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Môc lôc
Grammar Review .........................................................................................................1
1. Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc v kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc (Count noun/ Non - count noun) 1
Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh "a" vµ "an" .........................................................................2
Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh "The" ..............................................................................................3
C¸ch sö dông another vµ other. ................................................................................6
C¸ch sö dông little, a little, few, a few ......................................................................7
Së h÷u c¸ch .................................................................................................................8
Verb...............................................................................................................................9
1) Present..............................................................................................................9
1) Simple Present ..................................................................................................9
2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing)......................................................................9
3) Present Perfect : Have + PII .............................................................................9
4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing ............................................10
2. Past .................................................................................................................10
1) Simple Past: V-ed ...........................................................................................10
2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing ...........................................................10
3) Past Perfect: Had + PII ....................................................................................11
4) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing..............................................11
3. Future..............................................................................................................11
1) Simple Future: Will/Shall/Can/May + Verb in simple form .............................11
2) Near Future .....................................................................................................11
3) Future Progressive: will/shall+verbing ............................................................12
4) Future Perfect: Whill/ Shall + Have + PII ........................................................12
Sù hßa hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ......................................................................13
1. C¸c tr−êng hîp Chñ ng÷ ®øng t¸ch khái ®éng tõ .....................................13
2. C¸c danh tõ lu«n ®ßi hái c¸c ®éng tõ v ®¹i tõ ®i theo chóng ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt
13
3. C¸ch sö dông None v No............................................................................13
4. C¸ch sö dông cÊu tróc either...or (hoÆc...hoÆc) v neither...nor (kh«ng...m
còng kh«ng) ...........................................................................................................14
5. V-ing l m chñ ng÷ .........................................................................................14
6. C¸c danh tõ tËp thÓ .......................................................................................14
7. C¸ch sö dông a number of, the number of:................................................15
8. C¸c danh tõ lu«n dïng ë sè nhiÒu ..............................................................15
9. Th nh ng÷ there is, there are .......................................................................16
§¹i tõ...........................................................................................................................18
1. §¹i tõ nh©n x−ng (Chñ ng÷) .........................................................................18
2. §¹i tõ nh©n x−ng t©n ng÷ .............................................................................18
3. TÝnh tõ së h÷u................................................................................................19
4. §¹i tõ së h÷u..................................................................................................19
5. §¹i tõ ph¶n th©n ............................................................................................19
T©n ng÷.......................................................................................................................20
1. §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ l t©n ng÷.....................................................................20
2. Verb -ing dïng l m t©n ng÷..........................................................................20
3. Bèn ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt.....................................................................................20
4. C¸c ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ.......................................................................21
5. VÊn ®Ò c¸c ®¹i tõ ®øng tr−íc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆc V-ing dïng l m t©n
ng÷. 22
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C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ b¸n khiÕm khuyÕt........................................................23
1. Need ................................................................................................................23
1) Dïng nh− mét ®éng tõ th−êng: ®−îc sö dông ra sao cßn tïy v o chñ ng÷ cña nã 23
2) Need ®−îc sö dông nh− mét ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt .......................................23
2. Dare.................................................................................................................23
1) Khi dïng víi nghÜa l "d¸m" ............................................................................23
2) Dare dïng nh− mét ngo¹i ®éng tõ ..................................................................24
C¸ch sö dông to be trong mét sè tr−êng hîp........................................................25
C¸ch sö dông to get trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt........................................27
1. To get + P2 ......................................................................................................27
2. Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: B¾t ®Çu l m g×.................................................27
3. Get sb/smt +V-ing: L m ai/ c¸i g× b¾t ®Çu...................................................27
4. Get + to + verb ...............................................................................................27
5. Get + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò h nh ®éng) = Come + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò nhËn
thøc) = Gradually = dÇn dÇn.................................................................................27
C©u hái .......................................................................................................................28
1. C©u hái Yes/ No .............................................................................................28
2. C©u hái th«ng b¸o .........................................................................................28
a) Who/ what l m chñ ng÷...................................................................................28
b) Whom/ what l m t©n ng÷ ................................................................................28
c) C©u hái nh¾m v o c¸c bæ ng÷: When, Where, How v Why..........................28
3. C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp............................................................................................28
4. C©u hái cã ®u«i..............................................................................................29
Lèi nãi phô häa kh¼ng ®Þnh vµ phñ ®Þnh................................................................30
1. Kh¼ng ®Þnh.....................................................................................................30
2. Phñ ®Þnh .........................................................................................................30
C©u phñ ®Þnh .............................................................................................................31
MÖnh lÖnh thøc ..........................................................................................................33
§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt...............................................................................................34
C©u ®iÒu kiÖn .............................................................................................................35
1. §iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë hiÖn t¹i .................................................35
2. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë hiÖn t¹i ..........................................35
3. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë qu¸ khø .........................................35
C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ will, would, could, should sau if................................36
Mét sè c¸ch dïng thªm cña if..................................................................................37
1. If... then: NÕu... th× ........................................................................................37
2. If dïng trong d¹ng c©u kh«ng ph¶i c©u ®iÒu kiÖn: §éng tõ ë c¸c mÖnh ®Ò diÔn
biÕn b×nh th−êng theo thêi gian cña chÝnh nã. ..................................................37
3. If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... diÔn ®¹t sù kh«ng ch¾c
ch¾n (Xem thªm phÇn sö dông should trong mét sè tr−êng hîp cô thÓ).......37
4. If.. was/were to... ............................................................................................37
5. If it + to be + not + for: NÕu kh«ng v×, nÕu kh«ng nhê v o. .....................37
6. Not ®«i khi ®−îc thªm v o nh÷ng ®éng tõ sau if ®Ó b y tá sù nghi ngê, kh«ng
ch¾c ch¾n. ..............................................................................................................37
7. It would... if + subject + would... (sÏ l ... nÕu – kh«ng ®−îc dïng trong v¨n
viÕt) 37
8. If... ‘d have... ‘have: Dïng trong v¨n nãi, kh«ng dïng trong v¨n viÕt, diÔn ®¹t
®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ x¶y ra ë qu¸ khø .................................................................37
9. If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be bÞ l−îc bá) ...........................37
10. If dïng kh¸ phæ biÕn víi mét sè tõ nh− any/anything/ever/not diÔn ®¹t phñ
®Þnh 38
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11. If + Adjective = although (cho dï l ) ...........................................................38
C¸ch sö dông to Hope, to Wish. ..............................................................................39
1. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng cã thËt ë t−¬ng lai ............................................................39
2. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë hiÖn t¹i ..........................................39
3. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë qu¸ khø .........................................39
C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ as if, as though (gÇn nh− lµ, nh− thÓ lµ)......................40
Used to, to be/get used to ........................................................................................41
C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ would rather ...................................................................42
1. Lo¹i c©u cã mét chñ ng÷ ..............................................................................42
2. Lo¹i c©u cã hai chñ ng÷ ...............................................................................42
a) Lo¹i c©u gi¶ ®Þnh ë hiÖn t¹i .............................................................................42
b) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë hiÖn t¹i .................................................42
c) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë qu¸ khø ................................................42
C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ Would like .......................................................................43
C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë hiÖn t¹i .44
1. Could, May, Might + Verb in simple form = Cã lÏ, cã thÓ. .........................44
2. Should + Verb in simple form ......................................................................44
3. Must + Verb in simple form ..........................................................................44
C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë qu¸ khø 45
1. Could, may, might + have + P2 = cã lÏ ® ...................................................45
2. Could have + P2 = LÏ ra ® cã thÓ (trªn thùc tÕ l kh«ng).........................45
3. Might have been + V-ing = Cã lÏ lóc Êy ®ang .............................................45
4. Should have + P2 = LÏ ra ph¶i, lÏ ra nªn .....................................................45
5. Must have + P2 = h¼n l ® ...........................................................................45
6. Must have been V-ing = h¼n lóc Êy ®ang....................................................45
C¸c vÊn ®Ò sö dông should trong mét sè tr−êng hîp cô thÓ ..............................46
TÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ .......................................................................................................47
§éng tõ nèi ................................................................................................................48
C¸c d¹ng so s¸nh cña tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ .................................................................49
1. So s¸nh b»ng .................................................................................................49
2. So s¸nh h¬n kÐm...........................................................................................49
3. So s¸nh hîp lý ...............................................................................................50
4. So s¸nh ®Æc biÖt ............................................................................................50
5. So s¸nh ®a béi ...............................................................................................51
6. So s¸nh kÐp ...................................................................................................51
7. CÊu tróc No sooner... than = Võa míi ... th× ® ... .......................................52
8. So s¸nh gi÷a 2 ng−êi hoÆc 2 vËt..................................................................52
9. So s¸nh bËc nhÊt...........................................................................................52
Danh tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ ..........................................................................................54
Enough .......................................................................................................................55
Mét sè tr−êng hîp cô thÓ dïng Much & Many.......................................................56
Ph©n biÖt thªm vÒ c¸ch dïng alot/ lots of/ plenty/ a great deal/ so víi many/ much. 58
Mét sè c¸ch dïng cô thÓ cña more & most............................................................59
C¸ch dïng long & (for) a long time .........................................................................60
Tõ nèi..........................................................................................................................60
1. Because, Because of ....................................................................................60
Because of = on account of = due to ..................................................................60
2. Tõ nèi chØ môc ®Ých v kÕt qu¶ ....................................................................60
3. Tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh©n v kÕt qu¶. ............................................................61
4. Mét sè c¸c tõ nèi mang tÝnh ®iÒu kiÖn kh¸c...............................................61
C©u bÞ ®éng................................................................................................................63
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§éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n ........................................................................................65
1. To have sb do sth = to get sb to do sth = Sai ai, khiÕn ai, b¶o ai l m g× .65
2. To have/to get sth done = §−a c¸i g× ®i l m ...............................................65
3. To make sb do sth = to force sb to do sth..................................................65
4. To make sb + P2 = l m cho ai bÞ l m sao.....................................................65
5. To cause sth + P2 = l m cho c¸i g× bÞ l m sao ............................................65
6. To let sb do sth = to permit/allow sb to do sth = ®Ó ai, cho phÐp ai l m g×65
7. To help sb to do sth/do sth = Gióp ai l m g× ..............................................65
8. 3 ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt..........................................................................................65
C©u phøc hîp vµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ...............................................................66
1. That v which l m chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô ....................................................66
2. That v which l m t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô .....................................................66
3. Who l m chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô ....................................................................66
4. Whom l m t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô ..................................................................66
5. MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc v kh«ng b¾t buéc. ................................................66
1) MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc. ..................................................................................66
2) MÖnh ®Ò phô kh«ng b¾t buéc .........................................................................66
6. TÇm quan träng cña viÖc sö dông dÊu phÈy ®èi víi mÖnh ®Ò phô..........67
7. C¸ch sö dông All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which67
8. Whose = cña ng−êi m , cña con m . ..........................................................67
9. C¸ch lo¹i bá mÖnh ®Ò phô............................................................................67
C¸ch sö dông P1 trong mét sè tr−êng hîp .............................................................69
10. Dïng víi mét sè c¸c cÊu tróc ®éng tõ........................................................69
11. P1 ®−îc sö dông ®Ó rót ng¾n nh÷ng c©u d i ..............................................69
C¸ch sö dông nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh (To have + P2)...............................71
Nh÷ng c¸ch sö dông kh¸c cña that ........................................................................72
1. That dïng víi t− c¸ch l mét liªn tõ (r»ng).................................................72
2. MÖnh ®Ò that ..................................................................................................72
C©u gi¶ ®Þnh ...............................................................................................................73
1. Dïng víi would rather that...........................................................................73
2. Dïng víi ®éng tõ. ..........................................................................................73
3. Dïng víi tÝnh tõ. ............................................................................................73
4. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi mét sè tr−êng hîp kh¸c ........................................74
5. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi it + to be + time .......................................................74
Lèi nãi bao hµm.........................................................................................................76
1. Not only ..... but also .....................................................................................76
2. As well as: Còng nh− ....................................................................................76
3. Both ..... and ...................................................................................................76
C¸ch sö dông to know, to know how......................................................................78
MÖnh ®Ò nh−îng bé ..................................................................................................79
1. Despite/Inspite of = bÊt chÊp .......................................................................79
2. Although/Even though/Though = MÆc dÇu.................................................79
3. However + adj + S + linkverb = dï cã .... ®i ch¨ng n÷a th× .......................79
4. Although/ Albeit (more formal) + Adjective/ Adverb/ Averbial Modifier ..79
Nh÷ng ®éng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn .............................................................................80
Mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt kh¸c............................................................................82
Sù phï hîp vÒ thêi ®éng tõ......................................................................................83
C¸ch sö dông to say, to tell .....................................................................................84
§¹i tõ nh©n x−ng one vµ you ...................................................................................85
Tõ ®i tr−íc ®Ó giíi thiÖu ...........................................................................................86
C¸ch sö dông c¸c ph©n tõ ë ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô .....................................................87
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Ph©n tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ ..........................................................................................89
1. Ph©n tõ 1(V-ing) ®−îc dïng l m tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn
sau: 89
2. Ph©n tõ 2 (V-ed) ®−îc dïng l m tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn
sau: 89
C©u thõa .....................................................................................................................90
CÊu tróc c©u song song ...........................................................................................91
Th«ng tin trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp................................................................................92
1. C©u trùc tiÕp v c©u gi¸n tiÕp ......................................................................92
§éng tõ víi hai t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp ........................................................93
Sù ®¶o ng−îc phã tõ.................................................................................................94
1. Mét sè c¸c d¹ng phã tõ ®Æc biÖt ®øng ë ®Çu c©u......................................94
C¸ch lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi kh«ng ®óng trong bµi ng÷ ph¸p .........................96
1. KiÓm tra c¸c lçi ng÷ ph¸p c¬ b¶n bao gåm................................................96
2. Lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi mang tÝnh r−êm r : ...........................................96
3. Ph¶i ch¾c ch¾n r»ng tÊt c¶ c¸c tõ trong c©u ®−îc chän ®Òu ph¶i phóc vô cho
nghÜa cña b i, ®Æc biÖt l c¸c ng÷ ®éng tõ.........................................................96
4. Ph¶i lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi bao h m tiÕng lãng, kh«ng ®−îc phÐp dïng
trong v¨n viÕt qui chuÈn.......................................................................................96
Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn .......................................................................................97
Phô lôc: mét sè nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn kh¸c:.................................................99
Giíi tõ .......................................................................................................................101
Ng÷ ®éng tõ .............................................................................................................103
Mét sè nguyªn t¾c thùc hiÖn bµi ®äc....................................................................105
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Grammar
Grammar Review
Mét c©u trong tiÕng Anh bao gåm c¸c th nh phÇn sau ®©y
SUBJECT - VERB AS PREDICATE - COMPLEMENT - MODIFIER
(OBJECT)
DIRECT INDIRECT
SUBJECT cã thÓ l mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ, mét VERB_ING, mét ®¹i tõ, song nhiÒu nhÊt vÉn l
mét danh tõ. Chóng bao giê còng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u, l m chñ ng÷ v quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ. V× l
danh tõ nªn chóng liªn quan ®Õn nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò sau:
1. Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc v kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc (Count noun/ Non - count noun)
Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc: Dïng ®−îc víi sè ®Õm, do ®ã nã cã h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè nhiÒu. Nã cã thÓ dïng
®−îc víi "a" v "the".
Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc: Kh«ng dïng ®−îc víi sè ®Õm, do ®ã nã kh«ng cã h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè
nhiÒu. Nã kh«ng thÓ dïng ®−îc víi "a", cßn "the" chØ trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt.
Mét sè danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt.
Mét sè danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc cã d¹ng sè Ýt/ sè nhiÒu nh− nhau chØ ph©n biÖt b»ng cã "a" v kh«ng
cã "a"
Ex: an aircraft/ aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish.
Mét sè c¸c danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc nh− food, meat, money, sand, water ... ®èi khi ®−îc dïng
nh− c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®Ó chØ c¸c d¹ng, lo¹i kh¸c nhau cña danh tõ ®ã.
Ex: water -> waters (N−íc -> nh÷ng vòng n−íc)
Danh tõ "time" nÕu dïng víi nghÜa l "thêi gian" l kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc nh−ng khi dïng víi nghÜa
l "thêi ®¹i" hay "sè lÇn" l danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc.
Ex: Ancient times (Nh÷ng thêi cæ ®¹i) - Modern times (nh÷ng thêi hiÖn ®¹i)
B¶ng sè 1 trang 45 l c¸c ®Þnh ng÷ dïng ®−îc víi c¸c danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc v kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc.
ViÖc x¸c ®Þnh danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc v kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc l hÕt søc quan träng v th−êng l b−íc c¬
b¶n më ®Çu cho c¸c b i nghe/ ng÷ ph¸p cña TOEFL.
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Qu¸n
Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh "a" vµ "an"
Dïng "an" tr−íc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng:
o 4 nguyªn ©m A, E, I, O.
o 2 b¸n nguyªn ©m U, Y.
o Nh÷ng danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng "h" c©m (an heir/ an hour)
o Nh÷ng tõ më ®Çu b»ng mét ch÷ viÕt t¾t (an S.O.S/ an M.P)
o L−u ý: §øng tr−íc mét danh tõ më ®Çu b»ng "uni..." ph¶i dïng "a" (a university/ a
uniform)
Dïng "a" tr−íc danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng mét phô ©m.
§−îc dïng tr−íc mét danh tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh vÒ mÆt vÞ trÝ/ tÝnh chÊt/ ®Æc ®iÓm hoÆc ®−îc nh¾c
®Õn lÇn ®Çu tiªn trong c©u.
Dïng trong c¸c th nh ng÷ chØ sè l−îng nhÊt ®Þnh nh−: a lot of/ a great deal of/ a couple/ a
dozen.
Dïng tr−íc nh÷ng sè ®Õm nhÊt ®Þnh th−êng l h ng ng n, h ng tr¨m nh− a/ one hundred -
a/one thousand.
Dïng tr−íc "half" (mét nöa) khi nã theo sau mét ®¬n vÞ nguyªn vÑn: a kilo and a half, hay khi
nã ®i ghÐp víi mét danh tõ kh¸c ®Ó chØ nöa phÇn (khi viÕt cã dÊu g¹ch nèi): a half - share, a
half - holiday (ng y lÔ chØ nghØ nöa ng y).
Dïng víi c¸c ®¬n vÞ ph©n sè nh− 1/3 a/one third - 1/5 a /one fifth.
Dïng trong c¸c th nh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tØ lÖ: $5 a kilo, 60 kilometers an hour, 4 times a
day.
Dïng tr−íc c¸c danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc. trong c¸c th¸n tõ what a nice day/ such a long life.
A + Mr/ Mrs/ Ms + family name = mét «ng/ b / c« n o ®ã (kh«ng quen biÕt)
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Qu¸n
Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh "The"
Dïng tr−íc mét danh tõ ® ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt tÝnh chÊt, ®Æc ®iÓm, vÞ trÝ hoÆc ®−îc nh¾c
®Õn lÇn thø hai trong c©u.
The + danh tõ + giíi tõ + danh tõ
Ex: The girl in blue, the Gulf of Mexico.
Dïng tr−íc nh÷ng tÝnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt hoÆc only.
Ex: The only way, the best day.
Dïng cho nh÷ng kho¶ng thêi gian x¸c ®Þnh (thËp niªn): In the 1990s
The + danh tõ + ®¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖnh ®Ò phô
Ex: The man /to whom you have just spoken /is the chairman
Tr−íc mét danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vËt riªng biÖt
Ex: She is in the (= her) garden
The + danh tõ sè Ýt t−îng tr−ng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hoÆc ®å vËt
Ex: The whale = whales (lo i c¸ voi), the deep-freeze (thøc ¨n ®«ng l¹nh)
L−u ý: Nh−ng ®èi víi man khi mang nghÜa "lo i ng−êi" tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®−îc dïng "the".
Ex: Since man lived on the earth (kÓ tõ khi lo i ng−êi sinh sèng trªn tr¸i ®Êt n y)
Dïng tr−íc mét danh tõ sè Ýt ®Ó chØ mét nhãm, mét h¹ng ng−êi nhÊt ®Þnh trong x héi.
Ex: The small shopkeeper: Giíi chñ tiÖm nhá/ The top offcial: Giíi quan chøc cao cÊp
The + adj: T−îng tr−ng cho mét nhãm ng−êi, chóng kh«ng bao giê ®−îc phÐp ë sè nhiÒu nh−ng
®−îc xem l c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu. Do vËy ®éng tõ v ®¹i tõ ®i cïng víi chóng ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3
sè nhiÒu.
Ex: The old = The old people/ The unemployed/ The disabled are often very hard in their moving
The + tªn c¸c vïng/ khu vùc ® næi tiÕng vÒ mÆt ®Þa lý hoÆc lÞch sö
Ex: The Sahara (desert)/ The Siberia (tundra)/ The Normandic
The + East/ West/ South/ North + Danh tõ
used as adjective
Ex: Ex: The North/ South Pole
(B¾c/ Nam Cùc)
Ex: Ex: The East End of London
(Khu ®«ng L«n §«n)
*Nh−ng kh«ng ®−îc dïng "the" tr−íc c¸c tõ n y nÕu nã ®i liÒn víi tªn ch©u lôc hoÆc quèc
gia: West Germany, North America...
The + tªn gäi c¸c ®éi hîp x−íng/ d n nh¹c cæ ®iÓn/ ban nh¹c phæ th«ng
Ex: The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles.
The + tªn gäi c¸c tê b¸o (kh«ng t¹p chÝ)/ t u biÓn/ c¸c khinh khÝ cÇu.
Ex: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg
The + hä mét gia ®×nh ë sè nhiÒu = gia ®×nh nh
Ex: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children
Dïng tr−íc tªn hä cña mét ng−êi ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh ng−êi ®ã trong sè nh÷ng ng−êi trïng tªn.
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Kh«ng ®−îc dïng "the" tr−íc c¸c danh tõ chØ b÷a ¨n trong ng y trõ c¸c tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt.
Ex: We ate breakfast at 8 am this morning
Ex: The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious.
Kh«ng ®−îc dïng "the" tr−íc mét sè danh tõ nh− home, bed, church, court, jail, prison,
hospital, school, class, college, university v.v... khi nã ®i víi c¸c ®éng tõ v giíi tõ chØ chuyÓn
®éng chØ ®i ®Õn ®ã v× môc ®Ých chÝnh hoÆc ra khái ®ã còng v× môc ®Ých chÝnh.
Ex: Students go to school everyday.
Ex: The patient was released from hospital.
Nh−ng nÕu ®Õn ®ã hoÆc ra khái ®ã kh«ng v× môc ®Ých chÝnh b¾t buéc ph¶i dïng "the".
Ex: Students go to the school for a class party.
Ex: The doctor left the hospital afterwork
*L−u ý: trong American English hospital v university ph¶i dïng víi THE:
Ex: He was in the hospital (in hospital as a patient).
Ex: She was unhappy at the university (at the university as a student).
Mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt
• Go to work = Go to the office.
• To be at work
• To be hard at work (l m viÖc ch¨m chØ)
• To be in office (®−¬ng nhiÖm) To be out of office (§ m n nhiÖm)
• Go to sea = ®i biÓn (nh− nh÷ng thñy thñ)
• Go to the sea = ra biÓn, th−êng ®Ó nghØ
• To be at the sea: ë gÇn biÓn
• To be at sea (ë trªn biÓn) trong mét chuyÕn h¶i h nh.
• go to town: §i v o trung t©m/ §i phè - To be in town (ë trung t©m) khi town l cña ng−êi nãi.
B¶ng sö dông "the" v kh«ng sö dông "the" trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ®iÓn h×nh
Cã "The" Kh«ng "The"
Dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c ®¹i d−¬ng, s«ng ngßi, Tr−íc tªn mét hå
biÓn, vÞnh v c¸c hå (ë sè nhiÒu) Ex: Lake Geneva
Ex: The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the
Persian Gufl, the Great Lakes
Tr−íc tªn mét ngän nói
Tr−íc tªn c¸c d y nói
Ex: Mount Vesuvius
Ex: The Rocky Mountains
Tr−íc tªn c¸c h nh tinh hoÆc c¸c chßm
Tr−íc tªn nh÷ng vËt thÓ duy nhÊt trong vò
sao
trô hoÆc trªn thÕ giíi
Ex: Venus, Mars
Ex: The earth, the moon
The Great Wall
Tr−íc tªn c¸c tr−êng n y nÕu tr−íc nã l
The schools, colleges, universities + of +
mét tªn riªng
danh tõ riªng
Ex: Stetson University
Ex: The University of Florida
Tr−íc c¸c danh tõ ®i cïng víi mét sè ®Õm
the + sè thø tù + danh tõ
Ex: Chapter three
Ex: The third chapter.
Tr−íc tªn c¸c cuéc chiÕn tranh khu vùc
víi ®iÒu kiÖn tªn khu vùc ®ã ph¶i ®−îc
tÝnh tõ ho¸
Ex: The Korean War (=> The Vietnamese
economy)
Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc më ®Çu b»ng New,
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mét tÝnh tõ chØ h−íng hoÆc chØ cã mét tõ
Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc cã hai tõ trë lªn (ngo¹i
Ex: New Zealand, North Korean, France
trõ Great Britain)
Ex: The United States
Tr−íc tªn c¸c lôc ®Þa, tØnh, tiÓu bang,
th nh phè, quËn, huyÖn
Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc ®−îc coi l mét quÇn Ex: Europe, Florida
®¶o hoÆc mét quÇn ®¶o
Ex: The Philipines
Tr−íc tªn c¸c t i liÖu hoÆc sù kiÖn lÞch sö
Ex: The Constitution, The Magna Carta
Tr−íc tªn c¸c nhãm d©n téc thiÓu sè
Ex: the Indians
Tr−íc tªn bÊt k× m«n thÓ thao n o
Ex: baseball, basketball
Tr−íc c¸c danh tõ trõu t−îng (trõ mét sè
tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt)
Ex: freedom, happiness
Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc nãi chung
Ex: mathematics
Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc cô thÓ
Ex: The Solid matter Physics
Tr−íc tªn c¸c ng y lÔ, tÕt
Ex: Christmas, Thanksgiving
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C¸ch
C¸ch sö dông another vµ other.
Hai tõ n y tuy gièng nhau vÒ mÆt nghÜa nh−ng kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p.
Dïng víi danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc Dïng víi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc
another + danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè Ýt = mét
c¸i n÷a, mét c¸i kh¸c, mét ng−êi n÷a, mét
ng−êi kh¸c.
the other + danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè Ýt = c¸i
cßn l¹i (cña mét bé), ng−êi cßn l¹i (cña
mét nhãm).
Other + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc = mét
Other + danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè nhiÒu =
chót n÷a.
mÊy c¸i n÷a, mÊy c¸i kh¸c, mÊy ng−êi
n÷a, mÊy ng−êi kh¸c.
The other + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc =
The other + danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè nhiÒu
chç cßn sãt l¹i.
= nh÷ng c¸i cßn l¹i (cña mét bé), nh÷ng
ng−êi cßn l¹i (cña mét nhãm).
Ex: I don't want this book. Please give me another.
(another = any other book - not specific)
I don't want this book. Please give me the other.
(the other = the other book, specific)
Another v other l kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh trong khi The other l x¸c ®Þnh, nÕu chñ ng÷ hoÆc danh tõ
® ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn ë trªn th× ë d−íi chØ cÇn dïng Another hoÆc other nh− mét ®¹i tõ l ®ñ.
NÕu danh tõ ®−îc thay thÕ l sè nhiÒu: Other -> Others. Kh«ng bao giê ®−îc dïng Others +
danh tõ sè nhiÒu. ChØ ®−îc dïng mét trong hai.
Trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ng−êi ta dïng ®¹i tõ thay thÕ one hoÆc ones ®»ng sau another hoÆc
other.
L−u ý: This hoÆc That cã thÓ dïng víi one nh−ng These v Those kh«ng ®−îc dïng víi ones.
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C¸ch
C¸ch sö dông little, a little, few, a few
Little + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc = rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ®ñ ®Ó (cã khuynh h−íng phñ ®Þnh)
Ex: I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.
A little + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc = cã mét chót, ®ñ ®Ó
Ex: I have a little money, enough to buy groceries
Few + danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè nhiÒu = cã rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ®ñ ®Ó (cã khuynh h−íng phñ ®Þnh)
Ex: I have few books, not enough for reference reading
A few + danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè nhiÒu: cã mét chót, ®ñ ®Ó
Ex: I have a few records, enough for listening.
Trong mét sè tr−êng hîp khi danh tõ ë trªn ® ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn th× ë phÝa d−íi chØ cÇn dïng little
hoÆc few nh− mét ®¹i tõ l ®ñ.
Ex: Are you ready in money. Yes, a little.
Quite a few (®Õm ®−îc) = Quite a bit (kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc) = Quite a lot (c¶ hai) = rÊt nhiÒu.
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Së
Së h÷u c¸ch
The noun's + noun: ChØ ®−îc dïng cho nh÷ng danh tõ chØ ng−êi hoÆc ®éng vËt, kh«ng dïng cho
c¸c ®å vËt.
Ex: The student's book The cat's legs.
§èi víi danh tõ sè nhiÒu ® cã s½n "s" ë ®u«i chØ cÇn dïng dÊu phÈy
Ex: The students' book.
Nh−ng ®èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ ®æi sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt kh«ng "s" ë ®u«i vÉn ph¶i dïng ®Çy ®ñ dÊu
së h÷u c¸ch.
Ex: The children's toys. The people's willing
NÕu cã hai danh tõ cïng ®øng ë së h÷u c¸ch th× danh tõ n o ®øng gÇn danh tõ bÞ së h÷u nhÊt sÏ
mang dÊu së h÷u.
Ex: Paul and Peter's room.
§èi víi nh÷ng tªn riªng hoÆc danh tõ ® cã s½n "s" ë ®u«i cã thÓ chØ cÇn dïng dÊu phÈy v nhÊn
m¹nh ®u«i khi ®äc hoÆc dïng së h÷u c¸ch v ph¶i thay ®æi c¸ch ®äc. Tªn riªng kh«ng dïng
"the" ®»ng tr−íc.
Ex: The boss' car = The boss's car [bosiz]
Agnes' house = Agnes's [siz] house.
Nã ®−îc dïng cho thêi gian (n¨m, th¸ng, thËp niªn, thÕ kØ)
Ex: The 1990s' events: nh÷ng sù kiÖn cña thËp niªn 90
The 21st century's prospects.
Cã thÓ dïng cho c¸c mïa trong n¨m trõ mïa xu©n v mïa thu. NÕu dïng së h÷u c¸ch cho hai
mïa n y th× ng−êi viÕt ® nh©n c¸ch ho¸ chóng. Ng y nay ng−êi ta dïng c¸c mïa trong n¨m nh−
mét tÝnh tõ cho c¸c danh tõ ®»ng sau, Ýt dïng së h÷u c¸ch.
Ex: The Autumn's leaf: chiÕc l¸ cña n ng thu.
Dïng cho tªn c¸c c«ng ty lín, c¸c quèc gia
Ex: The Rockerfeller's oil products. China's food.
§èi víi c¸c cöa hiÖu cã nghÒ nghiÖp ®Æc tr−ng chØ cÇn dïng danh tõ víi dÊu së h÷u.
Ex: In a florist's At a hairdresser's
§Æc biÖt l c¸c tiÖm ¨n: Antonio's
Dïng tr−íc mét sè danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt chØ trong mét sè th nh ng÷
Ex: a stone's throw from ...(C¸ch n¬i ®©u mét tÇm ®¸ nÐm).
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Verb
Verb
§éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh Chia l m 3 thêi chÝnh:
Qu¸ khø (Past)
HiÖn t¹i (Present)
T−¬ng lai (Future)
Mçi thêi chÝnh l¹i chia th nh nhiÒu thêi nhá ®Ó diÔn ®¹t tÝnh chÝnh x¸c cña h nh ®éng.
1) Present
1) Simple Present
Khi chia ®éng tõ thêi n y ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt, ph¶i cã "s" ë tËn cïng v ©m dã ph¶i ®−îc ®äc lªn
Ex: He walks.
Ex: She watches TV
Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét h nh ®éng th−êng xuyªn x¶y ra ë hiÖn t¹i, kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ thêi
gian, h nh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i cã tÝnh qui luËt.
Th−êng dïng víi mét sè c¸c phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh− today, present day, nowadays.
§Æc biÖt nã dïng víi mét sè phã tõ chØ tÇn suÊt nh−: always, sometimes, often, every + thêi
gian...
2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing)
Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét h nh ®éng x¶y ra ë v o mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh cña hiÖn t¹i. Thêi ®iÓm
n y ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ b»ng mét sè phã tõ nh− : now, rightnow, at this moment.
Dïng thay thÕ cho thêi t−¬ng lai gÇn, ®Æc biÖt l trong v¨n nãi.
§Æc biÖt l−u ý nh÷ng ®éng tõ ë b¶ng sau kh«ng ®−îc chia ë thÓ tiÕp diÔn dï bÊt cø thêi n o khi
chóng l nh÷ng ®éng tõ tÜnh diÔn ®¹t tr¹ng th¸i c¶m gi¸c cña ho¹t ®éng tinh thÇn hoÆc tÝnh chÊt
cña sù vËt , sù viÖc. Nh−ng khi chóng quay sang h−íng déng tõ h nh ®éng th× chóng l¹i ®−îc
phÐp dïng ë thÓ tiÕp diÔn.
know believe hear see smell wish
understand hate love like want sound
have need appear seem taste own
Ex: He has a lot of books.
He is having dinner now. (§éng tõ h nh ®éng: ¨n tèi)
I think they will come in time
I'm thinking of my test tomorrow. (§éng tõ h nh ®éng: §ang nghÜ vÒ)
3) Present Perfect : Have + PII
Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét h nh ®éng x¶y ra tõ trong qu¸ khø kÐo d i ®Õn hiÖn t¹i v chÊm døt ë hiÖn
t¹i, thêi diÓm h nh ®éng ho n to n kh«ng ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh trong c©u.
ChØ mét h nh ®éng x¶y ra nhiÒu lÇn trong qu¸ khø kÐo d i ®Õn hiÖn t¹i
Ex: George has seen this movie three time.
Dïng víi 2 giíi tõ SINCE/FOR+time
Dïng víi already trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh, l−u ý r»ng already cã thÓ ®øng ngay sau have v còng
cã thÓ ®øng ë cuèi c©u.
Dïng víi yet trong c©u phñ ®Þnh, yet th−êng xuyªn ®øng ë cuèi c©u.
Dïng víi yet trong c©u nghi vÊn
Ex: Have you written your reports yet?
Trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ë phñ ®Þnh, yet cã thÓ ®øng ngay sau have nh−ng ph¶i thay ®æi vÒ mÆt
ng÷ ph¸p: not mÊt ®i v PII trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã to.
Ex: John has yet to learn the material = John hasn't learnt the material yet.
Dïng víi now that... (giê ®©y khi m ...)
Ex: Now that you have passed the TOEFL test successfully, you can apply...
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Dïng víi mét sè phã tõ nh− till now, untill now, so far (cho ®Õn giê). Nh÷ng th nh ng÷ n y cã
thÓ ®øng ®Çu c©u hoÆc cuèi c©u.
Ex: So far the problem has not been resolved.
Dïng víi recently, lately (gÇn ®©y) nh÷ng th nh ng÷ n y cã thÓ ®øng ®Çu hoÆc cuèi c©u.
Ex: I have not seen him recently.
Dïng víi before ®øng ë cuèi c©u.
Ex: I have seen him before.
4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing
Dïng gièng hÖt nh− Present Perfect nh−ng h nh ®éng kh«ng chÊn døt ë hiÖn t¹i m vÉn tiÕp tôc
tiÕp diÔn, th−êng xuyªn dïng víi since, for + time
Ph©n biÖt c¸ch dïng gi÷a hai thêi:
Present Perfect Present Perfect Progressive
H nh ®éng ® chÊm døt ë hiÖn t¹i do ®ã H nh ®éng vÉn tiÕp diÔn ë hiÖn t¹i, cã kh¶ n¨ng
® cã kÕt qu¶ râ rÖt. lan tíi t−¬ng lai do ®ã kh«ng cã kÕt qu¶ râ rÖt.
Ex: I've waited you for half an hour (and Ex: I've been waiting for you for half an hour (and
now I stop working because you didn't come) now I'm still waiting, hoping that you'll come)
2. Past
1) Simple Past: V-ed
Mét sè ®éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh cã c¶ d¹ng Simple Past v Past Perfect b×nh th−êng còng nh−
®Æc biÖt. Ng−êi Anh −a dïng Simple past chia b×nh th−êng v P2 ®Æc biÖt l m adj hoÆc trong
d¹ng bÞ ®éng
Ex: To light
lighted/lighted: He lighted the candles in his birthday cake.
lit/ lit: From a distance we can see the lit restaurant.
Nã diÔn ®¹t mét h nh ®éng ® x¶y ra ®øt ®iÓm trong qu¸ khø, kh«ng liªn quan g× tíi hiÖn t¹i, thêi
diÓm trong c©u ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh râ rÖt b»ng mét sè c¸c phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh− yesterday, at that
moment, last + time
2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing
Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét h nh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë v o mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh cña qu¸ khø. Thêi
diÓm ®ã ®−îc diÔn ®¹t cô thÓ = ng y, giê.
Nã dông kÕt hîp víi mét simple past th«ng qua 2 phã tõ chØ thêi gian l when v while, ®Ó chØ
mét h nh ®éng ®ang tiÕp diÔn trong qu¸ khø th× mét h nh ®éng kh¸c chen ngang v o (khi ®ang...
th× bçng...).
Subject + Simple Past – while - Subject + Past Progressive
Ex: Smb hit him on the head while he was walking to his car
Subject + Past Progressive - when - Subject + Simple Past
Ex: He was walking to his car when Smb hit him on the head
MÖnh ®Ò cã when & while cã thÓ ®øng bÊt k× n¬i n o trong c©u nh−ng sau when ph¶i l simple
past v sau while ph¶i l Past Progressive.
Nã diÔn ®¹t 2 h nh ®éng ®ang cïng lóc x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø.
Subject + Past Progressive - while - Subject + Past Progressive
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Ex: Her husband was reading newspaper while she was preparing dinner.
MÖnh ®Ò h nh ®éng kh«ng cã while cã thÓ ë simple past nh−ng Ýt khi v× dÔ bÞ nhÇm lÉn.
3) Past Perfect: Had + PII
Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét h nh ®éng x¶y ra tr−íc mét h nh ®éng kh¸c trong qu¸ khø, trong c©u bao
giê còng cã 2 h nh ®éng
Dïng kÕt hîp víi mét simple past th«ng qua 2 phã tõ chØ thêi gian after v before.
Subject + Simple Past after Subject + Past Perfect
Subject + Past Perfect before Subject + Simple Past
L−u ý
• MÖnh ®Ò cã after & before cã thÓ ®øng ë ®Çu hoÆc cuèi c©u nh−ng sau after ph¶i l past perfect
cßn sau before ph¶i l simple past.
• Before & After cã thÓ ®−îc thay b»ng when m kh«ng sî bÞ nhÇm lÉn v× trong c©u bao giê còng
cã 2 h nh ®éng, 1 tr−íc, 1 sau.
Ex: The police came when the robber had gone away.
4) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing
Dïng gièng hÖt nh− Past Perfect duy cã ®iÒu ho¹t ®éng diÔn ra liªn tôc cho ®Õn tËn Simple Past.
Nã th−êng kÕt hîp víi Simple Past th«ng qua phã tõ Before. Trong c©u th−êng xuyªn cã since,
for + time
L−u ý: Thêi n y ng y nay Ýt dïng, ng−êi ta thay thÕ nã b»ng Past Perfect v chØ dïng khi n o cÇn
®iÔn ®¹t tÝnh chÝnh x¸c cña h nh ®éng.
3. Future
1) Simple Future: Will/Shall/Can/May + Verb in simple form
Ng y nay ng÷ ph¸p hiÖn ®¹i, ®Æc biÖt l ng÷ ph¸p MÜ chÊp nhËn viÖc dïng will cho tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i,
cßn shall chØ dïng víi c¸c ng«i I, we trong mét sè tr−êng hîp nh− sau:
§−a ra ®Ò nghÞ mét c¸ch lÞch sù
Ex: Shall I take you coat?
Dïng ®Ó mêi ng−êi kh¸c mét c¸ch lÞch sù:
Ex: Shall we go out for lunch?
Dïng ®Ó ng gi¸ trong khi mÆc c¶, mua b¸n:
Ex: Shall we say : $ 50
Th−êng ®−îc dïng víi 1 v¨n b¶n mang tÝnh ph¸p qui buéc c¸c bªn ph¶i thi h nh ®iÒu kho¶n trong
v¨n b¶n:
Ex: All the students shall be responsible for proper execution of the dorm rule
Trong tiÕng Anh b×nh d©n , ng−êi ta thay shall = must ë d¹ng c©u n y.
Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét h nh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra ë mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh trong t−¬ng lai nh−ng
kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ. Th−êng dïng víi mét sè phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh− tomorrow, next +
time, in the future, in future = from now on.
2) Near Future
DiÔn ®¹t mét h nh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra trong t−¬ng lai gÇn, th−êng dïng víi c¸c phã tõ d−íi d¹ng: In
a moment (l¸t n÷a), At 2 o'clock this afternoon....
Ex: We are going to have a reception in a moment
Nã chØ 1 viÖc ch¾c ch¾n sÏ ph¶i x¶y ra theo nh− dù tÝnh cho dï thêi gian l t−¬ng lai xa.
Ex: We are going to take a TOEFL test next year.
Ng y nay ng−êi ta th−êng dïng present progressive.
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3) Future Progressive: will/shall + be + verbing
DiÔn ®¹t mét ®iÒu sÏ x¶y ra trong t−¬ng lai ë v o mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh
Ex: At 8:00 am tomorrow morning we will be attending the lecture.
Ex: Good luck with the exam! We will be thinking of you.
Dïng kÕt hîp víi present progressive kh¸c ®Ó diÔn ®¹t hai h nh ®éng ®ang song song x¶y ra.
Mét ë hiÖn t¹i, cßn mét ë t−¬ng lai.
Ex: Now we are learning English here, but by the time tomorrow we will be attending the meeting
at the office.
§−îc dïng ®Ó ®Ò cËp ®Õn c¸c sù kiÖn t−¬ng lai ® ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh hoÆc quyÕt ®Þnh (kh«ng mang ý
nghÜa tiÕp diÔn).
Ex: Professor Baxter will be giving another lecture on Roman glass – making at the same time next
week.
HoÆc nh÷ng sù kiÖn ®−îc mong ®îi l sÏ x¶y ra theo mét tiÕn tr×nh th−êng lÖ (nh−ng kh«ng diÔn
®¹t ý ®Þnh cña c¸ nh©n ng−êi nãi).
Ex: You will be hearing from my solicitor.
Ex: I will be seeing you one of these days, I expect.
Dù ®o¸n cho t−¬ng lai:
Ex: Don’t phone now, they will be having dinner.
DiÔn ®¹t lêi ®Ò nghÞ nh nhÆn muèn biÕt vÒ kÕ ho¹ch cña ng−êi kh¸c
Ex: You will be staying in this evening.
(«ng cã dù ®Þnh ë l¹i ®©y tèi nay chø ¹)
4) Future Perfect: Will/ Shall + Have + PII
ChØ mét h nh ®éng sÏ ph¶i ®−îc ho n tÊt ë v o mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh trong t−¬ng lai. Nã
th−êng ®−îc dïng víi phã tö chØ thêi gian d−íi d¹ng
By the end of....., By the time + sentence
Ex: We will have accomplished the TOEFL test taking skills by the end of next year.
Ex: By the time Halley's Comet comes racing across the night sky again, most of the people alive
today will have passed away.
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Sù
Sù hßa hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ
Trong mét c©u tiÕng Anh, th«ng th−êng th× chñ ng÷ ®øng liÒn ngay víi ®éng tõ v quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc
chia ®éng tõ nh−ng kh«ng ph¶i lu«n lu«n nh− vËy.
1. C¸c tr−êng hîp Chñ ng÷ ®øng t¸ch khái ®éng tõ
Xen v o gi÷a l mét ng÷ giíi tõ (mét giíi tõ më ®Çu céng c¸c danh tõ theo sau). C¸c ng÷ giíi tõ
n y kh«ng hÒ cã quyÕt ®Þnh g× tíi viÖc chia ®éng tõ, ®éng tõ ph¶i chia theo chñ ng÷ chÝnh.
C¸c th nh ng÷ ë b¶ng sau cïng víi c¸c danh tõ ®i theo sau nã t¹o nªn hiÖn t−êng ®ång chñ ng÷.
Nã sÏ ®øng xen v o gi÷a chñ ng÷ v ®éng tõ, t¸ch ra khái gi÷a 2 th nh phÇn ®ã = 2 dÊu ph¶y v
kh«ng cã ¶nh h−ëng g× ®Õn viÖc chia ®éng tõ.
Ex: The actrees, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
Together with along with accompanied by as well as
NÕu 2 danh tõ l m chñ ng÷ nèi víi nhau b»ng and th× ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu
(they)
Nh−ng nÕu 2 ®ång Chñ ng÷ nèi víi nhau b»ng or th× ®éng tõ ph¶i chia theo danh tõ ®øng sau or.
NÕu danh tõ ®ã l sè Ýt th× ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt v ng−îc l¹i.
Ex: The actress or her manager is going to answer the interview.
2. C¸c danh tõ lu«n ®ßi hái c¸c ®éng tõ v ®¹i tõ ®i theo chóng ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt
§ã l c¸c danh tõ ë b¶ng sau (cßn gäi l c¸c ®¹i tõ phiÕm chØ).
any + no + some +
singular noun singular noun singular noun
anybody nobody somebody
anyone no one someone
anything nothing something
every + singular noun each + singular noun
everybody
everyone either *
everything neither*
*Either and neither are singular if thay are not used with or and nor
either (1 trong 2) chØ dïng cho 2 ng−êi hoÆc 2 vËt. NÕu 3 ng−êi (vËt) trë lªn ph¶i dïng any.
neither (kh«ng mét trong hai) chØ dïng cho 2 ng−êi, 2 vËt. NÕu 3 ng−êi trë lªn dïng not any.
Ex: Neither of his chutes opens as he plummets to the ground
Ex: Not any of his pens is able to be used.
3. C¸ch sö dông None v No
NÕu sau None of the l mét danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc th× ®éng tõ ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt. Nh−ng
nÕu sau nã l mét danh tõ sè nhiÒu th× ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu.
n one + of the + n on-coun t noun + sin gular verb
none + of the + p lu ral count n oun + plu ral verb
Ex: None of the counterfeit money has been found.
Ex: None of the students have finished the exam yet.
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NÕu sau No l mét danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè Ýt hoÆc kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc th× ®éng tõ ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè
Ýt nh−ng nÕu sau nã l mét danh tõ sè nhiÒu th× ®éng tõ ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu
n o + {singular no un/no n-co unt no un} + singular verb
no + plural no un + plural verb
Ex: No example is relevant to this case.
4. C¸ch sö dông cÊu tróc either...or (hoÆc...hoÆc) v neither...nor (kh«ng...m còng kh«ng)
§iÒu cÇn l−u ý nhÊt khi sö dông cÊu tróc n y l ®éng tõ ph¶i chia theo danh tõ ®i sau or hoÆc
nor. NÕu danh tõ ®ã l sè Ýt th× déng tõ ®ã chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt v ng−îc l¹i.
n either n or
e ither or
+ n oun + + plural noun + plural verb
n either n or
+ noun + + singular noun + singular verb
e ither or
Ex: Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.
Ex: Either John or his friends are going to the beach today.
Ex: Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before.
Ex: Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.
5. V-ing l m chñ ng÷
Khi V-ing dïng l m chñ ng÷ th× ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt
Ng−êi ta sÏ dïng V-ing khi muèn diÔn ®¹t 1 h nh ®éng cô thÓ x¶y ra nhÊt thêi nh−ng khi muèn
diÔn ®¹t b¶n chÊt cña sù vËt, sù viÖc th× ph¶i dïng danh tõ
Ex: Dieting is very popular today.
Ex: Diet is for those who suffer from a cerain disease.
§éng tõ nguyªn thÓ còng cã thÓ dïng l m chñ ng÷ v ®éng tõ sau nã sÏ chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.
Nh−ng ng−êi ta th−êng dïng chñ ng÷ gi¶ it ®Ó më ®Çu c©u.
Ex: To find the book is necessary for him = It is necessary for him to find the book.
6. C¸c danh tõ tËp thÓ
§ã l c¸c danh tõ ë b¶ng sau dïng ®Ó chØ 1 nhãm ng−êi hoÆc 1 tæ chøc nh−ng trªn thùc tÕ chóng
l nh÷ng danh tõ sè Ýt, do vËy c¸c d¹i tõ v ®éng tõ theo sau chóng còng ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.
Congress family group committee class
Organization team army club crowd
Government jury majority* minority public
Ex: The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.
Tuy nhiªn nÕu ®éng tõ sau nh÷ng danh tõ n y chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu th× c©u ®ã ¸m chØ c¸c
th nh viªn trong nhãm ®ang ho¹t ®éng riªng rÏ:
Ex: Congress votes for the bill.
*(Congress are discussing about the bill. (some agree, some disagree)).(TOEFL kh«ng b¾t lçi n y).
Danh tõ the majority ®−îc dïng tuú theo th nh phÇn sau nã ®Ó chia ®éng tõ
the majority + singular verb
the majority of the + plural noun + plural verb
Ex: The majority believes that we are in no danger.
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Ex: The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.
the police/sheep/fish + plural verb
Ex: The sheep are breaking away
Ex: The police come only to see the dead bodies and a ruin in the bank
a couple + singular verb
Ex: A couple is walking on the path
The couple + plural verb
Ex: The couple are racing their horses through the meadow.
C¸c côm tõ ë b¶ng sau chØ mét nhãm ®éng vËt hoÆc gia sóc. cho dï sau giíi tõ of l danh tõ sè
nhiÒu th× ®éng tõ vÉn chia theo ng«i chñ ng÷ chÝnh – ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.
flock of birds, sheep school of fish
herd of cattle pride of lions
pack of dogs
Ex: The flock of birds is circling overhead.
TÊt c¶ c¸c danh tõ tËp thÓ chØ thêi gian, tiÒn b¹c, sè ®o ®Òu ®−îc xem l 1 danh tõ sè Ýt. Do ®ã
c¸c ®éng tõ v ®¹i tõ theo sau chóng ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.
Ex: 25 dollars is too much....
*Note: He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute another 50.
7. C¸ch sö dông a number of, the number of:
A number of = mét sè lín nh÷ng... nÕu ®i víi danh tõ sè nhiÒu th× ®éng tõ chia ë ng«i thø ba sè
nhiÒu.
a number of + plural noun + plural verb
Ex: A number of students are going to the class picnic (a number of = many).
Nh−ng the number of = mét sè... ®−îc coi l mét tæng thÓ sè Ýt, do ®ã cho dï sau nã l mét
danh tõ sè nhiÒu th× ®éng tõ vÉn ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.
the number of + plural noun + singular verb...
Ex: The number of days in a week is seven.
8. C¸c danh tõ lu«n dïng ë sè nhiÒu
B¶ng sau l nh÷ng danh tõ bao giê còng ë h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu v× chóng bao g«m 2 thùc thÓ nªn c¸c
®¹i tõ v ®éng tõ ®i cïng víi chóng còng ph¶i ë sè nhiÒu.
Scissors shorts Pants jeans tongs
Trousers eyeglasses Pliers tweezers
NÕu muèn chóng th nh ng«i sè Ýt ph¶i dïng a pair of...
Ex: The pants are in the drawer.
Ex: A pair of pants is in the drawer.
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