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Chapter 1: Tenses 1. Present Simple General Formula S+ V Vs(es) *Adverbs used in Present Simple: always, usually, sometimes, often, never, rarely, seldom, generally, normally, everyday…. *Verbs used in Present Simple: I, you, We, They, plural subjects He, She, It, singular subjects V (infinitive) Vs(es) +Adding –es to verbs ending in –c, ­o, –s, ­z, ­x, ­sh, ­ch +Adding –s to verbs ending in other sounds –p, ­k, ­r, ­t, ­f, ­g … +For verbs ending in –y, change – y into –i and add –es. E.g: I go to school everyday. She rarely goes out alone Tom studies French at this university. That sounds interesting. *Usage: The Present Simple tense is used ● to describe a law of nature (things in general) E.g: Light travels through space at a speed of 299,792 kilometers per second. ● to talk about a permanent situation or state with no definite time of beginning and finishing but it is still true now. E.g: I like fish. (I liked fish, I like fish and in the future I’ll still like fish.) ● to mention a regular repeated action or something of a timetable (fixed arrangements and scheduled events in the near future). E.g: I play football twice a week. Sangilicious 1 The London train leaves at 7 o’clock everyday. The party starts at 8 o`clock. ● to emphasize a fact (emphatic do – does) E.g: I do think about that. (Tôi thực sự có nghĩ về điều đó.) 2. Present Continuous General Formula S+am/is/are+Ving(Gerund) *Adverbs used in Present Continuous: now, presently, currently, at the moment, at the present, at this time, at 10 o’clock… *Verbs used in Present Continuous: I He, she, singular subjects We, They, plural subjects am+Ving is+Ving are+Ving *Usage: The Present Continuous tense is used ● to talk about actions happening now or over a period of time around now. E.g: Hattie is working at his computer at the moment. She is reading books at school. (over a period of time) ● to describe changing and developing actions or situations. E.g: It is getting colder. (developing situation) Black skirts are becoming fashionable again. (changing situation) ● to mention temporary actions E.g: I am staying with Mark for three weeks. ● to talk about habitual and/or repeated actions (often annoying) [habitual acts with negative sense]. E.g: He is always asking questions. (That annoys me) I am continually losing my spectacles. (repeated and annoying actions) *Notes: Some certain verbs (stative or non­continuous verbs) can’t be used in the Present Continuous tense. + verbs of sense: be, sound, smell, taste, look, see, hear, listen to, recognize… + verbs of emotion: hate, dislike, like, love, refuse, adore, wish, forgive, desire… Sangilicious 2 + verbs of thought: believe, trust, realize, expect, remember, forget, understand, recollect, mind, know, suppose…. + verbs of possession: have, belong to, keep, own, owe, possess… + other verbs: contain, signify, matter, seem, appear…. E.g: I hate you. (not am hating) It seems to me that something horrible is going to happen. (not is seeming) Some of the above­mention verbs can be used in the present continuous tense but with special meanings (different from their original meanings). E.g: He is seeing the town. (Anh ta đang viếng thăm thành phố.) I am having my house painted. How are you feeling? (Tôi đang cho người sơn nhà) (Anh thấy thế nào?) Exception: I feel that you’re wrong. (Tôi nghĩ rằng anh lầm.) Only rarely is "to be" used in a continuous form. This is most commonly done when a person is temporarily behaving badly or stereotypically. It can also be used when someone`s behavior is noticeably different. E.g: Joe is being very rude. (Joe is behaving very rudely. Usually he is not rude.) Adverbs used in the Present continuous tense such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just… are placed between to be and the gerund. E.g: Are you still watching TV? 3. Present Perfect General Formula S+has/have+V3/ed (Past Participle) *Adverbs used in Present Perfect: never, ever, already, recently, lately, just, since, so far, until, not…yet, not…before, for ages, for years, up to now, for the past few years… * Verbs used in Present Perfect: I, You, We, They, Plural subjects have + V3/ed He, She, It, Singular subjects has + V3/ed *Usage: The Present Perfect tense is used ● to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. Sangilicious 3 E.g: I have seen that movie twenty times. ● to talk about actions that have gone on until now E.g: I have lived here for the past twenty­three years. ● to describe repeated actions that have gone on until now E.g: He has written four books. (He may write more books.) ● to mention the actions from the past until now (for non­continuous verbs), used with adverbs such as never, ever, before, yet… Never: describes an action that hasn’t happened until now. E.g: I have never read “War and Peace”. Yet: is used to ask whether something hasn’t happened until now (negative) or whther it’s happened until now (questions). E.g: I haven’t finished my homework yet. Before = until now E.g: I have never been in love before Ever: is used to ask whether something has happened until now or not. E.g: Have you ever been to Africa? ● to show the present result (the result now) of past actions, often used with ‘just’ and ‘already’ Already: is used in positive statements E.g: I’ve already explained, so you don’t have to say anything. Just: for a very recent past action. E.g: James has just come in. Let’s tell him what’s happened. 4. Present Perfect Continuous General Formula S+has/have+been+Ving (Present participle) *Usage: The Present Perfect Continuous tense is used to emphasize an action or a situation in progress not its completion. It is used for: ● temporary actions and situations E.g: I have been using Joanna’s car while I have been staying with her. Sangilicious 4 ● talking about how long something has been going on (duration from the past until now). E.g: How long have you been studying English? We can also use the Present Perfect Continuous without a duration such as "for two weeks." Then, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning. E.g: Recently, I have been feeling really tired. She has been watching too much television lately. Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous tense has the meaning of "lately" or "recently". If we use the Present Perfect Continuous in questions it can suggest unexpected meanings. "Have you been feeling alright?" "Have you been smoking?" (this can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy.) (this can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person.) Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly. *Notes: The Present Perfect Continuous tense is more commonly used in informal speech. The Present Perfect Continuous tense is used with stative verbs (see, hear, look, taste, smell, want, realize…) to emphasize an action in progress not its completion. E.g: I have been hearing funny noises. If we don’t want to emphasize the progressive nature of the action, we can use the Present Perfect tense ... - tailieumienphi.vn
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