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Thechallengesof mainstreaming Experience of integrating environment into development institutions and decisions Barry Dalal-Clayton and Steve Bass 1 First published by International Institute for Environment and Development (UK) in 2009 Copyright © International Institute for Environment and Development All rights reserved ISBN: 978-1-84369-756-5 Further information is available at: www.environmental–mainstreaming.org For a full list of publications or catalogue please contact: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) 3 Endsleigh Street London WC1H 0DD United Kingdom newpubs@iied.org www.iied.org/pubs A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Citation: Barry Dalal-Clayton and Steve Bass (2009) The challenges of environmental mainstreaming: Experience of integrating environment into development institutions and decisions . Environmental Governance No. 3. International Institute for Environment and Development. London. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IIED. Photo credit: © Marilyn Barbone. Image from BigStockPhoto.com Printed by Park Communications,UK on 100% recycled paper using vegetable oil based ink Design by: Tony Credland Please recycle 2 3 Contents Acknowledgements 06 Acronyms 08 Preface 09 Executive Summary 11 1.0 Introduction: The case for environmental mainstreaming 15 1.1 Why do we need to’ mainstream’ the environment? 16 1.2 What is environmental mainstreaming? 19 1.3 Who should be concerned about environmental mainstreaming? 22 1.3.1 The actors in environmental mainstreaming and their needs 22 1.3.2 Responses and international mandates for environmental mainstreaming 26 1.4 Conclusions 28 2.0 The challenges of environmental mainstreaming 31 2.1 Constraints to environmental mainstreaming 34 2.2 The institutional context for environmental mainstreaming – entry points from global to local levels 48 2.3 The drivers of mainstreaming – catalysts for change 50 2.3.1 Current major drivers of mainstreaming in countries surveyed by IIED and partners 51 2.3.2 Moderately important drivers of mainstreaming from IIED’s country surveys 56 2.3.3 Further drivers of mainstreaming from IIED’s country surveys 60 2.3.4 Emerging international initiatives as catalysts for mainstreaming 61 2.4 Conclusions 64 3.0 Effective mainstreaming - what it takes 67 3.1 The range of environmental mainstreaming outcomes 73 3.2 Principles of effective environmental mainstreaming 76 3.3 Basic steps in environmental mainstreaming 78 3.4 Capacity, systems and skills for environmental mainstreaming 79 3.5 Communications 81 3.6 Monitoring and evaluation – testing the effectiveness of environmental mainstreaming 82 4.0 Selecting operational methods and tools for environmental mainstreaming 87 4.1 Policyandplanningcyclesastheframeworkforenvironmentalmainstreamingtoolsandapproaches 87 4.2 What tools and approaches are available? 89 4.3 Choosing appropriate tools and approaches 89 4.4 Further guidance 96 References 98 Annex 1: Interview questionnaire for country surveys 100 List of key literature and guidance documents 103 4 Boxes 1.1 Addressing the environment at the local level: experience in the Philippines 17 1.2 The PEP case for environmental mainstreaming 18 2.1 Scale dimensions of environmental mainstreaming 32 2.2 Key constraints to environmental mainstreaming highlighted by IIED’s country surveys 34 2.3 The need for change 36 2.4 Divergent views on environmental mainstreaming in South Africa 39 2.5 Environmental education in India 43 2.6 Some factors limiting the effectiveness of advocacy in the Caribbean 47 2.7 The Equator Initiative 49 2.8 Environmental commitments in the Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan 53 2.9 The influence of environmental disasters in the Philippines 58 2.10 National Adaptation Plans of Action (NAPAs) for climate change 62 3.1 Promoting effective environmental mainstreaming through national learning groups: examples from Tanzania and Zambia 69 3.2 Effective mainstreaming using SEA 71 3.3 Effective mainstreaming at the municipal level: examples from South Africa 72 3.4 Some examples of ‘conscious’ environmental mainstreaming in the Caribbean 73 3.5 Principles for effective environmental mainstreaming 76 3.6 Typical steps in environmental mainstreaming 77 3.7 Generic steps for drylands mainstreaming 78 3.8 PEI indicators for successful environmental mainstreaming 82 4.1 Mainstreaming tools and approaches used in development cooperation 87 Tables 1.1 Perceptions of environmental mainstreaming 23 1.2 MDG links to the environment 27 2.1 Drivers of environmental mainstreaming 51 3.1 A spectrum of outcomes of environmental mainstreaming 74 3.2 Tool for evaluating the effectiveness of drylands mainstreaming processes 83 4.1 Entry points for mainstreaming environment into country analysis and the UNDAF 90 4.2 Tools for environmental mainstreaming 94 Figures 2.1 Interacting factors that shape strategy for environmental mainstreaming 33 3.1 Capacity development for environment: a simple framework 79 3.2 Steps for a mainstreaming communications strategy 81 4.1 Linking mainstreaming tools to the policy/project cycle 88 5 ... - tailieumienphi.vn
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