PLASTIC WASTE IN THE ENVIRONMENT

European Commission DG ENV PLASTIC WASTE IN THE ENVIRONMENT Specific contract 07.0307/2009/545281/ETU/G2 under Framework contract ENV.G.4/FRA/2008/0112 Revised final report April 2011 In association with Contact BIO Intelligence Service Shailendra Mudgal – Lorcan Lyons +33 1 53 90 11 80 shailendra.mudgal@biois.com lorcan.lyons@biois.com Project Team BIO Intelligence Service Mr. Shailendra Mudgal Mr. Lorcan Lyons Mr. Jonathan Bain Ms. Débora Dias Mr. Thibault Faninger Ms. Linda Johansson AEA Technology Mr. Phil Dolley Ms. Lucy Shields Institute for European Environmental Policy Ms. Catherine Bowyer Disclaimer: The project team does not accept any liability for any direct or indirect damage resulting from the use of this report or its content. The views expressed in this report are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. The recommendations given by the authors should not be interpreted as political or legal signal that the Commission intends to take a given action. April 2011 European Commission (DG Environment) Plastic waste in the environment – Final Report 2 Glossary BREFs Chemical recycling Disposal Operating permits under the IPPC Directive are issued based on Best Available Techniques Reference Documents (BREFs) in order to ensure protection of the environment See feedstock recycling Disposal encompasses a variety of definitions. In accordance with the terms the Waste Framework Directive, disposal refers to: Deposit into or onto land (landfill) Specially engineered landfill; for example, placement into lined discrete cells which are capped and isolated from one another and the environment Release into a water body Release into seas/oceans including sea‐bed insertion Biological or physico-chemical treatment which results in final compounds or mixtures which are discarded by means of other disposal methods. Incineration on land or at sea Permanent storage Blending or mixing prior to any of the above operations Repackaging prior to submission to other disposal methods Storage, pending disposal by any of the above methods Energy recovery Feedstock recycling Mechanical Recycling Municipal Solid Waste Pre-consumer waste Polymer Post-consumer waste Plastic waste Recovery The use of waste principally as a fuel or other means to generate energy Also known as chemical recycling, feedstock recycling refers to techniques used to break down plastic polymers into their constituent monomers, which in turn can be used again in refineries, or petrochemical and chemical production. Mechanical recycling of plastics refers to processes which involve the reprocessing of plastic was by melting, shredding or granulation. Post-consumer waste collected by local authorities and can include household waste, and waste collected from public institutions and spaces. Also known as post-industrial waste, or industrial scrap, this refers to waste generated during converting or manufacturing processes. Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating chemical units. The term polymer is usually used to refer to plastics. This is waste produced by material consumers, where waste generation did not involved the production of another product. The output of consumption, which is disposed of and forms waste streams Recovery is a broad term that includes any useful use of a waste to 3 European Commission (DG Environment) Plastic waste in the environment – Final Report April 2011 replace another material. In accordance with the Waste Framework Directive, recovery here is used to describe the following operations: Use of waste principally as a fuel or other means to generate energy Recycling/reclamation Oil re-refining or other reuses of oil Use of wastes obtained from any of the operations above Exchange of wastes for submission to any of the operations above Storage of wastes pending any of the operations above A form of material recovery that should not be considered recycling is backfilling, where waste is used to refill excavated areas for engineering purposes (safety or slope reclamation). Recyclate Recycling Waste plastic Materials resulting from the processing of plastic waste (pellets, granules, flakes, etc). Although recycling is a form a material recovery, where the term ‘recycling’ has been used, it refers to material recovery involving the concept of reprocessing into products or raw materials. Plastic material that is a resource with a potential use such as an input into recycling processes. Plastic recycling ‘cascade’ terminology1 ASTM D7209 – 06 standard definitions Primary recycling Secondary recycling Tertiary recycling Quaternary recycling Equivalent ISO 15270 standard definitions Mechanical recycling Mechanical recycling Chemical recycling Energy recovery Other equivalent terms Closed-loop recycling Downgrading Feedstock recycling Valorisation 1 Adapted from Hopewell, J. et al. (2009) Plastics recycling: challenges and opportunities. Note that quaternary “recycling” is not generally considered recycling in the EU context. April 2011 European Commission (DG Environment) Plastic waste in the environment – Final Report 4 Abbreviations ABS Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene amino Any thermosetting synthetic resin formed by copolymerisation of amines or amides with aldehydes. ANAIP Asociacion Nacional de Industrias del Plastico A-PET Amorphous polyethylene terephthalate APME Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (now PlasticsEurope) ASA Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate ASR Automotive shredder residue B&C Building and construction BFR Brominated flame retardant BPA Bisphenol A BREF C&D CEN C-PET DEFRA EEA EEE ELV EoL EoW EP EPBP EPRO EPS ETP EuPC EuPR FEDEREC FR HDPE HIPS ISO kt ktpa LCA LDPE LLDPE MR MRF MS MSW Mt NAFTA Best Available Techniques reference document Construction and demolition European Committee for Standardization Crystalline polyethylene terephthalate UK Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs European Environment Agency Electrical and electronic equipment End-of-life vehicles End-of-life End-of-waste Epoxy (resin) European PET Bottle Platform European Association of Plastics Recycling and Recovery Organisations Expanded polystyrene Engineering thermo-plastics European Plastics Converters European Plastics Recyclers Fédération des entreprises du recyclage (France) Flame retardant High density polyethylene High impact polystyrene International Standardisation Organisation Thousand tonnes (kilotonne) Thousand tonnes per annum Life-Cycle Assessment Low density polyethylene Linear low density polyethylene Mechanical recycling Material recovery facility Member State(s) of the European Union Municipal solid waste One million tonnes (Megatonne) North American Free Trade Agreement 5 European Commission (DG Environment) Plastic waste in the environment – Final Report April 2011 ... - tailieumienphi.vn