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- International Journal of Management (IJM) Volume 11, Issue 3, March 2020, pp. 247–255, Article ID: IJM_11_03_027 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijm/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=11&IType=3 Journal Impact Factor (2020): 10.1471 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com ISSN Print: 0976-6502 and ISSN Online: 0976-6510 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TRANSFERRED LAND TO SETTLEMENTS IN INDONESIA Suriansyah Murhaini Law Studies Program, Faculty of Law, Palangka Raya University, Palangka Raya, Indonesia. Yetrie Ludang Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Palangka Raya University, Palangka Raya, Indonesia. ABSTRACT Natural Resources is a state of the natural environment that is valuable to meet human needs, human resources are used to meet and improve their welfare. The nature of natural resources consists of two types, namely physical natural resources and natural resources. Physical natural resources consist of land, water and air, while biological natural resources consist of forests, grasslands, plantations, etc. The development patterns of the resources impacted to socio-cultural implications and the occurrence of various vertical and horizontal conflicts in the area between the community and the government or the community with large investors. There have been evictions or neglect of the rights of indigenous/local communities in the control and utilization of natural resources. Some land and land acquisition cases are also triggered by conflicts between land rights holders and investors who use the land for industrial and residential purposes. Keywords: natural resources, development patterns, social aspect, land rights Cite this Article: Suriansyah Murhaini and Yetrie Ludang, Sociological Aspects of Transferred Land to Settlements in Indonesia, International Journal of Management (IJM), 11 (3), 2020, pp. 247–255. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=11&IType=3 1. INTRODUCTION Resources have two special characteristics, namely renewable resources and resources cannot be recovered. Renewable resources can be recovered are generally related to one another in an ecosystem, so that management cannot stand alone. For example the management of land and vegetation / forest natural resources is closely related to the state of water / water natural resources. Natural resources that can not be recovered (land, water, biotic, and space) are the main resource base in the development of a river basin. For example natural resource management must be carried out in an integrated manner in a watershed planning and management. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 247 editor@iaeme.com
- Sociological Aspects of Transferred Land to Settlements in Indonesia Understanding Natural Resources itself is legally quite difficult to find, but we can borrow this understanding of Natural Resources from the Draft Law on Natural Resource Management which provides the following limits / understandings: "Natural resources are all objects, resources, circumstances , natural functions, and living things, which are the result of natural processes, both biological and non-biological, renewable and non-renewable. " The fields related to and surrounding the issue of Natural Resources in Indonesia include: 1. Agrarian Affairs which have been regulated by Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles; 2. Mining Sector which has been regulated by Law Number 11 of 1967 concerning Mining; 3. Irrigation Sector which has been regulated by Law Number 7 of 2004 concerning Water Resources; 4. Fisheries Sector which has been regulated by Law Number 31 of 2004 concerning Fisheries; 5. Conservation of Natural Resources and their Ecosystems that have been regulated by Law Number 5 of 1990 concerning Conservation of Living Natural Resources and their Ecosystems; 6. Forestry Sector which has been regulated by Law Number 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry. Each of these fields is institutionally managed by sectoral institutions within the scope of the departments that handle them including: the Ministry of Home Affairs through the Land Agency; Ministry of Mines and Energy; Public Works Department; Ministry of Fisheries and Maritime Affairs; and the Ministry of Forestry. Natural resources can be classified as follows. a. Natural Resources Based on Origin 1) Organic natural resources (biotic), namely natural resources derived from life. Example: coal, petroleum. 2) Inorganic natural resources (abiotic), namely natural resources that are not from life. Examples: lead, bauxite, iron, and natural gas. b. Natural Resources Based on Nature of Sustainability 1) Renewable natural resources, i.e. natural resources that will not be used up because parts that have been used can be replaced with new ones. Example: air, wind, waterfall power, sunlight, plants, and animals. 2) Unrenewable resources, i.e. natural resources that will be depleted because they cannot be made new. Examples: tin, iron, bauxite, coal and petroleum. c. Natural Resources Based on Utilization 1) The natural resources of space, that is, the place that humans need in their lives. The greater the increase in population, the more narrow and difficult to obtain natural resources from space. Space in this case can mean space for the area of animal husbandry, agriculture, fisheries, living space, children playground space, and so on. 2) Material natural resources, that is, if what is used by humans is the material natural resources themselves. Example: Mineral magnetite, hematite, limonite, siderite, and quartz sand can be melted into iron / steel that is used to meet human needs, including for concrete frames, vehicles, household appliances, and others. 3) Natural energy resources, i.e. energy contained in natural resources. Fuel oil (gasoline, diesel, kerosene), coal, natural gas, and firewood are natural resources of energy because humans use their energy to cook, drive vehicles and industrial machinery. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 248 editor@iaeme.com
- Suriansyah Murhaini and Yetrie Ludang 4) biological natural resources, namely natural resources in the form of living things, namely animals and plants (Mangkoedihardjo and Triastuti, 2011; Mangkoedihardjo and April, 2012). Natural resources for plants are called vegetable natural resources, while animal resources are called animal resources. The variety and types of natural resources must be considered in the implementation of development. The need for land for development needs, both for public and individual interests must pay attention to the diversity of natural resources. Similarly, in the use of land or land conversion for residential development needs, attention must be given to the availability of agricultural land. Settlement or housing is one of the basic human needs, namely the needs of the board, therefore it must be met, but still done with due regard to the problems of ecosystems and natural resources. 2. PERMITS FOR TRANSITION OF RICE FIELDS TO HOUSING The country of Indonesia is known as an agricultural country, which is rich in agricultural products. The agricultural sector is a strategic sector and plays an important role in the national economy and community survival. Paddy fields have an important meaning, namely as a medium for farming activities in order to produce staple food (especially rice) for the needs of humanity. With such conditions Indonesia should be a food self-sufficiency country, not even as a food importing country from abroad. On the other hand, Indonesia is also a country that has a very large population. The population is increasing every year. So that in Indonesia it is vulnerable to land conversion. Where agricultural productive land is used as a residential area to support population growth. Along with the times and the dynamics of the movement of development steps and population growth, the existence of land began to be disturbed. One problem that is quite complicated related to the existence of rice plants is the increasingly widespread conversion of agricultural land to other uses such as the construction of human settlements, industry, shops, and tourism. The concept of development today is done more towards a development model that believes the economy is a system with the environment as a subsystem. In plain language, fulfilling the level of necessities of life is in terms of its economy. In this case economic interests are prioritized, so that the environmental interests are placed under economic interests. Transfer of land functions or commonly referred to as land conversion is a change in the function of part or all of the land area from its original function (as planned) to other functions that have a negative impact on the environment and the potential of the land itself. Transfer of land functions can also be interpreted as changes to other uses caused by factors that broadly include the need to meet the increasing needs of the population and increasing demands for a better quality of life. Transfer of land functions is usually associated with the process of regional development, and it can even be said that land conversion is a consequence of regional development. Most of the land use changes that occur, indicate an imbalance in land tenure which is more dominated by the capitalist by pocketing building permits issued by the government. This can be seen from the many functions of paddy fields being the residential land for the elite in urban areas. In big cities like Jakarta, Surabaya and several other metropolitan cities it is common for agricultural lands to be annexed by developments to build residential areas that are horizontal (real estate) or vertical (apartment). Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles more regulates the basics of controlling natural resources. There is only one article that regulates the allocation of natural resource use. Article 14, which forms the basis for planning the allocation and utilization of natural resources, states that the planning for the utilization of http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 249 editor@iaeme.com
- Sociological Aspects of Transferred Land to Settlements in Indonesia natural resources is carried out for the needs of the state, worship, centers for socio-cultural life and public welfare, development of agricultural, livestock, fishery and industrial development, transmigration and mining . Meanwhile, related to the sustainability of natural resource management, the Basic Agrarian Law only states in Article 15 that "preserving land, including increasing its fertility and preventing damage, is the obligation of every person, legal entity, or agency that has legal relations with the land. , by paying attention to those whose economy is weak. So every holder of land rights, individuals or legal entities, must maintain the land in the sense of commercializing the land for its needs and in accordance with the function and type of land. For agricultural land, it must be cultivated according to its designation. Paddy fields can be considered as public goods, because in addition to providing individual benefits to their owners, it also provides social benefits. Paddy fields have a very broad function related to direct benefits, indirect benefits, and innate benefits. The benefits are directly related to the provision of food, providing employment opportunities, providing a source of income for the community and the region, a means of growing togetherness (mutual cooperation), a means of preserving traditional culture, a means of preventing urbanization, as well as a means of tourism. The indirect benefits are related to their function as one of the environmental protection vehicles. The innate benefits are related to their function as a means of education, and a means of maintaining biodiversity. However, land policies during the New Order government that had a centralistic pattern had an impact on natural resources, especially the degradation of the quality of agricultural land which was often converted into an area of luxury housing (real estate), industrial estate, and even became a commodity for investment and speculation of the owners capital that results in land being abandoned for an indefinite period of time. Such a policy model continues even though the government regime has changed. Until now, the expansion of housing development continues, with the consequence of the conversion of paddy fields to residential land. Over the next few decades, Indonesia's economy will still depend on the natural resource sector, such as forests, mines, fisheries, etc., which will certainly be an opportunity and a risk. In a situation of economic crisis and political uncertainty and numerous violations of the law as has occurred so far, the risk that may occur with the decentralization in the field of natural resources will accelerate the decline in environmental quality. The expansion of industrial and residential development naturally requires a large amount of land, so that it will further increase the trend of the conversion of agricultural land. In the current era of regional autonomy, with the new authority given to local governments to take care of their own households, the tendency for regional governments to ignore or be more intensive in increasing local revenue without looking at environmental balance and security. Lack of management technical capacity and impartiality of local community needs for access to natural resources are likely to result in long-term loss of natural resources and irreversible environmental damage for meeting the basic needs of the area's natural resources. The Basic Agrarian Law adheres to the view that agrarian affairs are in essence a matter of the central government. The Basic Agrarian Law does not regulate in detail the authority and role of local governments in the land sector. The authority of the regional government is the implementation of co-administration tasks which are shared by the central government to the regional government. The government, or more specifically the central government occupies a strategic role in the Basic Agrarian Law. Thus it can be understood if public participation does not have space in this law. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 250 editor@iaeme.com
- Suriansyah Murhaini and Yetrie Ludang Law enforcement in the Basic Agrarian Law is mainly directed at handling violations of the obligation to preserve land from holders of land rights, land registration, violations relating to customary rights, use of land not by the owner, and violations of the provisions on the transfer of land rights. The Basic Agrarian Law does not provide an explanation for why law enforcement is only given to these matters, but not to other matters, such as violations in the procedure of revoking land rights or not fulfilling various government obligations stipulated in the Basic Agrarian Law. 3. FACTORS CAUSING LAND CONVERSION Transfer of land functions is a change of land allotment for other uses caused by factors that broadly include the need to meet the increasing needs of the population and increasing demands for a better quality of life. Land use change is caused by several factors. Broadly speaking, the factors causing land conversion are classified into 3, namely external, internal and policy factors issued by the government. 3.1. External Factors External factors or external factors are factors caused by the dynamics of urban growth, demographics and the economy. What is meant by the factor of urban growth is the more dense urban areas, there will be expansion to the periphery or back of the city. Rural areas, as the back of the city, which supply the city's food needs, will begin to be pressed down due to the rapid growth and development of the city, so that the productive land of rural agriculture will be converted into residential or industrial land. While demographic or population factors are increasing growth and population which causes increasing demand for land to be used as housing. The rapid development is considered as one of the causes of the decline in rice production growth. Growth in population is certainly followed by increasing basic needs, one of which is the board. Therefore, if the population increases, the need for shelter also increases, one of which is done by converting the seized land into settlements. Furthermore, economic factors are related to the increasing need for land in the economic field whether it is used as a tourism activity or land needs for industrial activities also cannot be separated from the factors that cause the conversion of paddy fields to industrial estate, one of which is in the industrial area of Surabaya Industrial Rungkut Estate (SIER) or Pasuruan Industrial Estate Rembang (PIER) area. In addition, economic pressures during an economic crisis can also lead to land conversion. This causes many farmers to sell their assets in the form of paddy fields to meet the necessities of life which has the effect of increasing the conversion of paddy fields and increasing land tenure to the parties that own capital. 3.2. Internal Factors This internal factor looks more at the side caused by the socio-economic conditions of farmed household land users, the characteristics of farmers including age, level of education, number of family dependents, area of land owned, and the level of dependence of farmers on land. In this increasingly modern era, it cannot be denied that young people prefer to work in industry and offices rather than work in agriculture. This causes rural areas engaged in agriculture to lack productive manpower, due to being left behind in the cities. Many workers in rural areas who are supposed to work on the fields instead go to the city to work in the industrial sector. Migration of rural workers to big cities in the industrial sector makes the land in the village not done optimally, so that the impact on the sale of paddy land to investors who actually partly comes from the city. Such conditions make absentee control http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 251 editor@iaeme.com
- Sociological Aspects of Transferred Land to Settlements in Indonesia of agricultural land, ie land held by people who live outside the sub-district where the rice fields are located. In addition, other internal factors increasing operational costs in processing agricultural land also cause farmers to suffer losses, so they prefer to switch professions and sell their agricultural land. The high cost of paddy fields treatment makes some farmers from the community unable to lease land to others. Some of them even sell their paddy fields to others, some of which are even owned by investors from the city, who again have absentee land. 3.3. Government Policy Factors The policy factor relates to the regulatory aspects issued by the central and regional governments relating to changes in the function of agricultural land. Weaknesses in the aspect of regulation itself are mainly related to legal issues, sanctions for violations, and accuracy of land objects that are prohibited from being converted. In addition, the lack of real action (only discourse) and unclear government steps in minimizing land use change are becoming more and more widespread and land is being converted. The uncontrolled and over-occurring conversion of rice fields will certainly have a negative impact on the future of agriculture. Moreover, Indonesia is known as an agricultural country with rice fields stretching from Sabang to Merauke, if agricultural land is reduced or even converted, then Indonesia will experience a food crisis. From year to year, the area of productive land that is changing functions continues to grow, which will result in a decline in food production and threaten national food security, while the food needs of the population are getting bigger due to population growth which is also getting bigger. For example, the Secretary of the Agriculture Service of Malang Regency, said that every year it is estimated that no less than 10 hectares of land in Malang Regency has changed its function to become a residential or industrial area. To meet the increasing food needs of the community, large agricultural land is also needed. However, with the conversion of paddy fields, food production has decreased and people's needs for food are difficult to meet. Transfer of paddy land functions is carried out directly by the landowner farmers, and is carried out indirectly by other parties that were previously preceded by the sale and purchase of paddy land transactions. The process of changing the function of paddy fields can take place quickly and can also run slowly. Transfer of land functions takes place quickly if related to efforts to meet the needs of other economic sectors that produce economic surpluses (land rent) is much higher. For example, for the development of industrial estates, residential areas, and so on. In addition, it is also to fulfill basic needs, namely public infrastructure programmed by the government, or for the residence of the owner of the land concerned. The process of shifting the function of paddy fields is slow if the motivation to do the conversion is related to the degradation of the function of the paddy fields, for example due to irrigation network damage so that the land can no longer function as paddy fields. Increased food production must be encouraged to achieve self-sufficiency in rice. However, in reality the attractiveness to farming in the community is getting lower which eventually the agricultural sector began to be abandoned. This causes the target of rice self- sufficiency is difficult to achieve. On the other hand, shifting the function of paddy fields is increasingly unstoppable due to the suboptimal implementation of regulations regarding land use, so that what happens on the ground is far different from that contained in the regulations. Thus land use change is a serious threat that should not be underestimated given the impact that arises is directly related to the environment and food security in the future and will also have an impact on Indonesia's increasing dependence on imported rice. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 252 editor@iaeme.com
- Suriansyah Murhaini and Yetrie Ludang In Law Number 41 Year 2009 concerning the Protection of Sustainable Agricultural Land Land, it is explained that land is part of the land surface of the earth as a physical environment that includes the land along with all the factors that influence its use such as climate, relief, geological aspects, and hydrology that are formed naturally or due to human influence. The existence of land decreases with increasing population so there is a need for land arrangement between land for industrial and agricultural areas. Agricultural land is a field of land that is used for agricultural business. While sustainable food agricultural land is a plot of land that is determined to be protected and developed consistently to produce staple food products for national food sovereignty and security. One of which is part of agricultural land is rice fields. Therefore, rice fields are not only important as producers of rice and secondary crops which are private goods that provide benefits to farmers, but also provide public goods and services known as multifunctionality. The positive function of paddy fields or can also be referred to as positive externalities (positive externalities) in the paddy field environment, among others, is to mitigate or control flooding, recycle water, control or control erosion, mitigate the increase in air temperature, and recycle organic waste. However, there are some problems in the form of negative externalities (negative externalities) from paddy fields, including emissions and methane gas. The conversion of paddy land to non-agricultural uses can have an impact on the decline in agricultural production, and will have an impact on a broader dimension which is related to changes in the economic, social, cultural and political orientation of the community. In terms of production, losses due to the conversion of paddy fields in Java during the period 1981- 1998 are estimated to have caused a loss of rice production of around 1.7 million tons / year or comparable to the amount of rice imports in 1984-1997 which ranged between 1.5- 2.5 million tons / year. The conversion of paddy fields also causes the opportunity for farmers to gain income from their farming. The loss of farmers' income from rice farming in West Java and East Java reaches Rp 1.5 - Rp 2 million / Ha / year and lost employment opportunities reaches the range of 300 - 480 HOK / Ha / year. The income of the tractor and rice mill entrepreneurs also decreased, respectively by Rp. 46 - Rp. 91 thousand and Rp. 45 - Rp. 114 thousand / Ha / year due to land conversion. According to research conducted by Widjanarko, et al (2006), the concentration of housing and industrial development in Java, on the one hand adds to the opening of employment in non-agricultural sectors such as construction services, and industry, but also causes negative impacts that are less favorable, namely among others : 1. Reduced rice field area resulting in a decrease in rice production, which disrupts the achievement of food self-sufficiency and the emergence of food insecurity as well as resulting in shifting employment from agriculture to non-agricultural sectors. If the workforce is not fully absorbed, it will increase unemployment. 2. Government investment in the provision of irrigation infrastructure and facilities has not been optimally utilized. 3. The failure of investors in carrying out housing and industrial development, as a result of the economic crisis, or because of miscalculation results in the utilization of land that has not been obtained, thus increasing the area of idle land which in turn also causes social conflicts such as land plunder. 4. The reduced paddy ecosystem, especially in the northern coast of Java, while the printing of new paddy fields which is very large outside Java such as in Central Kalimantan, does not show a positive impact. The cause of the conversion of agricultural land can be said to be multidimensional. Therefore, control efforts are not possible only through one approach. Considering the value http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 253 editor@iaeme.com
- Sociological Aspects of Transferred Land to Settlements in Indonesia of the existence of agricultural land is multifunctional, the decision to control must take into account various aspects inherent in the existence of the land itself. This is because the existing land has different values, both in terms of the services produced and the various functions inherent in it. 4. APPROACHES TO CONTROL LAND CONVERSION In connection with the above issue, Pearce and Turner (1990) recommend three approaches simultaneously in the case of controlling the function of wetlands (wetland), namely through as follows. 4.1. Regulation Through this approach policy makers need to establish a number of rules in the use of existing land. Based on various technical, economic, and social considerations, policy makers can conduct zoning of existing land and the possibility for the process of transfer of functions. In addition, a clear and transparent licensing mechanism is needed by involving all stakeholders involved in the process of land conversion. In practical terms, this pattern has been applied by the government through the establishment of a Regional Spatial Plan and the formation of a Nine Team at the district level in the process of land conversion. Unfortunately, the implementation in the field has not been fully consistent in applying the existing rules. 4.2. Acquisition and Management Through this approach the related parties need to improve the system and rules of land sale and purchase as well as perfect the existing land tenure system to support efforts towards maintaining the existence of agricultural land. 4.3. Incentive and Charges Providing subsidies to farmers who can improve the quality of their land, as well as the application of an attractive tax for farmers who maintain the existence of agricultural land, is another form of approach that is suggested in efforts to prevent the conversion of agricultural land. In addition, the development of existing infrastructure is more directed at supporting the development of agricultural cultivation activities and their associated businesses. Considering that up to now the implementation of laws and regulations on land use control has not been effective and is based on the reference to the control approach as stated above, it is necessary to create an alternative policy. The alternative policy is expected to be able to break the deadlock over the control of the previous land use. The components include legal and economic instruments, zoning and community initiatives. Legal instruments include the application of laws and regulations that govern the mechanism of land use change. Meanwhile, economic instruments include incentives, disincentives, and compensation. The policy of providing incentives is given to those who defend the land from being transferred. The pattern of providing these incentives is in the form of relief from land and building tax and the ease of agricultural production facilities (Jaya et al., 2018; Alpian et al., 2018). On the contrary, disincentives are given to parties who carry out land conversion whose implementation is contrary to laws and other applicable regulations. Meanwhile, compensation is aimed at parties who are disadvantaged as a result of land conversion for development activities, or to prevent the occurrence of land conversion for the preservation of land as a source of agricultural production (food). In other words, the application of these instruments is related to the granting of awards and sanctions for violations (reward and punishment). http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 254 editor@iaeme.com
- Suriansyah Murhaini and Yetrie Ludang The zoning policy is related to the management of the spatial area through the clustering of land into three categories of control zones, namely protected land (may not be converted), limited functions, and may be converted. Zoning is regulated based on irrigation classification criteria, cropping intensity, and productivity of paddy fields. Irrigation criteria are distinguished from irrigated and non-irrigated paddy fields. The criteria for cropping intensity are one to two times per year, while the productivity criteria are below 4.5 tons / ha / harvest. 5. CONCLUSION The act of changing the function of paddy fields into settlements carried out without supervision will cause harm, not only to humans, but also to other living things. The filter is the government and regional government as an agency that grants or issues permits related to the development of residential areas by taking the area or paddy field. Therefore the government does not have to be lax in assessing and granting permits for settlement development in certain regions or regions. The granting of a residential development permit must take into account the needs and also the established spatial plan. REFERENCES [1] Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles; [2] Law Number 11 of 1967 concerning Mining; [3] Law Number 7 of 2004 concerning Water Resources; [4] Law Number 31 of 2004 concerning Fisheries; [5] Law Number 5 of 1990 concerning Conservation of Living Natural Resources and their Ecosystems; [6] Law Number 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry. [7] Alpian, Ludang, Y., Supriyati, W. 2018. Ability to absorb carbon dioxide by saplings of rambutan forest (Nephelium Ramboutan-ake). International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 9(11): 425–431. [8] Jaya, H.P., Fernando, Ludang, Y. 2018. Lakes and forests as a couple of environmental infrastructure in tropical countries. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 9(7): 1270–1275. [9] Mangkoedihardjo, S. and April, SAL. 2012. Compost on Evapotranspiration Bed Planted With Yellow Flag for Treatment of Wastewater Containing Anionic Surfactant. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 8(3): 1630-1633. [10] Mangkoedihardjo, S. and Triastuti, Y. 2011. Vetiver in Phytoremediation of Mercury Polluted Soil with the Addition of Compost. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 7(4): 465-469. [11] Pearce and Turner. 1990. Economics of natural resources and the environment. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 73(1). DOI: 10.2307/1242904. [12] Widjanarko,et al, 2006. Defense Aspects in the Control of Agricultural Land Use Function (Sawah). Proceedings of the National Seminar on Multifunctional Rice Fields: 22-23. Research and Development Center BPN. Jakarta. [13] Sudha Krishnakumar, 2019, Sociological Study on the Conditions of Migrant Workers in the Garment Industry in Ernakulam City Post 2018 Floods, International Journal of Management, 10 (4), pp. 68–75 [14] Ishfaq Ahmad Bhat and Er. Puneet sharma, 2017, Slag the Best Opportunity to Save Natural Resources, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(12), pp. 931–936 http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 255 editor@iaeme.com
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