ---b
K
20
- Khi (ai trQng la d jnh mile TJ
v~y
Do k hi n ang:
~' ~ 1 - a - b
VI v~y h ieu s uat k hi n ang tid t r9ng b at ky co th~ t fnh t heo h i¢u su~il k hi uii t r9ng
d inh m ue.
l +a + b
K hi n ang:
a
l +-+b
K
a
l ---b
K
I -a - b
~
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80 80
/L
r-/, / / ~ ~ 70
~
60 60
1;1; ~V
V
I
40
~
;/(;;;: , /'
I
20
I Q
,
I
o 0,8
0,2 0,4 1,0
0,6
H lnh 2.2 Fli¢u Clla d¢//g C(f r tii k luic n hau
S lIlft l Ial1g
T ren h lnh 2 .2 c ho b iet hi¢u su.1r c ua e o c au n ang t ai t r9ng b at ky phl,l l hu¢c vao
hi¢u suat k hi t ai trQng d jnh m uc TJdm·
N hu v~y di~u ki~n Hun vi¢e e ua di)ng c o se phl,l thuQc vao vi¢e na.ng h
nguon tai.lieu . vn
