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HUNG YEN UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2009 Pham Ngoc Son - TOEIC GRAMMAR REVIEW Contents Unit Topic Page 1 conditionals 2 2 nouns, adjectives, adverbs, articles and comparatives 5 3 determiners and pronouns 15 4 passive and active voices 19 5 tenses 23 6 ­ing and the infinitive 30 7 subject­verb agreement and subjunctive mood 34 8 prepositions and sentence structure 39 9 relative clauses 46 10 modals 48 confusing words and differences between English 49 and American Unit 1 Conditionals (câu điều kiện) Point 1 form and overview If­clause (hypothesis) Main clause (result) Use Type 0 General truth If + present simple Present simple If the temperature falls below 0 C, water turns into ice. future/ imperative If + present simple, present perfect or can can/may/might/must/should/ could/have to + bare infinitive real – likely to happen in the 2 Pham Ngoc Son - TOEIC GRAMMAR REVIEW Type 1 Real present If he doesn’t pay the fine, he will go to prison. If you need help, come and see me. If you have finished your work, we can have a break. If you’re ever in the area, you should come and visit us. present or future imaginary Type 2 Unreal present If + past simple (were) would/could/should + bare infinitive situation contrary to facts in the present; also used to give advice If I had time, I would take up a sport. (but I don’t have time – untrue in the present) If I were you, I would talk to my parents about it. (giving advice) Type 3 Unreal past If + past perfect (had +PII) would/should/could + have + PII imaginary situation contrary to facts in the past; also used to express regrets or criticism If she had studied harder, she would have passed the test. Note: +) Conditional clauses consist of two parts: the if­clause (hypothesis) and the main clause (result). When the if­clause comesbefore the main clause, the two clauses are seperated with a comma. When the main clause comes before the if­clause, then no comma is necessary. câu điều kiện gồm 2 phần: mệnh đề IF và mệnh đề chính chỉ kết quả Example: If I see Tim, I’ll give him his book. I’ll give Tim his book if I see him. +) We do not normally use will, would or should in an if­clause. However, we can use will or would after if to make a polite request or express insistence or uncertainty (usually with expressions such as I don’t know, I doubt, I wonder, etc.). We can use should after if to talk about something which is possible, but not very likely to happen. Example: If the weather is fine tomorrow, we will go camping. (NOT if the weather will be fine ...) If you will fill in this form, I’ll process your application. (Will you please fill in ... – polite request) If you will not stop shouting, you’ll have to leave. (If you insist on shouting ... – insistence) I don’t know if he will pass his exams. (uncertainty) If Tom should call, tell him I’ll be late. (We don not think that Tom is very likely to call.) 3 Pham Ngoc Son - TOEIC GRAMMAR REVIEW +) We can use were instead of was for all persons in the if –clause of Type 2 conditionals. If he were here, we could have a party. +) We can omit if in the if­clause. When if is omitted, should (type 1), were (type 2), had (type 3) and the subject are inverted. (có thể bỏ IF trong một số câu mệnh lệnh…) Example: Should Peter come, tell him to wait. (= should Peter should come, ...) Were I you, I wouldn’t trust him. (= If I were you, ...) Had he known, he would have called. (= if he had known, ...) +) Mixed conditionals If ­ clause Type 2 If nobody paid the bill, Type 2 If he had money, Type 3 If he had won the lottery, Main clause Type 1 the electricity will be cut off. Type 3 he would have bought her a gift. Type 2 He wouldn’t be asking for money. Point 2 Other ways of making conditionals +) or/ or else/ otherwise is another way of say if not You have to complete the project on schedule, or/ or else/ otherwise you will be fired. +) Even if can also be used in conditional sentences to emphasize if. Even if you begged him to take the money, he wouldn’t accept. +) If only can be used as a way of emphasizing if. In addition, the if only clause can also express a wish. If only you had told me, I could have helped you. If only we had enough money to go on vacation. (but we don’t have enough money) +) provided/ providing (that), as long as, on condition (that) these are more emphatic ways of saying if You can go to the party if you are home before 12.00. You can go to the party provided you are home before 12.00. You can go home as long as you are home before 12.00. +) supposing/ suppose/ imagine these ways of expressing conditions without if. Supposing/ suppose/ imagine you were president, how would you change the country? +) Unless this is an emphatic way of saying if ... not in the if – clause of type1 conditionals. Unless you leave now, you will miss the bus. (= if you don’t leave now, ...) (NOT: unless you don’t leave now, ...) 4 Pham Ngoc Son - TOEIC GRAMMAR REVIEW +) If (it) were / was not for / hadn’t been for ... This describes how one event depends on another If it were not for Helen, our team would be the worst in the area! (If Helen weren’t a really good player ...) If it hadn’t been for Jim, the child would have drowned. (If Jim hadn’t jumped in to recue the child ...) Note: in some situations, we cannot use one of these mentioned above to replace “if” because it may affect the meaning of the sentence, so be careful! Example: Lateness inevitably causes errors, which in turn means that we are all held up going home at the end of the day. ­­­­­­­the problem continues, we will consider introducing penalties to deal with offenders. Please make sure all staff are aware of this. (p. 247, practice test 6, TARGET TOEIC second edition) A. When B. Provided C. If D. Considering In the sentence above, in terms of grammar we can use A, B, C or D. However, in terms of semantics choice C is the best answer Unit 2 Nouns, adjectives, adverbs, articles and comparatives (danh từ, tính từ, trạng từ, mạo từ và so sánh tính từ) Point 1 Countable and uncountable nouns A. Countable nouns When a countable noun is singular, it is used with an indefinite article a/an; when a countable noun is plural, it ends in –(e)s. danh từ đếm được là danh từ số ít thường dùng với mạo từ không xác định an/an, khi dùng với số nhiều thường có es/s sau danh từ Example: To request extra credit card for other members of your household, call our automated service line. (not correct) A countable noun must be used with an indefinite article a/an in the singular form; otherwise it should end in –(e)s in the plural form. (card cards) The electronics company has recruited staff from several of its competitor. (not correct) A plural noun must be used after such determiners as several, some, many, etc. (competitor competitors) B. Uncountable nouns (danh từ không đếm được) Uncountable nouns refer to substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate 5 ... - tailieumienphi.vn
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