Sách Massachusetts English Language Arts Curriculum Framework

i Massachusetts English Language Arts Curriculum Framework June 2001 Massachusetts English Language Arts Curriculum Framework June 2001 i i Dear Colleagues: I am pleased to present to you the Massachusetts English Language Arts Curriculum Framework that was approved by the Board of Education in November 2000. Many people have assisted in creating this outstanding document. We drew on comments from many teachers, administrators, and specialists on both the 1997 framework and drafts of this framework. We also drew on the work of a committee of educators from school districts across the state. They revised this document while they continued to do their full-time jobs in their districts. Department of Education staff members unified their ideas and prepared the drafts of this framework, including its introductory and concluding material. All these efforts have made the very good 1997 framework even better. It provides more guidance on the standards for each grade span. It also provides learning standards for beginning reading, PreK–3. It further emphasizes reading and writing skills across all grade levels. For the most part, the grade 9–10 learning standards have not been changed in order to keep expectations consistent for the grade 10 English Language Arts assessment. I encourage you to read this document with your colleagues and to work with it as you develop units and lessons for your classrooms. This framework offers you a comprehensive tool for planning your English language arts curriculum. Sincerely yours, David P. Driscoll Commissioner of Education Massachusetts English Language Arts Curriculum Framework June 2001 i Table of Contents Introduction 1 Guiding Principles 2 General Standards 5 Language Strand 8 Reading and Literature Strand 21 Composition Strand 54 Media Strand 72 Appendix A: Suggested Authors, Illustrators, and Works Reflecting our Common Literary and Cultural Heritage 78 Appendix B: Suggested Authors and Illustrators of Contemporary American Literature and World Literature 87 Appendix C: On Reading and Writing 102 Appendix D: Research on Reading 106 Appendix E: The Limited English Proficient Student in the English Language Arts Classroom 107 Appendix F: Glossary of Terms 109 Appendix G: Selected Annotated Resources 119 Endnotes 122 Massachusetts English Language Arts Curriculum Framework June 2001 ii Introduction This English Language Arts Curriculum Framework is one of seven documents created to advance educational reform in Massachusetts. It reflects the work of PreK–12 educators and consultants throughout the state in collaboration with staff from the Massachusetts Department of Education. Organization of the Document The ten Guiding Principles articulate a set of beliefs about the teaching, learning, and assessing of speaking, viewing, listening, reading, and writing. The English language arts are organized into four Strands, or content areas: Language, Reading and Literature, Composition, and Media. The 27 General Standards—broad statements that outline what students should know and be able to do in English language arts—are separated into Learning Standards for PreK–2, 3–4, 5–6, 7–8, 9–10, and 11–12. General Standards for vocabulary (4), reading (7 and 8) and for composition (19 and 22) have been further divided into PreK–K and 1–2 clusters. A Rationale follows each General Standard. Examples, written in italics and following many Learning Standards, show how standards might be addressed in the classroom. Learning Scenarios, or extended examples, are interspersed throughout the text to show how Learning Standards might be combined in a unit of study for the classroom. Teachers are free to adapt these examples and scenarios for their own purposes in planning units and lessons, but they should not feel constrained to use them. Appendix A presents a list of suggested authors and works reflecting our common literary and cultural heritage. Appendix B presents lists of suggested contemporary authors from the United States as well as past and present authors from other countries and cultures. Appendices C–G provide information on a number of topics related to this framework and its development, including a Glossary of Terms explaining words and phrases found in the framework. Development of the Document These General Standards and Learning Standards are based upon those in the Massachusetts English Language Arts Curriculum Framework published in 1997. In accordance with the Education Reform Act requirement that the English Language Arts standards be reviewed and revised periodically, a review panel of teachers, administrators, and Department of Education staff was convened in the fall of 1999. The Department of Education published a draft of revised standards that was approved for public comment in May 2000. After receiving and incorporating public comment, the review panel completed a revision of the introductory sections, strand introductions, and appendices in the fall of 2000. Experts assisted the review panel in its work on early reading text and on Appendices A and B. Purpose of the Document This framework is designed to guide local school district personnel in the development of effective English language arts curricula. It is based on two important concepts. First, learning in English language arts is recursive. That is, students at every grade level apply similar language skills and concepts as they use increasingly more complex materials. In this way, students build upon and refine their knowledge, gaining sophistication and independence as they grow. Second, although represented separately in the framework, the strands—Language, Reading and Literature, Composition, and Media—are, in fact, interdependent. Each strand intertwines with and supports the others. Students might at any time read and write, view and discuss, or interpret and perform in order to understand and communicate meaning. Thus, at all grade levels, effective English language arts curriculum units weave together skills and concepts from several strands to support student learning. Massachusetts English Language Arts Curriculum Framework June 2001 1 Guiding Principles The following principles are philosophical statements that underlie every strand and standard of this curriculum framework. They should guide the construction and evaluation of English language arts curricula. Guiding Principle 1 An effective English language arts curriculum develops thinking and language together through interactive learning. Effective language use both requires and extends thinking. As learners listen to a speech, view a documentary, discuss a poem, or write an essay, they engage in thinking. The standards in this framework specify the intellectual processes that students draw on as they use language. Students develop their ability to remember, understand, analyze, evaluate, and apply the ideas they encounter in the English language arts and in all the other disciplines when they undertake increasingly challenging assignments that require them to write or speak in response to what they are learning. Guiding Principle 2 An effective English language arts curriculum develops students’ oral language and literacy through appropriately challenging learning. A well planned English language arts instructional program provides students with a variety of oral language activities, high-quality and appropriate reading materials, and opportunities to work with others who are reading and writing. In the primary grades, systematic phonics instruction and regular practice in applying decoding skills to decodable materials are essential elements of the school program. Reading to preschool and primary grade children plays an especially critical role in developing children’s vocabulary, their knowledge of the natural world, and their appreciation for the power of the imagination. Beyond the primary grades, students continue to refine their skills through speaking, listening, viewing, reading, and writing. Guiding Principle 3 An effective English language arts curriculum draws on literature from many genres, time periods, and cultures, featuring works that reflect our common literary heritage. American students need to become familiar with works that are part of a literary tradition going back thousands of years. Students should read literature reflecting the literary and civic heritage of the English-speaking world. They also should gain broad exposure to works from the many communities that make up contemporary America as well as from countries and cultures throughout the world. Appendix A of this framework presents a list of suggested authors or works reflecting our common literary and cultural heritage. Appendix B presents lists of suggested contemporary authors from the United States, as well as past and present authors from other countries and cultures. A comprehensive literature curriculum contains works from both appendices. In order to foster a love of reading, English language arts teachers encourage independent reading within and outside of class. School librarians play a key role in finding books to match students’ interests, and in suggesting further resources in public libraries. Guiding Principle 4 An effective English language arts curriculum emphasizes writing as an essential way to develop, clarify, Massachusetts English Language Arts Curriculum Framework June 2001 22 ... - tailieumienphi.vn