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- The Oxford Companion to
Philosophy
- This page intentionally left blank
- The Oxford Companion to
Philosophy
Second Edition
Edited by Ted Honderich
3
- 3
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The Oxford companion to philosophy / edited by Ted Honderich.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Philosophy—Encyclopedias. I. Honderich, Ted.
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- To Bee, Ingrid, John, Kiaran, and Rina, with love
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- Preface
The brave, large aim of this book has been to bring philosophy together
between two covers better than ever before. That is not a job for one man, or
one woman, or a few, or a team, although it is tried often enough. So 249 of us
joined forces joined forces ten years ago for the first edition. We have now been
reinforced by forty-two more contributors for this second edition. To the 1,932
entries in the first edition, about 300 more have been added. Also, many of the
entries in the first edition have been considerably lengthened and revised. Many
others have been updated. The list of contemporary philosophers in the first
edition has been adjusted in order to reflect what McTaggart denied, that time
is real.
The philosophy brought together includes, first of all, the work of the great
philosophers. As that term is commonly used, there are perhaps twenty of
them. By anyone’s reckoning, this pantheon of philosophy includes Plato, Aris-
totle, Aquinas, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, the
blessed Hume, Kant, Hegel, and Nietzsche. These, together with others who
stand a bit less solidly in the pantheon, are the subjects of long essays in this
book.
Philosophy as this book conceives it, secondly, includes all of its history in the
English language, a history mainly of British and American thinkers. In this his-
tory there are many figures not so monumental as Locke, Berkeley, and Hume.
Among them, if they are not admitted to the pantheon, are John Stuart Mill,
Charles Sanders Peirce, Bertrand Russell, and, if an Austrian can be counted in
this particular history, and should be, Ludwig Wittgenstein. They also include
Jonathan Edwards, Thomas Reid, William James, and F. H. Bradley.
Thirdly, if the book cannot include all of the histories of philosophy in lan-
guages other than English, it does attend to them. It attends to more than the
great leaders of the philosophies in these languages. Thus Descartes is joined by
such of his countrymen and countrywomen as Simone de Beauvoir, Henri
Bergson, and Auguste Comte. Kant and Hegel are joined by J. G. Fichte, Jürgen
Habermas, Karl Jaspers, and others. There are also general entries on each of
the national philosophies, from Australian to Croatian to Japanese to Russian.
A fourth part of the book, not an insignificant one, consists in about 150 entries
on contemporary philosophers, the largest groups being American and British. It
would have been an omission to leave out contemporaries, and faint-hearted.
Philosophy thrives. Its past must not be allowed to exclude its present. It is true,
too, that one of these contemporaries may one day stand in the pantheon.
- viii Preface
What has now been said of four subject-matters within philosophy as the
book conceives it can be said differently. These subject-matters can be regarded
less in terms of individual thinkers and more in terms of ideas, arguments, the-
ories, doctrines, world-views, schools, movements, and traditions. This con-
tributes to another characterization of the book, more complete and at least as
enlightening, perhaps more enlightening. In particular, it brings out more of
the great extent to which the book is about contemporary philosophy rather
than the subject’s history.
There are perhaps a dozen established parts of philosophy: epistemology,
metaphysics, moral philosophy, political philosophy, philosophical logic, logic,
the philosophy of mind, aesthetics, and so on. In the case of each of these, the
book contains a long essay on its history and another on its problems as they
now are, by contributors not at all new to them.
In the case of each of these established parts of philosophy, more light is shed
by very many additional entries—for a start, by the aforementioned entries on
the great philosophers, on their lesser companions in English-language history
and other-language histories, and on contemporaries now carrying on the
struggle.
In the case of each of the established parts of philosophy, there are also very
many subordinate entries not about individual philosophers. They are quite as
important and perhaps take up more of the book. They range from shorter
essays down to definitions. To glance at subordinate entries just in the philoso-
phy of mind, the two long essays go with such shorter entries as actions, animal-
ism in personal identity, anomalous monism, body, Brentano, bundle theory of the self,
cognitive architecture, cognitive science, and determinism, double-mindedness, dual-
ism, and duck-rabbit. That is but a very small start on the philosophy of mind.
I have now said something of the philosophy which it is the aim of the 2,230
entries of this book to bring into clear view. But whose clear view? The book is
for all those who want authoritative enlightenment, judgement by good
judges. Thus it is directed partly to general readers for whom philosophy has a
fascination greater than, or at least as great as, any other part of our intellectual
and cultural existence, and who want accounts of it that they can trust. The
book is also directed to those who study and practise the subject, and are
scrupulous about their guides. If it did not also have the second aim, it could not
have the first. No accounts of a subject can be authoritative for the general
reader if they do not also attract and aim to survive the scrutiny of its experts.
If that is one description of the two classes of intended readers of this book,
there is another quite as important. There are different ways of reading. The
general readers and the experts can be taken together and then divided into two
other classes of readers. The first class has in it readers who are on the job, the
second those who are not. Not even your most conscientious postgraduate, or
your academic of truly careerist inclination, or your zealous autodidact, is
always attending to duty. Reading is not always work. Fortunately, it is more
often not work. It is not done to get answers to pre-existing questions, to pass
exams or write essays, to get promoted to full Professor. It is not done out of a
stern determination to become informed, to pursue truth. To read is often to
browse, dally, and meander. It is to satisfy curiosity, or a curiosity owed just to
a page that falls open. It is to be intrigued by the sight of affirming the consequent,
- Preface ix
agglomeration, American philosophy today, arthritis in the thigh, Baudrillard, beati-
tude’s kiss, closure, feminist philosophy of science, quantum logic, slime, slingshot argu-
ments, tarot, tarwater, Thrasymachus, vague objects, or the new Wittgenstein.
A Companion, then, in what there is excuse to call the correct sense of that
sometimes abused word, is not only a book for diligent readers, to be studied
and perhaps laboured over. It is not only a complete reference book. It is more
amiable than that. It diverts. It suits a Sunday morning. Hence, not all that is in
it was chosen by the high principle of nose to the grindstone. There are entries
in it, as already noticed, that are owed to their intrinsic interest rather than their
proven place in a sterner editor’s list of headwords.
Only three things remain to be said in this Preface, the first of them about the
nature of philosophy and hence of the book. Isaiah Berlin, one of the contribu-
tors, once characterized philosophy not only as lacking answers to many ques-
tions but also as lacking an agreed method for the finding of answers. (He may
have had in mind a contrast with science, perhaps a contrast not dear, albeit for
different reasons, to a fellow contributor or two, say Paul Feyerabend or W. V.
Quine.) Certainly it is true that philosophy, no doubt because of the peculiar dif-
ficulty of its questions, is at least as much given to disagreement and dispute as
any other kind of inquiry. In fact it may be more given to disagreement and dis-
pute than any other inquiry. It has the hardest questions.
As a result, this book cannot be wholly consistent. Even with fewer than 291
contributors, if they were as committed to their views as philosophers usually
are, and no doubt should be, there would be disagreement. There would be dis-
agreement if the book was limited to the thirty-four Oxford philosophers in it,
or, say, the various Californians. As it is, there are entries, occasionally cheek by
jowl, that fight among themselves, or at any rate jostle. As an editor, I have not
tried too hard to subdue or get between my colleagues, but only succumbed to
a thought or two about unlikely philosophical propositions. (Nor have I bullied my
colleagues about what sort of thing to put into the bibliographies at the ends of
their entries, or ruthlessly excluded an entry whose subject is also treated,
somewhat differently, somewhere else.) To do so would have produced more
decorum but less truth about philosophy. It would also have touched what I
hope is another recommendation of the book: it has not only different views
but different voices in it.
That brings to mind a second matter, that of the 150 contemporary philoso-
phers on whom there are entries in the book. The aim was to give to the reader,
mainly the general reader, a sense of the philosophical enterprise as it is now
being carried forward. (Philosophy, as already remarked, is not a dead or dying
subject, but one whose vigour—I am tempted to say its youth—is as great as
ever it has been. It is only the sciences and the superstitions that come and go.)
Another editor, quite as sane, would have looked around at his cohorts, con-
templated a reputation or two, no doubt mused on the fact of philosophical
fashion, and chosen somewhat differently.
For the first edition, a list of contemporaries was initially drawn up mainly by
me. The list was subsequently the subject of a kindly suggestion or two from
possible contributors to the book who laid eye on it, and perhaps a letter or two
of hurt pride or disbelief. Notice was taken of these pleas, in a certain way. The
initial list of contemporaries was submitted to a jury of a dozen distinguished
- x Preface
philosophers from all parts and inclinations of the subject. They agreed about
the large and indisputable core of the list, but not much more. They did not
much agree about their proposed additions to the rest of the list, or their pro-
posed deletions from it. No proposed inclusion or deletion got more than two
votes from the twelve good philosophers and true. Any contemporary who did
get two votes was added in. No deletions were made.
For this second edition, opinions were taken from thirty philosophers, of all
or anyway various persuasions, as to how to make the contemporaries in the
book representative of the new millennium well under way. The results of this
poll contained some biffs to my loyalties and sensibilities. But, being a true as
against merely a hierarchic democrat, I acted on the advice. Should you be cer-
tain, reader, that this little anointing is a very serious matter, remember David
Hume, Saint David, the greatest of British philosophers. He did not get elected
to professorships at Edinburgh and Glasgow, which accolades went instead to
Mr Cleghorn and Mr Clow.
Finally, my gratitude, of which there is a lot. I am grateful to many people,
first the 291 contributors. They did not do too much satisficing. Contributors to
the first edition put up with a change of mind about entry lengths. Many of
them put up with a lot more, including a lot of letters about revising their work
or making new starts. Some were stalwarts who did a goodly number of entries
very well. They rush to mind, and produce glows of gratitude there. Some were
philosophical about the sad fact that their prize entry, say the Frankfurt School
or the indeterminacy of translation, did not get into the book because the editor
had blundered and earlier assigned it to someone else. Some contributors and
others were decent or anyway silent when their proposed entries, say marital act
and Ayn Rand, did not penetrate my fortress of philosophical principle.
My special thanks to Peter Momtchiloff, doyen of the world’s philosophy
editors, the Philosophy Editor of Oxford University Press. This book is almost
as much his doing as mine, despite my sole responsibility for errors, infelicities,
and one or two judgements with which he is not in absolute agreement. I am
also grateful to the following fourteen philosophers who read all or parts of the
first manuscript and issued proposals for its improvement: Christopher Kirwan,
David Hamlyn, and Jonathan Lowe, above all, and also Simon Blackburn,
Alexander Broadie, Jonathan Cohen, Ross Harrison, Ronald Hepburn, Michael
Inwood, Nicola Lacey, David Miller, Richard Norman, Anthony O’Hear, and
Richard Swinburne.
My thanks as well to the jury of distinguished philosophers who cast an eye
over the initial list of their contemporaries, and then to the thirty advisers in this
matter for the second edition.
Thanks too to all of these: Ingrid Coggin Honderich; Jane O’Grady; Alan
Lacey, who did the Chronological Table of Philosophy and the Maps of
Philosophy; John Allen of the library at University College London; Helen
Betteridge, Vivien Crew, and Ann Wooldridge for some secretarial assistance;
Tim Barton, Laurien Berkeley, Angela Blackburn, and Frances Morphy of
Oxford University Press, all of whom were fortitudinous, and almost always
right.
t.h.
- Contents
list of portraits xii
list of contributors xiii
on using the book xix
The Companion: Alphabetical Entries 1
appendices
Logical Symbols 971
Maps of Philosophy 973
A Chronological Table of Philosophy 991
sources of illustrations 1003
index and list of entries 1005
- List of Portraits
ancient philosophy
Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Socrates, Democritus 754
Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, Plotinus 35
late ancient and early medieval philosophy
Augustine, Boethius, Abelard, Anselm 344
medieval philosophy
Avicenna, Duns Scotus, Roger Bacon, Aquinas 580
founders of modern philosophy
Descartes, Leibniz, Spinoza, Kant 784
Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume 243
philosophy in britain
Francis Bacon, Reid, Sidgwick, Bradley 249
Bentham, Mill, Wollstonecraft, Burke 937
Moore, Russell, Wittgenstein, Collingwood 121
Ryle, Ayer, Strawson, Popper 676
french philosophy
Rousseau, Comte, Bergson, Merleau-Ponty 320
Sartre, de Beauvoir, Foucault, Althusser 278
continental european philosophy
Hegel, Marx, Lukacs, Croce 366
Fichte, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche 334
Husserl, Frege, Ortega y Gasset, Heidegger 171
philosophy in america
Edwards, Peirce, James, Santayana 749
Dewey, Carnap, Quine, Goodman 25
Davidson, Putnam, Searle, Nagel 609
Rawls, MacIntyre, Kripke, Dennett 628
eastern philosophy
Confucius, Nishida, Tagore, Radhakrishnan 429
philosophy at the end of the twentieth century
Kuhn, Lewis, Rorty, Williams 483
- Contributors
Almost all the contributors are or were members of the departments, faculties or
sub-faculties of philosophy at the mentioned universities.
H.I.B. Prof. Harold I. Brown
A.C.A. Dr Alison Ainley
Northern Illinois University
University College, Dublin
I.B. Sir Isaiah Berlin
E.B.A. Prof. Edwin B. Allaire
University of Oxford
University of Texas, Austin
J.B.B. Prof. James Bogen
H.E.A. Prof. Henry E. Allison
Pitzer College
Boston University
J.Ber. Prof. Jose Bermudez
M.A. Dr Milos Arsenijevic
ˇ ´
Washington University, St Louis
University of Heidelberg
J.Bish. Dr John Bishop
M.M.A. Prof. Marilyn McCord Adams
University of Auckland
University of Oxford
J.Bro. Prof. Justin Broackes
S.R.A. Dr Sophie Allen
Brown University
University of Oxford
J.W.B. See Alvin Goldman
W.E.A. Prof. William E. Abraham
University of California, Santa Cruz K.B. Prof. Kent Bach
San Francisco State University
A.B. Prof. Akeel Bilgrami
Columbia University K.Ber. See Pauza
A.Bel. Mr Andrew Belsey L.W.B. Prof. Lewis W. Beck
University of Wales, Cardiff University of Rochester
A.Bre. Prof. Andrew Brennan M.B. Prof. Myles Brand
University of Western Australia Indiana University
A.Bro. Prof. Alexander Broadie N.B. Prof. Ned Block
University of Glasgow New York University
D.B. Mr David Bostock R.L.B. Prof. Robert Bernasconi
University of Oxford Memphis State University
D.Bak. Prof. David Bakhurst R.P.B. Prof. Richard Bellamy
Queen’s University, Ontario University of Reading
D.Ber. Prof. David Berman S.B. Prof. Sissela Bok
Trinity College, Dublin Harvard University
G.B. Prof. George Bozonis S.W.B. Prof. Simon Blackburn
University of Athens University of Cambridge
G.H.B. Prof. Graham Bird T.L.B. Prof. Tom L. Beauchamp
University of Manchester Georgetown University
H.A.B. Prof. Hugo Adam Bedau T.R.B. Prof. Thomas Baldwin
Tufts University University of York
- xiv Contributors
T.C. Prof. Tim Crane
W.B. Prof. Dr Wilhelm Baumgartner
University College London
University of Würzburg
T.Car. Prof. Terrell Carver
A.C. Prof. Arindam Chakrabarti
University of Bristol
University of Delhi
T.Chi. See Cartwright
A.Car. Prof. Alisa Carse
Georgetown University W.C. Mr William Charlton
University of Edinburgh
B.J.C. Prof. Jack Copeland
University of Canterbury, D.D. Prof. Donald Davidson
New Zealand University of California, Berkeley
C.A.J.C. Prof. C. A. J. Coady F.D. Prof. Fred Dretske
University of Melbourne Stanford University
C.C. Prof. Charles Crittenden J.D. Prof. Jonathan Dancy
California State University, University of Reading
Northridge
M.D. Sir Michael Dummett
D.C. Dr David Charles University of Oxford
University of Oxford
N.C.D. Mr N. C. Denyer
D.E.C. Prof. David E. Cooper University of Cambridge
University of Durhan
N.J.H.D. Prof. Nicholas Dent
F.C. Prof. Frank Cioffi University of Birmingham
University of Essex
R.D. Prof. Ronald Dworkin
F.Chr. Prof. Ferrell Christensen University College London
University of Alberta
R.De G. Prof. Richard T. De George
J.C. Prof. James Cargile University of Kansas
University of Virginia
R.S.D. Prof. R. S. Downie
J.Cot. Prof. John Cottingham University of Glasgow
University of Reading
W.A.D. Prof. Wayne A. Davis
L.J.C. Mr L. Jonathan Cohen Georgetown University
University of Oxford
D.E. Prof. Dorothy Edgington
M.C. Mr Michael Cohen University of Oxford
University of Wales, Swansea
J.D.G.E. Prof. J. D. G. Evans
M.J.C. Prof. Max Cresswell Queen’s University, Belfast
Victoria University, Wellington
P.E. Prof. Paul Edwards
N.C. Prof. Nancy Cartwright Brooklyn College
London School of Economics and
E.J.F. Dr Elizabeth Frazer
Political Science
University of Oxford
Associate contributors
J.M.F. Prof. John Finnis
T.Chi. Timothy Childers
University of Oxford
R.F.H. Robin Findlay Hendry
T.U. Thomas E. Uebel N.F. Prof. Nicholas G. Fotion
Emory University
N.S.C. Prof. Norman S. Care
Oberlin College O.F. Prof. Owen Flanagan
Duke University
Q.C. Prof. Quassim Cassam
University College London P.K.F. Prof. Paul K. Feyerabend
University of California,
R.Clif. Prof. Robert Clifton
Berkeley
University of Western Ontario
P.R.F. Prof. Philippa Foot
R.Cri. Dr Roger Crisp
University of Oxford
University of Oxford
A.C.G. Dr Anthony Grayling
S.C. Prof. Steven Coutinho
Birkbeck College, London
Towson University
A.Gew. Prof. Alan Gewirth
S.R.L.C. Prof. Stephen Clark
University of Chicago
University of Liverpool
- Contributors xv
R.P.G. Prof. Robert P. George
A.Gom. Dr Antoni Gomila
Princeton University
University of Salamanca
S.A.G. Prof. S. A. Grave
A.Gup. Prof. Anil Gupta
University of Western Australia
Indiana University
S.G. Dr Stefan Gosepath
A.H.G. Prof. Alan Goldman
Hochschule der Künste, Berlin
University of Miami
S.Gard. Prof. Sebastian Gardner
A.I.G. Prof. Alvin Goldman
University College, London
Rutgers University
S.Gau. Prof. Stephen Gaukroger
Associate contributor
University of Sydney
J.W.B. Prof. John Bender
A.H. Prof. Alastair Hannay
B.G. Prof. Bernard Gert
University of Oslo
Dartmouth College
B.H. Prof. Brad Hooker
D.G. Prof. Don Gustafson
University of Reading
University of Cincinnati
C.H. Prof. Colin Howson
G.G. Prof. Gary Gutting
London School of Economics and Political
University of Notre Dame
Science
J.C.A.G. Prof. J. C. A. Gaskin
C.J.H. Prof. C. J. Hookway
Trinity College, Dublin
University of Sheffield
J.C.B.G. Mr J. C. B. Gosling
D.W.H. Prof. D. W. Hamlyn
University of Oxford
Birkbeck College, London
J.G. Prof. Jorge J. E. Gracia
D.W.Has. Prof. D. W. Haslett
State University of New York, Buffalo
University of Delaware
Associate contributors
E.L.H. Mr E. L. Hussey
M. G. Michael German
University of Oxford
E. M. Elizabeth Millan
G.P.H. Mr Geoffrey Hawthorn
J.Gar. Dr James Garvey
University of Cambridge
Royal Institute of Philosophy
I.C.H. Ingrid Coggin Honderich
J.O.G. Prof. James O. Grunebaum
Royal Institute of Philosophy
Buffalo State College
J.Hal. Prof. John Haldane
J.P.G. Prof. James P. Griffin
University of St Andrews
University of Oxford
J.Heil Prof. John Heil
L.E.G. Prof. Lenn E. Goodman
Washington University, St Louis
Vanderbilt University
J.Horn. Prof. Jennifer Hornsby
L.P.G. Prof. Lloyd P. Gerson
Birkbeck College, London
St Michael’s College, Toronto
K.H. Prof. Karen Hanson
M.D.G. Dr Marcus Giaquinto
Indiana University
University College London
K.J.J.H. Prof. Jaakko Hintikka
M.G. See Gracia
Boston University
P.G. Prof. Paul Gilbert
P.H. Prof. Paul Humphreys
University of Hull
University of Virginia
P.Good. Prof. Peter Goodrich
P.H.H. Prof. Peter H. Hare
Birkbeck College, London
State University of New York, Buffalo
P.G.-S. Prof. Peter Godfrey-Smith
P.M.S.H. Dr Peter Hacker
Australian National University
University of Oxford
P.L.G. Mr Patrick Gardiner
R.B.H. Prof. R. Baine Harris
University of Oxford
Old Dominion University
R.G. Prof. Reinhardt Grossmann
R.F.H. See Cartwright
Indiana University
R.H. Dr Ross Harrison
R.M.G. Prof. Richard M. Gale
University of Cambridge
University of Pittsburgh
- xvi Contributors
S.T.K. Prof. Steven T. Kuhn
R.Har. Prof. Russell Hardin
Georgetown University
New York University
W.K. Prof. Will Kymlicka
R.J.H. Mr R. J. Hawkins
Queen’s University, Ontario
University of Oxford
A.J.L. Mr Ardon Lyon
R.W.H. Prof. R. W. Hepburn
City University, London
University of Edinburgh
A.R.L. Dr Alan Lacey
V.H. Mr Vincent Hope
King’s College London
University of Edinburgh
B.L. Prof. Brian Leiter
W.A.H. Prof. Wilfrid Hodges
University of Texas, Austin
Queen Mary and Westfield College, London
E.J.L. Prof. E. J. Lowe
M.J.I. Mr M. J. Inwood
University of Durham
University of Oxford
H.L. Dr Hallvard Lillehammer
C.J. Prof. C. Janaway
University of Cambridge
University of Southampton
J.L. Dr James Logue
E.R.J. Dr Roger Jones
University of Oxford
Berea College, Kentucky
J.Lac. Prof. John Lachs
M.D.J. Prof. Mark D. Jordan
Vanderbilt University
University of Notre Dame
J.Lev. Prof. Jerrold Levinson
O.R.J. Mr O. R. Jones
University of Maryland, College Park
University of Wales, Aberystwyth
K.-S.L. Prof. Kwang-Sae Lee
P.F.J. Prof. Paul F. Johnson
Kent State University
St Norbert College
M.L. Prof. Margaret Little
S.J. Stuart Jeffries
Georgetown University
The Guardian
N.L. Prof. Noa Latham
S.P.J. Dr Simon James
University of Calgary
University of Durham
N.M.L. Prof. Nicola Lacey
A.J.P.K. Sir Anthony Kenny
London School of Economics
University of Oxford
O.L. Prof. Oliver Leaman
C.A.K. Mr Christopher Kirwan
University of Kentucky
University of Oxford
R.Le P. Prof. Robin Le Poidevin
C.H.K. Prof. C. H. Koch
University of Leeds
University of Copenhagen
W.G.L. Prof. William G. Lycan
H.-H.K. Prof. Hans-Herbert Kögler
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign
A.M. Prof. Adam Morton
J.A.K. Dr Jill Kraye
University of Alberta
Warburg Institute, London
A.MacI. Prof. Alasdair MacIntyre
J.J.K. Prof. Joel J. Kupperman
University of Notre Dame
University of Connecticut
A.R.M. Prof. Alfred R. Mele
J.K. Prof. Jaegwon Kim
Florida State University
Brown University
B.M. Dr Benjamin Morison
J.Kek. Prof. John Kekes
University of Oxford
State University of New York, Albany
C.McK. Prof. Catherine McKeen
L.K. Prof. Leszek Kolakowski
SUNY Brockport
University of Oxford
D.M. Dr Derek Matravers
M.K. Dr Martha Klein
Open University
University of Oxford
D.McL. Prof. David McLellan
P.K. Prof. Peter King
University of Kent, Canterbury
University of Toronto
D.McN. Dr Mike McNamee
R.K. Prof. Robert Kirk
University of Wales, Swansea
University of Nottingham
- Contributors xvii
R.J.N. Prof. Richard Norman
E.J.M. Dr Elinor Mason
University of Kent, Canterbury
University of Edinburgh
S.N. Dr Svante Nordin
E.M. See Gracia
University of Lund
F.MacB. Dr Fraser MacBride
T.N. Prof. Thomas Nagel
Birkbeck College,
New York University
London
A.D.O. Dr Alexander D. Oliver
G.B.M. Prof. Gareth B. Matthews
University of Cambridge
University of Massachusetts,
Amherst A.O’H. Prof. Anthony O’Hear
University of Buckingham
G.F.M. Prof. Gregory Mellema
Calvin College J.O’G. Ms Jane O’Grady
Fine Arts College, London
G.I.M. Prof. George I. Mavrodes
University of Michigan, D.P. Prof. David Papineau
Ann Arbor King’s College London
G.W.McC. Prof. Gregory McCulloch D.Pri. Dr D. H. Pritchard
University of Nottingham University of Stirling
J.J.M. Prof. Jack Macintosh G.P. Prof. Graham Priest
University of Calgary University of Melbourne
J.M. Prof. Joseph Margolis G.R.P. Prof. Graham Parkes
Temple University University of Hawaii, Manoa
J.McM. Prof. Jeff McMahan I.S.P. Prof. Ingmar Persson
Rutgers University University of Lund
K.M. Dr Kevin Magill L.P. Dr Letizia Panizza
University of Wolverhampton Royal Holloway College,
London
M.G.F.M. Prof. Michael Martin
University College London M.J.P. Prof. M. J. Petry
Erasmus University
N.M. Prof. Nenad Miscevic
ˇˇ ˇ
Central European University M.P. Dr Miroslav Pauza
Institute of Philosophy, Prague
P.J.M. Dr Penelope Mackie
University of Nottingham Associate contributors
K.Ber. Prof. Karel Berka
P.N.M. Mr Peter Momtchiloff
V.S. Dr Vera Soudilova
Oxford University Press
M.Pot. Prof. Matjaz Potrc
ˇ ˇ
R.B.M. Prof. Ruth Barcan Marcus
University of Ljubljana
Yale University
O.P. Dr Oliver Pooley
R.D.M. Prof. Ronald D. Milo
University of Oxford
University of Arizona
P.P. Prof. Philip Pettit
S.M. Prof. Susan Mendus
Princeton University
University of York
S.P. Mr Stephen Priest
S.McC. Prof. Storrs McCall
University of Oxford
McGill University
T.P. Dr Thomas Pink
S.M.-G. Dr Saladin Meckled-Garcia
King’s College London
University College London
A.Q. The Rt. Hon. Lord Quinton
C.N. Prof. Christopher Norris
University of Oxford
University of Wales, Cardiff
P.L.Q. Prof. Philip L. Quinn
H.W.N. Prof. Harold Noonan
University of Notre Dame
University of Nottingham
W.V.Q. Prof. W. V. Quine
J.N. Prof. Jan Narveson
Harvard University
University of Waterloo
B.B.R. Mr Bede Rundle
P.J.P.N. Dr Paul Noordhof
University of Oxford
University of Nottingham
- xviii Contributors
R.M.S. Prof. Mark Sainsbury
M.R. Prof. Michael Ruse
University of Texas, Austin
Florida State University
R.S. Prof. Richard Schacht
N.R. Prof. Nicholas Rescher
University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign
University of Pittsburgh
R.W.S. Prof. R. W. Sharples
P.R. Prof. Peter Railton
University College London
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
S.S. Prof. Stewart Shapiro
S.D.R. Dr Sarah Richmond
Ohio State University
University College London
T.S. Prof. Timothy Schroeder
S.L.R. Dr Stephen Read
University of Manitoba
University of St Andrews
T.L.S.S. Prof. T. L. S. Sprigge
B.C.S. Dr Barry C. Smith
University of Edinburgh
Birkbeck College, London
V.S. See Pauza
D.H.S. Prof. David H. Sanford
Duke University V.Such. Dr Victor Suchar
Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institute
E.S. Prof. Ernest Sosa
Brown University B.T. Prof. Bergeth Tregenza
California State University, Northridge
E.T.S. Prof. Edward Sankowski
University of Oklahoma C.C.W.T. Prof. C. C. W. Taylor
University of Oxford
J.E.R.S. Mr Roger Squires
University of St Andrews G.M.T. Prof. G. M. Tamas
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
J.M.S. Prof. John Skorupski
University of St Andrews I.T. Prof. Ivo Tretera
Charles University, Prague
J.P.S. Prof. James P. Sterba
University of Notre Dame L.S.T. Prof. Larry S. Temkin
Rutgers University
J.R.S. Prof. John Searle
University of California, Berkeley R.E.T. Prof. Robert Tully
St Michael’s College, Toronto
J.S. Dr Jeremy Stangroom
The Philosophers’ Magazine R.P.L.T. Dr Roger Teichmann
University of Oxford
K.-l. S. Prof. Kwong-loi Shun
University of California, Berkeley T.U. See Cartwright
L.F.S. Mr Leslie F. Stevenson R.V. Mr. Ruediger Vaas
University of St Andrews University of Giessen
L.S. Prof. Lawrence Sklar A.D.W. Mr Andrew Williams
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor University of Reading
M.S. Prof. Michael Slote A.W.W. Prof. Allen Wood
University of Miami Stanford University
P.F.S. Professor Paul Snowdon Cath.W. Prof. Catherine Wilson
University College London University of British Columbia
P.S. Prof. Peter Singer C.J.F.W. Prof. C. J. F. Williams
Princeton University University of Bristol
R.A.K.S. Dr Rowland Stout C.W. Mr Colwyn Williamson
University College, Dublin University of Wales, Swansea
R.A.S. Prof. Robert Sharpe D.N.W. Prof. Douglas Walton
University of Wales, Lampeter University of Winnipeg
R.C.Sle. Prof. R. C. Sleigh, Jr. G.J.W. Sir Geoffrey Warnock
University of Massachusetts, Amherst University of Oxford
R.C.Sol. Prof. Robert C. Solomon I.P.W. Prof. John White
University of Texas, Austin Institute of Education, London
R.G.S. Prof. R. G. Swinburne J.Wol. Prof. Jan Wolen ´ski
University of Oxford Jagiellonian University, Cracow
- Contributors xix
P.W. Ms Patricia Walsh
J.Woo. Prof. John Woods
King’s College London
University of British Columbia
R.C.W. Prof. Roy C. Weatherford
K.W. Prof. Kwasi Wiredu
University of South Florida
University of South Florida
R.S.W. Prof. Roger Woolhouse
K.Wuch. Prof. Dr Kurt Wuchterl
University of York
University of Stuttgart
S.W. Dr Sybil Wolfram
M.W. Prof. Michael Wreen
University of Oxford
Marquette University
T.W. Prof. Timothy Williamson
M.Walz. Prof. Michael Walzer
University of Oxford
Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
H.Z. Prof. Hossein Ziai
M.Warn. Baroness Warnock
University of California, Los Angeles
University of Cambridge
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